U.S. History Ch. 17 - 20

The theory of evolution by natural selection which helped Americans justify their exploitation of others was the work of

Darwin

In 1887 Congress passed the ___ Act which was intended to destroy traditional tribal culture

Dawes Severalty

In 1869, __ introduced the elective system and took the lead in reforming higher education in the Gilded Age.

Harvard

As a result of the ____ membership in the Knights Of Labor declined quickly because the public associated unions with violence and radicalism.

Haymarket Square Riot

Barbed wire was invented by

Joseph Gliden

The first newspaper editor to reach a truly massive audience without abandoning his basic integrity was

Joseph Pulitzer

The first union to welcome blacks, women, and immigrants into its ranks was

Knights of Labor

The new nativism of the late nineteenth century was exemplified by the

American Protective Association

The ___process directed a stream of air into a mass of molten iron, burning off impurities, and greatly lowered the price of steel.

Bessemer

The black leader identified with the "Atlanta Compromise" was

Booker T. Washington

Known as "_____" the inventor of the photograph and the electric lightbulb was Thomas Edison.

Wizard of Manlow Park

As a result of the gold and silver rushes in the nineteenth century was an improved financial position for America in

World trade

The black educator Booker T. Washington chose ____ rather than confrontation

accomodation

American land-grant railroads in the late nineteenth century sent __ overseas to recruit likely settlers and purchasers of railroad land.

agents

Before 1882, Americans restricted ___ from immigrating to the U.S.

almost nobody

The ability of the Plains indians to resist white expansion was severely damaged by the destruction of the

buffalo

The federal regulatory board, established in 1887 by Congress to supervise the affairs of railroads, investigate complaints, and issue "_____" orders against railroads acting illegally, was the Interstate Commerce Commission.

cease & desisst

National elections between 1856 and 1912 were characterized by __ contests

close

In the late nineteenth century, wealth, power, and influence were increasingly ___ among the largest financiers.

concentrated

On the eve of the Civil War, the American Indians in the West still occupied about __ of the U.S.

half

Industrial Andrew Carnegie donated millions of dollars to help build

libraries

Between 1890 and 1910 there was a dramatic increase in

lynching attacks

From 1873 to 1893, the economy expirienced intense competition for

markets

Generally speaking, the formation of __ during the 1870s caused a drop in prices

monopolies

Barb wire destroyed the ___ cattle industry because it prevented the free movement of cattle.

open-range

The discover that cattle could feed on the praire grasses of the public domain of the norther plains led to the development of

open-range herding

John D. Rockefeller's success was due primarily to his talents as an _____ and his meticulous attention to detail.

organizer

Probably the most famous of all the gold strikes in the West, the site of the Comstock Lode and the Big Bonanza, was

Virginia City

The Supreme Court decision in ____ case concerned early railroad regulation.

Wabash vs. Illinois

The most influential leader of the Social Gospel Movement was

Washington Gladen

As a result of the intense competition among railroads, the railroads were _____ and vulnerable to any downturn in the business cycle.

financially unstable

During the Gilded Age, the legislative body knows as the ___ was the Senate

"Rich Man's Club"

The Pacific Railway Act of 1862 set the pattern for government land grants by giving the builders of the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads ___ of public land on each side of their right-of-way for every mile of track laid.

5 square miles

Established in 1886, the ___ was the prime example of "bread and butter" unionism

America Federation Of Labor

The government's administration of __ was notable over the years for its level of corruption

Indian affairs

The Concentration Policy

A policy negotiated in 1851 with the Plains tribes based on a divide and conquer strategy

The two railroads joined in 1869 to form the first transcontinental railroad were the ___

Central Pacific & Union Pacific

In 1882 Congress passed a law, which in effect stopped immigration from

China

Cattle herds were driven across the unsettled grasslands of the ___ Trail on their way to the railroad at Abilene, Kansas.

Chisholm

President ____ intervened in the Pullman strike on the pretext that the mail had to be delivered.

Cleveland

The novelist who described America evolving into an ideal socialist state was

Edward Bellamy

The leader of the American Railway Union in its dramatic 1894 strike against the Pullman Palace Car Company was

Eugene Debbs

In his frontier thesis, __ argued that the frontier gave Americans their unique character.

Frederick Jackson Turner

Because late-nineteenth century Americans tended to tolerate gross waste and corruption so long as it did not interfere with their own pursuit of profit, Mark Twain labeled this period the

Gilded Age

The mammoth organization of Union Army veterans that quickly became a powerful national political pressure group was the ______ of the Republic.

Grand Army

The National ____ of the Patrons of Husbandry was founded in 1867 by Oliver H. Kelley

Grange

The most influential social darwinist was the English thinker

Herbert Spencer

The author of How the Other Half Lives (1890), the classic description of slum conditions in the United States, was

Jacob Riis

In 1891 ____ invented the game of basketball.

James Naismith

The founder of the Hull House was

Jane Addams

By the middle of the 1880s, ___ monopolized the oil industry.

John D. Rockefeller

The educator ___ insisted that education was the fundamental method of social progress

John Dewey

The ____ land-grant university system was co-educational from the start

Morill

In its treaties with the ___, the American government generally showed little interest in honoring them

Native Americans

A bastion of Republican party strength during the latter part of the nineteenth century were the

New England States

The doctrine of "separate but equal" facilities was handed down by the Supreme Court in

Plessy vs. Ferguson

In 1890, Congress tryed to restore competition by outlawing the restraint of interstate trade by corporate monopolies with the

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Supporters of the ____ Movement believed the church should focus on improving the lives of the poor, ending child labor, and regulating the power of big corporations.

Social Gospel

___College holds the distinction of being the first college for women

Vasser

When J.P Morgan assembled ___ he formed the first billion dollar corporation.

United States Steel

The major development in retailing during this period was the growth of huge urban

department stores

Blacks in the South were not totally ___ or segregated until southern states enacted literacy tests and poll taxes in the 1890s

disenfranchised

As a result of the centralization and concentration of industry in the late nineteenth century ____ increased in industries where close coordination of output, distribution, and sales was important.

efficiency

As a result of late nineteenth-century industrial development, personal contact between ______ and _____ tended to disappear.

employer; worker

The "new immigrants" from eastern and southern Europe settled in ___ in the urban centers that were usually crowded and unhealthy.

ethnic neighborhoods

In 1867, the government tried a new strategy toward the Plains Indians, training the reservation Native Americans to become ___ like other Americans.

farmers

When compared to others in the late nineteenth century, ___expirienced declining status.

farmers

The main reason for __ to the U.S. during the late nineteenth century was the desire for economic betterment

immigration

The emphasis on railroad construction after 1865 was on organizing

integrated systems

After the railroads, the second most important development in America's industrial advance in the late nineteenth century was the transformation in

iron manufacturing

The creation of the Interstate Commerce Commision in 1887 challeged the philosophy of

laissez-faire

The effects of Darwinism in America were apparent in the philosophy of ___, which stated that all truths are constantly evolving and can be judged only by their concrete results.

pragmitism

After 1870, American __ changed steadily in response to the many social and economic changes of the era.

public education

Granger-controlled legislatures attempted to regulate

railroad rates

In the 25 years after the civil war ____ were probably the most significant element in American development

railroads

Railroads commonly encouraged large shippers to use their lines by giving them

rebates

The fundamental differences in the Democratic and Republican parties in the late nighteenth century arose from differences in

religion, geographical region, and ethnic background

In the new types of work, women found in the late nineteenth century, they were often hired as _____ in department stores because managers considered them easier to control than men.

salesperson

The community centers started by idealistic young people to guide and help poor people were

settlement houses

In general, the workers who were usually well-off as a result of late nineteenth-century industrialization were ____ workers

skilled

Louis H. Sullivan was closely associated with the development of the

skyscraper

Prominent advocate of __, William Graham Sumner was identified with the phrase "root, hog, or die."

social darwinism

One of the causes which eventually led to the restriction on immigration was the fears of ___ that immigrants would undermine American "racial purity"

social darwinists

Beginning in the 1880s, the source of American immigration shifted to new immigrants from ___ and ___ Europe

southern; eastern

Late nineteenth-century spectator ____ were notable for their mixture of upper- and working-class interests

sports

Andrew Carnegie dominated the __ industry

steel

As a result of the ___, American cities expanded their geographical area enormously as the upper-and-middle-classes fled the city centers

street car