US History Final Exam

Vertical Integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

Teddy Roosevelt speak softly

Speak softly and carry a big stick

conservation

Protecting and preserving natural resources and the environment

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

Speakeasies

Secret bars where alcohol could be purchased illegally

Alexander Graham Bell

Invented the telephone

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti

Italian anarchists convicted and executed for murder despite scarce evidence against them

Selective Service Act

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft

Jim Crow Laws

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

Panama Canal

Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States, it opened in 1915.

Merchanized warfare of WW1

Machine Guns, Airships and airplanes, Antiaircraft Gun, Poison Gas, Tank

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers

Causes of WWI

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

U. S. S. Maine

Ship that explodes off the coast of Cuba in Havana harbor and helps contribute to the start of the Spanish-American War

Works Progress Administration

New Deal agency that helped create jobs for those that needed them. It created around 9 million jobs working on bridges, roads, and buildings.

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929; date of the worst stock-market crash in American history and beginning of the Great Depression.

Cause of the Great Depression

Overproduction, Unemployment, Stock Market Crash, Bank Closings

Stock on margin

Paid a small percentage of the stock price as a down payment and then borrow the rest from a stockbroker

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Charston

The city where the war began

Progressivism

The movement in the late 1800s to increase democracy in America by curbing the power of the corporation. It fought to end corruption in government and business, and worked to bring equal rights of women and other groups that had been left behind during the industrial revolution.

Fundamantalism

skeptical of scientific descoveries

Effects of WW1 on the suffragist movement

slowed the long lasting national campaign to win womens' rights

Great Depression

the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s

Melting Pot

the mixing of cultures, ideas, and peoples that has changed the American nation. The United States, with its history of immigration, has often been called a melting pot.

Convoy System

the protection of merchant ships from U-boat-German submarine-attacks by having the ships travel in large groups escorted by warships

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer

using a series of raids to round up and arrest about 6,000 suspected Communists.

National debt under Roosevelt

went up 13 billion dollars

Orville and Wilbur Wright

These brothers were bicycle mechanics from Dayton, Ohio who built and flew the first plane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina on December 17, 1903.

John J. Pershing

US general who chased Villa over 300 miles into Mexico but didn't capture him

FEWEST casualties of WW1

United States

Charles Lindbergh

United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974)

Brought an end to the Great Depression

World War 2

Upton Sinclair

Wrote "The Jungle"

Plessy v. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

Referendum

a legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate

F. Scott Fitzgerald

a novelist and chronicler of the jazz age. his wife, zelda and he were the "couple" of the decade but hit bottom during the depression. his noval THE GREAT GATSBY is considered a masterpiece about a gangster's pursuit of an unattainable rich girl.

double standard

a set of principles granting greater sexual freedom to men than to women

Peacetime use of airplanes

carrying mail

Direct Relief

cash payments or food provided by the government to the poor

Americanization movement

designed to assimilate people of wide-ranging cultures into the dominant culture

Industry fuels imperialism

desire for military strength, thirst for new markets, belief in cultural superiority

U. S. Imperialism

desire for military strength, thirst for new markets, belief in cultural superiority

KKK in the 1920s

dramatic expansion due to nativism and The Birth of a Nation; favored White supremacy and restrictions on immigration; hostile towards immigrants, Catholics, Jews, and African Americans

Farmers' debts in the 1920s

farmers need expensive machinery but couldn't afford it because their product wasn't being bought

Nineteenth Amendment

granted women the right to vote in 1920

urban sprawl

The process of urban areas expanding outwards, usually in the form of suburbs, and developing over fertile agricultural land.

Settlement Houses

institutions that provided educational and social services to poor people

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

Neutrality

policy of supporting neither side in a war

Hoover helped the economy by

Asking businesses not to lay off employees

Schlieffen Plan

Attack plan by Germans, proposed by Schliffen, lightning quick attack against France. Proposed to go through Belgium then attack France, Belgium resisted, other countries took up their aid, long fight, used trench warfare.

German U-boats

German submarines in WWI and WII which were most effective during naval blockade against enemy shipping, primary targets were from Canada, British empire and the US to Great Britain

Gains made by American women during World War I include

Get jobs

Patronage

Granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support

Bonus Army

Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their goverment war bonuses in cash

Countries under U.S. control after Spanish-American War

Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines

1932 Presidential Candidates

Herbert Hoover vs. Franklin D. Roosevelt

Interstate Commerce Act

Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices

John D. Rockefeller

Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women

Teddy Roosevelt (nobel peace prize)

For negotiating the end of the Russo-Japanese war

Effects of the Great Depression

- Many banks fail. - Many businesses and factories fail. - Millions of Americans are out of work. - Many are homeless and hungry. - Families break up and people suffer

Sherman Antitrust Act

1890 law banning any trust that restrained interstate trade or commerce

Pure Food and Drug Act

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Muckrakers

1906 - Journalists who searched for corruption in politics and big business

Zimmerman Note

1917 - Germany sent this to Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with the U.S. It was intercepted and caused the U.S. to mobilized against Germany, which had proven it was hostile

Right to vote for women

19th amendment

Crime rate during the 1920s

24% increase between 1920 and 1921

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

Grandfather Clause

A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867.

Teapot Dome Scandal

A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921

Prohibition

A law forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

Nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

American Expeditionary Force

About 2 million Americans went to France as members of this under General John J. Pershing. Included the regular army, the National Guard, and the new larger force of volunteers and draftees and they served as individuals

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

Thomas Edison

American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.

credit

An arrangement to receive cash, goods, or services now and pay for them in the future.

John T. Scopes

An educator in Tennessee who was arrested for teaching evolution. This trial represented the Fundamentalist vs the Modernist. The trial placed a negative image on fundamentalists, and it showed a changing America.

Ellis Island

An immigrant receiving station that opened in 1892, where immigrants were given a medical examination and only allowed in if they were healthy

speculation

An involvement in risky business transactions in an effort to make a quick or large profit.

Fraz Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria who gave up his children's rights to the throne and attempted to restore Austro-Russian relations while maintaining an alliance with Germany.

British Blockade

The British blockaded the German coast to prevent weapons and other military supplies from getting through the seas. American ships carrying goods for Germany refused to challenge the blockade. As a result, Germany had a famine and soldiers were starving to death

Standardized Time Zones

railroads led to the creating of this to help coordinate times between different areas

Industrial consulidation and trusts

reduced the amount of competition