U.S. History Ch. 31

Robert Kennedy

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Which southern city was the first to openly embrace desegregation?

Atlanta, GA. They were too busy to hate

What did President Truman do by executive order that was an important step in the modern Civil Rights Movement?

President Truman desegregated the military

Which group organized the "freedom rides?"

The Congress of Racial Equality

Hubert Humphrey

*Northern democrat, mayor of Minneapolis*, who made a speech about how southern democrats need to be open to desegregation and civil rights.

Henry Wallace

*Progressive Democrat* that believed the foreign policy against Communism was too harsh.

Thomas Dewey

*Republican* nominee for presidential candidate

Strom Thurmond

*Southern democrat* Sprung from Southern segregationists called the Dixiecrats

What did the Supreme Court rule in the Bakke Case (1978)?

1. Court ruled that race cannot be the sole criteria in admissions 2. Diversity in schools should be encouraged

What two groups organized the civil rights protests in Montgomery, Al?

1. Led by Rosa Parks in 1955 when she refused to give up her seat for a white person. She was arrested. 2. Then, Rosa Parks asked MLK to help organize another bus boycott where black people refused to use buses. MLK led the group *Southern Christian Leadership Conference*

What tragic retaliatory tactic did the segregationist carry out in Birmingham, Alabama?

1. The Birmingham church bombing: white segregationists bombed a black church and killed four girls.

What was the Southern Manifesto?

A document in which 100 senators signed and it declared Brown v. Board unconstitutional and a violation of states' rights.

Elijah Muhammad

Began the Black Muslim movement and was the racist element of civil rights

Explain the sit-ins protest and the Jim Crow policy it was against.

Black men and women would sit in all-white restaurants and would sit, refuse to leave, until they were served. The policy it was against was the separate but equal

What doctrine did the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee promote?

Black power: to advocate where blacks were majority to seize power and write their own history

James Meredith

Black student who tried to enroll into the University of MS but was refused by the governor of MS

What famous opinion originated from the "Brown II" decision?

Brown 2 decided that desegregation should begin with all deliberate speed. (What does deliberate speed mean?) An uproar of resistance to the desegregation occurred--massive resistance in the South.

Who was Bull Connor and what infamous "security" measures did he use against the civil rights protesters in Birmingham, Alabama?

Bull Connor had arrested many of the black civil rights activists who were protesting peacefully, and then Bull Connor let loose police dogs and sprayed the people with fire hoses.

What happened at Central High School in 1957? How did President Eisenhower react to this?

Central High School, Little Rock, AK. Nine black students enrolled into this all-white school and mobs of white students refused to let the black students in. President Eisenhower reacted by issuing an injunction to allow the black students into the school and even brought in the 101 fleet to protect the black students at school.

Define Affirmative Action. What three controversial issues did it create?

Compensation for minority historical sufferings. It was designed to ensure a certain percentage of minorities are hired in work places and accepted in schools, 1. The argument is that now it is discriminative towards white people 2. Forced busing: where intercity black kids could go to school in the suburbs, the good schools. However, the black kids met the same desegregationist resistance 3. White flight: white moved out of their homes when black people moved in, and those neighborhoods became ghettos and the schools inside decayed

President Harry Truman

Democratic candidate for election of 1948; proved to other politicians that the belief in civil rights is not a career killer

What effect did President Truman's civil rights policies have on the Democratic Party in 1948?

Democratic party was against President Truman's policies because they supported Jim Crow laws, and segregation

Define the term "Long, Hot Summer."

During the 1960s, intercity black people did not experience the civil liberties obtained by all black people and became angry about the seemingly slow change. In reaction to being in the same position, riots broke out. Riots broke out in 41 cities across the nation.

Rosa Parks

Famous civil rights activist who refused to give up her seat for a white person and was arrested. She then continued on by organizing more boycotss

Explain the Civil Rights Act of 1960.

Federal Judges has the power to make sure all blacks were registered and were able to vote. No one could deny blacks their right to vote

Explain the Civil Rights Act of 1957.

First attempt by federal government to promote civil rights. Created the commission of civil rights and was designed for blacks to get the right to vote in South

George Wallace

Governor of AL who literally blocked two black students from the University of AL and the federal government had to threaten with troops and force an injunction

Ross Barnett

Governor of MS who refused the entrance of J. Meredith and the federal government had to order an injunction to get him in. Violence sprung out and students were even killed

Explain the "freedom rides" protest and the Jim Crow policy it was against.

Groups of black and whites travelled on buses together, hosting civil rights sit ins protest. The freedom rides was also against the separate but equal policy

How did President Kennedy initially address civil rights for African-Americans?

He was slow to get involved. He made little promises because he did not want to lose democratic votes and his resistance increased

De Facto Segregation

Immense resistance in southern white cities, specifically within the Bible Belt

Jackie Robinson

In 1948, he was drafted by the Brooklyn baseball team; first black man to do so

How did Prince Edward County, Virginia institute de facto segregation?

In 1950, it closed down all of its schools. Then, when it was open, it only allowed the gifted intellectual or gifted athletic black students in

Why was the decision of Brown v. Board of Education so important for the Civil Rights movement?

It was so important because it ordered all public schools and facilities had to be desegregated. It declared Plessy v. Fergason unconstitutional.

How did the Black Muslim Movement differ from the early Civil Rights Movement?

It was the racist element of civil rights movement and preached "Black assertiveness"

What happened at the University of Mississippi in 1962 and the University of Alabama in 1963?

James Meredith tried to enroll into this university but was refused admission by the governor of MS. The federal government had to pass another injunction and had the national guard protect Meredith. In 1963, governor of Alabama refused entry of two black students into this university and literally blocked them himself. The federal government had to pass another injunction and have national guards protect the two black students.

Stokely Carmichael

Leader of the SNCC and began black power and preaching blacks to seize power where they are majority

Earl Warren

Leading chief justice critic of separate but equal and used sociological/psychological arguments against separate but equal. He believed that it was against the 14th amendment and against human dignity

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

Led by MLK to advocate ending segregation and the promoting civil rights

Who emerged as the leader of the Civil Rights Movement as a result of his efforts during the bus boycott?

MLK emerged as the leader of this civil rights movement because of his peaceful protest concept and the usage of television was in his favor. It allowed for the whole country to sympathize black people and promote the message of civil rights as well

What method of protest did Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. prefer?

MLK pushed for civil rights by using biblical analogies in his speeches because, especially in the Bible Belt, people could not deny the words of the Lord. praise Jesus

What famous speech was delivered in Washington, D.C. in August 1963?

MLK's "I have a dream"

William Hartsfield

Mayor of Atlanta that believed Atlanta was too busy to hate and had desegregation happen almost over night. In 1961, he ordered all schools in Atlanta to integrate and informed the news of how easy it was to do so

Orval Faubus

Mayor of Little Rock, AK who called the AK national guard to assist in refusing nine black students into school

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

Organizer of the first bus boycott ever to occur and lead the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, promoting peaceful/pacifist protest

Explain the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Signed into law 1. Made it illegal to segregate public facilities 2. Equal opportunity commission-- to prevent discrimination in hiring practice

Explain the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Signed into law after the Selma March 1. All kinds of disenfranchisement was declared illegal 2. Federal election commissioners had to go into southern states to make sure that blacks were given their right to vote and registered

Malcolm X

Spokesmen of the Black Muslim Movement

What message did the Nation of Islam preach?

That white people were mutant white devils only meant to torment black people. They targeted the intercity blacks to preach to, the druggies, alcoholics, and lifted them from their sufferings with pride

What strategy of the nonviolent civil rights activists use to get national coverage for their movement

The civil rights activists protested peacefully, knowing that they were vulnerable to be attacked, and knew that the media would cover all of these stories. It would make the racist whites look really bad and sympathize the blacks

"Bloody Sunday"

The first march of three where a civil rights organized protest was to occur, to promote the right to vote for blacks, by crossing the Selma bridge into Montgomery and on the other side (Montgomery side) AL police attacked the protestors with clubs and tear gas. The protestors were pushed back into Selma.

Explain the Selma-Alabama Marches and the Jim Crow policy against it.

Three marches occurred where civil rights organizers planned to cross the bridge but was attacked by AL police. The following marches increased membership each time--faced the same police. This protest was fighting for blacks to have the right to vote in a city where blacks made up 57% of the population but only 1% could vote

"White Flight"

When black people moved into white neighborhoods and the white people left, and the neighborhoods became ghettos and schools inside it decayed

Explain the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Jim Crow policy against it.

Where black people would refuse to use the public buses, which was modeled after Gandhi and it was against the policy of segregation in the aisles of buses