US history chapter 16- civil rights movement

Mary Church Terrell

NAACP member who sued a restaurant for not serving her and the supreme court ruled in her favor

Do you think nonviolent civil disobedience proved to be a good strategy for bringing about social change? Support your opinion with evidence from the text?

Nonviolent civil disobedience proved to be a good strategy as it pushed the federal government to ban segregation in many fields such as transportation with the trains and buses were no longer allowed to use segregated terminals

PCCR

President's Committee of Civil Rights which had a mission to protect all American's civil rights.

Why do you think Frannie Lou Hamer focused her efforts on African-American voter registration?

She may have focused her efforts on AA voter registration because she felt that African Americans have the right to vote for who they want to be the next president as they are citizens just as any other white American is.

SCLC

Southern Christian Leadership Conference that was formed by MLK that promoted racial justice through peaceful means and provided assistance and guidance to local protest groups

SNCC

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee that was created by a group of AA students who were inspired by the success of the sit-ins and similar nonviolent protests

How might historical events have taken a different direction if Claudette Colvin, Mary Louise Smith, and Rosa Parks had not taken a stand?

The bus boycott most likely would not have happened as there would not have been any ideals revolving around boycotting the buses in the city.

What legal action did the federal government take in response to the Freedom Rides?

The federal government banned interstate buses and trains from using any terminal that segregated people by race

How did the television footage of police officers attacking protesters contribute to the diffusion of the civil rights movement?

The footage strengthened the civil rights movement as all Americans were horrified by the police brutality, and the movement carried on as more attention and support was gained.

What was the goal of the Birmingham campaign, and what caused the organizers to end the campaign?

The goal of the Birmingham campaign was to confront segregation in Birmingham, Alabama that was where the worst of the segregation was taking place. What caused the organizers to end the campaign was that the leaders of the campaign agreed with the Birmingham city leaders to end the public demonstrations if there were established steps and a timetable for ending segregation in Birmingham's public facilities and creating an employment program for African Americans

What was the impact of King's deliberate repetition of the phrase "I have a dream" in his speech?

The impact of the phrase is that it paints a picture for Americans of what a perfect America will look like for all the different types of people that are living within it. It motivates Americans to do their part and help further the civil rights movement so that change will happen. The phrase helps them evision what a better America will look like as it upholds its ideas of democracy and liberty.

In what ways did the March on Washtington demonstrate the power and unity of the civil rights movement?

The march on Washington showed unity as people came from across all the regions of the US in order to protest and the great numbers showed the wide range of support for the civil rights movement and the leaders that upheld the beliefs of the movement.

How does Truman's Message to Congress and WIlliam Comer's REsponse reflect the idea that change is complicated?

The message reflected the idea that change is complicated through the controversy of the statements made during the emancipation proclamation that gave minority groups rights

How did the court decision in Mendez, Sweatt, and Mclaurin affect the Brown ruling?

The supreme court favored a ruling that favored the Brown ruling as the previous cases opened their eyes to seeing that the doctrine of "separate but equal" doctrine was unconstitutional.

What caused the sit-in protest in Greensboro, and what effect did the protest have on the larger civil rights movement?

The waitstaff refusing to serve the black men who were sitting at a "whites only" counter trying to order lunch caused the sit-ins to occur. This protest furthered the civil rights movement and pushed many others to join in and just sin-in at diners where it was only designated for white people to sit.

What did the writer of the obituary mean by the statement "everyday we live with the legacy of Justice Thurgood Marshall"?

The writer meant that the anti-discrimination is a owed to Marhsall's legacy and that many who are non-discriminatory follow his ideals.

How might spirituals and gospel songs from the slaver era help fuel the civil rights movement?

They might influence others to raise money for the civil rights movement and unite protesters to stand up for their cause in gaining civil rights for African Americans

How did artists raise awareness of the civil rights movement among the public?

They painted in ways that they incorporated their passions and solidarity with the protesters in order ro make the civil rights movement more political and expressive

How can grassroots activism cause change? Use examples from the text.

They persuaded Congress to pass federal anti-lynching laws and lawsuits were organized against those who were accused of civil rights violations and used those cases to command the public's attention.

What role did Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Jr., play in the Montgomery bus boycott? Explain the events of the Montgomery bus boycott.

They played a large role in the boycott as they served as models of justice that should be followed in order to enact change within the communities of segregation. Rosa Parks refused to give her seat up to a white man which inspired others to do the same and boycott the buses by carpooling AAs, riding bikes, walking, and having auto repair shops so that no one has to take the bus to get to their destination.

How many white southerners, including those in Congress, react to desegregation?

They were outraged as they saw the federal government misusing its power and misinterpreting the 14th amendment.

Odetta

AA folk singer who taught her audiences the lyrics to her spirituals as a way to unite the protesters for civil rights movements

What was particularly meaningful about Marshall's first case?

Thurgood Marshall became the first African American admitted to a law school after he won his first case.

CORE

Congress of Racial equality which was the main fighter against discrimination through nonviolent protests

How did the African-American community work together to sustain the bus boycott?

Friends, co-workers, and neighbors of the AA community formed carpools to get people to work and other destinations so that the buses wouldn't be used. The churches also hosted boycott related events and raised money for fuel to be used by the African American community. Some performed auto repair for free while others simply rode bikes or walked.

What does Ralph Ellison mean when he writes, "I am an invisible man"?

He means that he is ghosted by most of society and that he is not treated like an actually human being

What was the role of Martin Luther King Jr., in the Birmingham protests?

He was the main spokesperson in the protests who was arrested at one point and wrote a letter that defended the morality of nonviolent civil disobedience. He also brought local students into the protest

What effect do you think President Kennedy's address about the events in Birmingham had on the nation?

I think his address opened the American peoples' eyes to how AA's were being treated, but it made those who were segregational feel resentful towards AA's

How does the fact that students volunteered to travel to Mississippi after the violence of the Birmingham campaign speak to larger developments in the civil rights movement?

It shows that even the students going to school support the ideas of the civil rights movement. This shows larger developments in the movement as it is reaching out to more classes of people that care for everyone to be equal which shows the support.

Why do you think it was important to Marshall to express his disagreement with some of the Supreme Court decisions made under Warren Burger?

It was important to him because he believed that all Americans should have equal rights and not bring back old laws that furthered discimination and worsened the situations

How did World War II stimulate the civil rights movement?

Many of the minority groups fought for America and helped them win the war which made them feel like they deserved to have their civil rights. They also didn't want to lose the economic foothold that they had gained from the wartime jobs

Medgar Evers

a civil rights activist who was shot and killed by a white segregationist in front of his own home

Mclaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents

a different case that was ruled against segregation the same day as the Sweatt vs Painter case

Mendez v. Westminster

a federal lawsuit that challenged "separate but equal" where five mexican families sued a local school board for forcing them to attend of Mexican student only school. The court ruled in favor of the families and it was declared that the segregation of minority students was unconstitutional

Mississippi Freedom Deomcractic Party

a grassroots political group established as an alternative to the larger, more conservative state arm of the Democratic party which was created to encourage AA voter registration

Mohandas Gandhi

a lawyer, politician, writer, and civil rights activist who advocated peaceful protest and noncooperation in the struggle against colonial injustice in India. He was the inspiration for MLK and freed India from British rule by his nonviolent protests

Bayard Rusin

a leader in movements for civil rights and nonviolence along with gay rights who later became an advisor to MLK and worked with A. Randolph to issue tens of thousands of people to march on the capitol. Pressed Roosevelt to issue an order to prohibit discriminatory hiring practices which worked out

March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

a major rally in the capitol in support of civil rights and the civil rights bill which was organized by Bayard Rustin. Over 200,000 people participated in the march in front of the Lincoln memorial where MLK gave his famous "I Have A Dream" speech

Montgomery Bus Boycott

a one-day boycott of the city's buses in Montgomery that was extended into the long-term as it was so successful. The boycott meant not giving up seats to white people and boycotting all the laws around racial segregation on buses

Martin Luther King Jr.

a young minister who was the leader of the Montgomery Improvement Association who was the biggest civil rights leader who fought for the end of segregation through many passionate speeches like "I have a dream".

Civil Disobedience

act of purposely breaking the law in protest

Rosa Parks

an African-American woman and civil rights activist who worked as an assistant tailor in downtown Montgomery. She was most famous for refusing to give up her seat on the bus to a white man and she was arrested as a result. She fought with the struggle against segregation and worked to make african american lives better.

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

another case suing for civil rights which ended in a ruling that the doctrine of "separate but equal" was unconstitutional and had no place in public education.

Solitary Confinement

being locked in an enclosed cell alone

Sweatt v. Painter

case that was ruled that the University of Texas School of Law must admit Marion Sweat, an AA student, to the school

James Baldwin

civil rights activist and AA author who released a book of two essays where he used his personal experiences to explain what it was like to live in the United States as am African American

William Hastie

civil rights activist who mounted legal attacks on the Plessy vs Ferguson case that established the doctrine of "separate but equal"

Sit-ins

coordinated protests in which people occupy seats or floor space in places that the targets of protest where colored people were normally not allowed to sit

Voter Registration Drive

created by SNCC and CORE to sign up as many eligible African-American voters as possible

James Farmer

found the Congress of Racial Equality which fought discrimination through their nonviolet acts of protest

George Wallace

governor of Alalbama who was highly segregated and physically blocked two AA students from registering at the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa. He was later removed from power by the US national guard who let the students register at the school.

Integrated

having to allow the free association of people of all races and ethnicities

Billie Holiday

jazz singer who wrote a song "Strange Fruit" about lynching in the south which was the first time that an African-American singer had spoken out agaisnt racism through music

Little Rock Nine

nine African American students who were denied access to the school in Little Rock, Arkansas but were escorted by federal troops to their classes

Dehumanized

no longer regarded as a person

Walter White

one of the leaders of the NAACP, a grassroots group

Bob Dylan

one of the white folk singers that was inspired by Odetta to perform at concerts and raise money for the civil rights cause

Thurgood Marshall

organized lawsuits against people accused of civil rights violations and used those cases against to command the public's attention

Robert F. Kennedy

president Kennedy's younger brother who sent US marshals to protect the freedom riders when they were traveling on their buses in response to the attacks on the freedom riders

Jo Ann Robinson

president of the Women's political council that organized volunteers to distribute 50,000 flyers declaring a one-day boycott of the city's buses

Freedom Summer

program where 700 student volunteers, most of whom were white, came from colleges in the north to work with local civil rights organizations in Mississippi.

Grassroots Activism

refers to political movements driven by people who individually don't have much but ban together to be effective

Freedom Riders

seven AA and six white Americans that rode on two buses that were headed for New Orleans. At many stops, they ignored the signs of segregation that were hung on bathrooms, lunch counters, and waiting rooms in defiance of the law.

Desegregation

stopping the practice of separating groups of people in public

Earl Warren

supreme court justice elected by Eisenhower

Eugene T. "Bull" Connor

the commissioner of public safety that strictly enforced segregation ordinances. He ordered police dogs and fire hoses to be directed at peaceful African American protesters in order to break them up at the protests in Birmingham

Civil Rights act of 1957 & 1960

two acts meant to protect the voting rights of AA's which were ineffective