U.S. History Chapter 12 (1800-1860)
Cash crop
A crop grown to be sold for profit instead of consumption by the farmer's family
Cotton Gin, 1793
A device, patented by Eli Whitney in 1794, that separated the seeds from raw cotton quickly and easily
Concurrent majority
A majority of a separate region (that would otherwise be in the minority of the nation) with the power to veto or disallow legislation put forward by a hostile majority
Antebellum
A term meaning "before the war" and used to describe the decades before the American Civil War began in 1861
Eli Whitney's cotton gin:
Allowed for 50 lbs of cotton to be processed, as opposed to 1 lbs by hand
John C. Calhoun argued for greater rights for southerners with which idea?
Concurrent majority
Expansionists like William Walker were interested in controlling Nicaragua because:
Control of Nicaragua would provide a faster route from the Atlantic to the Pacific
The controversy at the heart of the Ostend Manifesto centered on the fate of:
Cuba
According to the rules of Honor in the South, grievances between gentlemen were settled by:
Dueling
True or False: Expansionists set their sights on the annexation of Spanish Cuba to ensure an end to the practice of slavery on the island.
False
True or false: D.R. Hundley argued that the South had no yeoman farmers, and was divided entirely between the large plantation owners and the poor whites.
False
True or false: Slavery completely eradicated all elements of African culture, and no African cultural elements survived on southern plantations.
False
What percentage of Southern society owned over 100 slaves?
Less than 1%
The largest group of whites in the South _______.
Owned no slaves
Under the law in the antebellum South, slaves were ________.
Property
In the antebellum era, the largest number of free blacks lived in:
The Upper South
Polygenism
The idea that blacks and whites come from different origins
Second Middle Passage
The internal forced migration of slaves to the South and West in the United States
Paternalism
The premise that southern white slaveholders acted in the best interests of their slaves
The abolition of the foreign slave trade in 1807 led to _______.
The rise of a thriving domestic slave trade
Ostend Manifesto
The secret diplomatic memo stating that if Spain refused to sell Cuba to the United States, the United States was justified in taking the island as a national security measure
Domestic slave trade
The trading of slaves within the borders of the United States
Cotton Boom
The upswing in American cotton production during the nineteenth century
True or false: Cotton production became a key component of the southern economy, and at the peak of production the USA produced 2/3rds of the world's cotton.
True
True or false: Defenders of slavery used the concept of paternalism to justify their institutions. Defenders of slavery, such as George Fitzhugh, argued that only the clever and the bright could truly benefit within a laissez-faire economy. Premising their argument on the notion that slaves were, by nature, intellectually inferior and less able to compete, such defenders maintained that slaves were better off in the care of paternalistic masters.
True
True or false: Some southerners believed that their region's monopoly over the lucrative cotton crop—on which both the larger American and Atlantic markets depended—and their possession of a slave labor force allowed the South to remain independent from the market revolution.
True
True or false: Southern whites often used paternalism to justify the institution of slavery, arguing that slaves, like children, needed the care, feeding, discipline, and moral and religious education that they could provide.
True
Which of the following was not one of the effects of the cotton boom?
U.S. trade increased with France and Spain.
In order to maintain their dominance, slave owners:
Used physical violence Utilized psychological coercion Implemented the use of punishment gear
Why did southern expansionists conduct filibuster expeditions?
to annex new slave states