U.S. History Ch. 8 Test
Committee on Public Information
(propaganda)
4. What reason made this conflict so different and costly in terms of casualties.
French Unpreparedness: The French hadnt changed their war strategy in years and had high casualties because they marched their soldiers into battlefield in rows. The French used swords against machine guns. Stalemate: because of the trench warfare, neither side moved very much = high casualties. Trench Warfare: A heavy influence on trench warfare caused high casualties but very little progress in terms of gained land. New weapons : poisonous gas, tanks, machine gun, airplanes
George Creel
George Creel was placed as head of the Committee on Public Information (propaganda).
Wilhelm II, Kaiser: (1859-1941)
German emperor and king of Prussia; his militarism helped cause and prolong World War I.
Ferdinand, Archduke Franz: (1863-1914)
Heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary whose assassination by a Serb nationalist started World War I.
Selective Service Act
(1921) act which required men between the ages of 21 and 30 to register to be drafted into the armed forces
Date the war ended?
On November 11, 1918
Mihiel
early september 1918 The Allies began a counterattack, the Americans fighting as a separate force, and the AEF defeated the German troops at Mihiel, near the French-German border.
Harry Garfield
in charge of the fuel administration.
Bernard Baruch
would be the head of this agency of the War Industries Board.
What were the sequence of events that bring all of the European nations into conflict?
28 June 1914 - Gavrilo Princip, assassinated the Austrian Archduke Ferdinand and his wife. Bosnia and Herzegovina, had been annexed from Turkey and taken into the Austro-Hungarian Empire. This was strongly resented by many Serbs and Croats and a terrorist group, The Black Hand. They were given weapons for the assassination by Serbia. 28 July 1914 T- he Austrian government blamed the Serbian government for the assassination of Franz Ferdinand and his wife and declared war on Serbia. Although Russia was allied with Serbia, Germany did not believe that she would mobilize and offered to support Austria if necessary. However, Russia did mobilize and, through their alliance with France, called on the French to mobilize. 1 Aug 1914 - Germany declared war on Russia. 3 Aug 1914 - Germany declared war on France. German troops poured into Belgium as directed under the Schlieffen Plan, drawn up in 1905. The British foreign secretary, Sir Edward Grey, sent an ultimatum to Germany demanding their withdrawal from the neutral Belgium. 4 Aug 1914 - Germany did not withdraw from Belgium and Britain declared war on Germany. Aug 1914 - Battle of Tannenberg 13 Aug 1914 - Japan declared war on Germany through her alliance with Great Britain, signed in 1902 Sept 1914 - Battle of Masurian Lakes 29 Oct 1914 - Turkey entered the war on the side of the central powers and gave help to a German naval bombardment of Russia. 2 Nov 1914 - Because of the help given by Turkey to the German attack of Russia, Russia declared war on Turkey. 5 Nov 1914 - Britain and France declared war on Turkey
Chateau - Thierry
3-4 June While defending Paris, US troops helped the French stop the Germans at Chateau- Thierry, they recaptured their proving grounds of Belleau Wood, stopped the German offensive, and saved Paris
Belleau Wood
6-26 June While defending Paris, US troops helped the French stop the Germans at Chateau- Thierry, they recaptured their proving grounds of Belleau Wood, stopped the German offensive, and saved Paris
Lusitania
British ship sunk by a German U-Boat in 1915
What side did Wilson favor in the war?
He was extremely concerned about Germany's war tactics and its invasion of Belgium. Furthermore, the United States historically had greater political, cultural, and commercial ties to Great Britain and France than to Germany. Financially, the United States was far from neutral. The British fleet had blockaded German ports and transportation routes, and few American businesses could sell goods to German forces. It was far easier, however, to supply the Allies. By 1917 Britain was purchasing nearly $75 million worth of war goods from American businesses each week.
2nd Battle of the Marne
July 15, 1918 - August 3, 1918 - the Germans launched their last, desperate offensive at the Second Battle of the Marne. The US blew up every German bridge built across the Marne.
7. In what ways will the US contribute to the Allies victory? (from beginning to end)
May 18, 1917 - Congress passed the Selective Service act. Required men ages 21-30 to join the war voluntarily or be drafted. Summer of 1917 - new recruits reported for duty but very little had been set up for them. Late June 1917 -The first US troops arrived in France, it consisted of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF), led by General John J. Pershing. November 1917 - the Bolsheviks took control of the Russian government. They were a group of communists led by Vladimir Lenin. Lenin withdrew the Russian army from the Eastern front and signed a peace treaty with the Central Powers. Germany now focuses on the west. March 1918 - Free to focus on the Western Front, German soldiers launched a series of tremendous offensives against the Allies. Late May 1918 - The Germans had pushed the Allies back to the Marne River, just 70 miles northeast of Paris. August - June 1918 - American troops enter combat and dig trenches. June 1918 - Belleau Wood, France became the proving grounds for American soldiers. June 1918 - While defending Paris, US troops helped the French stop the Germans at Chateau- Thierry, they recaptured their proving grounds of Belleau Wood, stopped the German offensive, and saved Paris. July 15, 1918 - the Germans launched their last, desperate offensive at the Second Battle of the Marne. The US blew up every German bridge built across the Marne. August 3, 1918 - Germany Army retreated from the Second Battle of the Marne. September 1918 - The Allies began a counterattack, the Americans fighting as a separate force, and the AEF defeated the German troops at Mihiel, near the French-German border. After the victory at Mihiel - Allies continued toward the French city of Sedan on the Belgian border, going through the Argonne forest. They wanted to cut off the main supply for German forces. Other Allied forces advance. November 1918 - Allies reach the hills around Sedan Late 1918 - Germany economy begins to cripple, riots break out. A revolution breaks out in Austria-Hungary. The Central Powers lacked the strength to continue fighting. Early November - Austria-Hungary signed a peace agreement with the Allies. November 7 - a German delegation entered French territory to begin peace negotiations. The Allies demanded that Germany leave all territories it had occupied. Germany surrendered its aircraft, heavy artillery, tanks, and U-boats. The Allies also forced Germany to allow Allied troops to occupy some German territory. November 11, 1918 - the armistice went into effect, and the war was over
What were the underlying factors that brought about the war?
Nationalism: Feelings of nationalism caused a competition for power. Austria - Hungry embraced this and began to expand their borders into the Balkans, annexing Serbia and Bosnia, this caused tension in the region and many in Serbia and Bosnia wanted freedom. Imperialiam: Germany saw the success of European colonies in Africa, and saw the opportunity in colonies. To establish colonies, he would need a bigger military. Consequently militarism presented itself. Militarism: Germany began to build an army and navy that would rival Great Britain's navy. Germany also drew up the Schlieffen Plan in case of war. After other countries saw Germany's build up of weapons other countries began to build their own militaries. Empire, Empire, Empire, not an empire.
Triple Alliance
Pre-war Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
Triple Entente
Pre-war Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
6. What sequence of events will bring the US into the war?
Right after the war began - US declares neutrality and Wilson follows the American tradition of isolationism Throughout the war - Wilson favors the Allies due to Germany's unfair war practices and the US's economic ties to Great Britain and France. The US begins to provide the Allies with supplies. May 7, 1915 - German sub sinks the Lusitania killing American passengers February 1915 - Germany declared all waters around Great Britain to be a war zone and that they would shoot down any ships that approached. This was called unrestricted submarine warfare. After February 1915 - Wilson was angered at Germanys policy of unrestricted submarine warfare and said that it violated the laws of neutrality. Tensions rise. Election of 1916 - Wilson campaigns for re-election with the promise to remain neutral and stay out of the war. February 1, 1917 - Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare February 3, 1917 - US ends diplomatic relations with Germany. Wilson asks to install guns on merchant ships Soon after - British officials intercept the Zimmermann Note, decode it, and sent it to American officials March 1, 1917 - The US press publish excerpts with angers the American public. Wilson is pressured to go to war. Mid-March - Uprisings in Russia force Czar Nicholas II to give up complete control of the government; a republican government is set up. Americans began to believe that Russia would pull out of the war and more Americans became supportive of the Allies and the war. Later in Mid-March - German U-boats sank three American merchant ships; the American public and government was outraged. April 2, 1917 - Wilson asked congress to declare war on Germany for the sake of democracy April 6, 1917 - the United States joined the war on the side of the Allies.
Meuse - Argonne Battle
September 25, 1918 - November 11, 1918 Allies continued toward the French city of Sedan on the Belgian border, going through the Argonne forest. They wanted to cut off the main supply for German forces. Other Allied forces advance.
(Lever Food and Fuel Control Act)
Similar committees would regulate food production
Herbert Hoover
Similar committees would regulate food production (Lever Food and Fuel Control Act): Herbert Hoover in charge of food production
What was the immediate cause of WWI
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria - Hungary on June 28, 1914. Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Black Hand (terrorist organization) , killed him as a notion to free the countries of Bosnia and Herzegovina (which were annexed provinces and under the control of Austria - Hungary). Serbia had supplied weapons to the Black Hand, and therefore, Austria - Hungary blamed Serbia for the assassination. Russia then got involved after they had promised to protect Serbia, and began to mobilize their military towards Austria - Hungary. This movement of the military was viewed as an act of aggression against Austria - Hungary, and Germany, and ally of Austria - Hungary, declared war on Russia. WWI had begun.
(Schenck vs. US).
This Supreme Court ruling placed limits on Freedom of Speech during times of war. Schneck vs. US - he was handing out pamphlets that told men not to join the army. Makes it to the Supreme Court, they rule unanimously that the government has the right to prosecute during war.
5. Briefly explain the Schlieffen plan and how it impacted the war.
Use most of the German forces to assault Paris and knock out France in 6 weeks, leave a few forces in East Prussia to hold off the Russians while they were mobilizing, after defeating France the remaining armies would be redeployed to the east. They thought it would go faster because of new methods of warfare and new weapons. They didn't anticipate the stalemate of trench warfare. Go through Belgium. The weakness of the Schlieffen Plan lay less in the rigidity of the timescale - for the German army very nearly succeeded in capturing Paris within the time allotted - but in its underestimation of the difficulties of supply and communication in forces so far advanced from command and supply lines. Ultimately, it was these problems, particularly in communicating strategy from Berlin, that doomed the Schlieffen Plan. The Allied forces could rush troops to the front by use of the railway faster than the Germans could arrange fresh supplies of food and reserve troops. Most critically, Moltke's isolation from the front line not far from Paris led to a series of poor decisions and a crucial weakening of his forces in the north. It drastically slowed down the German offensive and defensive because they didn't anticipate the stalemate of trench warfare.
Central Powers
Wartime Alliances: Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria
Allied Powers
Wartime Alliances: Russia, Britain, France, (Italy), (Allies)
a military technique of transport in which ships were surrounded by destroyers or cruisers for protection
a military technique of transport in which ships were surrounded by destroyers or cruisers for protection
balance of power
a system in which each nation or alliance has equal strength; people believed that this could help avoid war
Zimmermann Note
a telegram sent to a German official in Mexico before World War I; it proposed an alliance between Germany and Mexico
Tannenburg
august 1914
Liberty Bond
bonds that American citizens bought that helped to pay for the costs of World War I
War Industries Board
charged with coordinating industry efforts toward producing war goods. The plan of the War Industries Board was to operate the whole US as a single factory under the leadership (management) of this Board.
Sedition Act
made it illegal for Americans to "utter, print, write, or publish any disloyal … or abusive language" criticizing the government, the flag, or the military.
U-boats
small submarines named after the German word unterserboot, which means "undersea boat"
Espionage Act
which punished people for aiding the enemy or refusing military duty.
