US History Midterm
The Red Scare
A "Red Scare" is the promotion of fear of a potential rise of communism or radical leftism. In the United States, the First Red Scare was about worker (socialist) revolution and political radicalism.
Coolie
Coolie during the 19th and early 20th century, was a term for an indentured servant indentured to a company, mainly from the Indian subcontinent or South China.
Dawes Act of 1887
Dawes Act of 1887. A federal law intended to turn Native Americans into farmers and landowners by providing cooperating families with 160 acres of reservation land for farming or 320 acres for grazing.
Frederick Douglass, "What the Black Man Wants" (1865)
During the Reconstruction era, Frederick Douglass demanded government action to secure land, voting rights, and civil equality for black Americans. The following passage is excerpted from a speech given by Douglass to the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society in April 1865.
The first hundred days of the new deal
During the first hundred days of Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency, President Franklin D. Roosevelt planned to put an end to the Great Depression that was allegedly caused by the policies of his predecessor, Herbert Hoover. When Roosevelt took office on March 4, 1933, he immediately addressed the effects of the depression. His main four priorities were to get Americans back to work, protect their savings and create prosperity, provide relief for the sick and elderly, and get industry and agriculture back on their feet.
National American Women's Suffrage Association
Formed in 1890, NAWSA was the result of a merger between two rival factions--the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, and the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA), led by Lucy Stone, Henry Blackwell, and Julia Ward Howe.
Black Codes
In the United States, the Black Codes were laws passed by Southern states in 1865 and 1866, after the Civil War. These laws had the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans' freedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt.
Knights of Labor
Knights of Labor (K of L), officially Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor, was the largest and one of the most important American labor organizations of the 1880s. Its most important leader was Terence V. Powderly. The Knights promoted the social and cultural uplift of the workingman, rejected socialism and anarchism, demanded the eight-hour day, and promoted the producers ethic of republicanism.
Nativism
Nativism is the political position of supporting a favored status for the native majority of a nation while targeting and threatening newcomers or immigrants. According to Fetzer (2000), opposition to immigration commonly arises in many countries because of issues of national, cultural, and religious identity.
Nineteenth Amendment (1920)
Nineteenth Amendment summary: The Nineteenth (19th) Amendment to the United States Constitution granted women the right to vote, prohibiting any United States citizen to be denied the right to vote based on sex. It was ratified on August 18, 1920 after a long struggle known as the women's suffrage movement.
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire (1911)
On March 25, 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Company factory in New York City burned, killing 145 workers. ... The tragedy brought widespread attention to the dangerous sweatshop conditions of factories, and led to the development of a series of laws and regulations that better protected the safety of workers.
Haymarket Affair (1886)
On May 4, 1886, a labor protest rally near Chicago's Haymarket Square turned into a riot after someone threw a bomb at police. At least eight people died as a result of the violence that day. Despite a lack of evidence against them, eight radical labor activists were convicted in connection with the bombing.
Social Security Act second new deal
On this day in 1935, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs into law the Social Security Act. Press photographers snapped pictures as FDR, flanked by ranking members of Congress, signed into law the historic act, which guaranteed an income for the unemployed and retirees.
Populists (People's Party)
Populist party definition. A third-party movement that sprang up in the 1890s and drew support especially from disgruntled farmers. The Populists were particularly known for advocating the unlimited coinage of silver.
Emancipation Proclamation (1863)
President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, as the nation approached its third year of bloody civil war. The proclamation declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free."
Reconstruction: Presidential Reconstruction, Radical Reconstruction
Reconstruction After Lincoln. Lincoln's assassination seemingly gave Radical Republicans in Congress the clear path they needed to implement their plan for Reconstruction. ... But Johnson surprised Radical Republicans by consistently blocking their attempts to pass punitive legislation.
Redemption
Redeemers were the southern wing of the Bourbon Democrats, the conservative, pro-business faction in the Democratic Party, who pursued a policy of Redemption, seeking to oust the Radical Republicans, a coalition of freedmen, "carpetbaggers", and "scalawags" (poorer non-slaveholding whites).
Social Gospel
SOCIAL GOSPEL was a movement led by a group of liberal Protestant progressives in response to the social problems raised by the rapid industrialization, urbanization, and increasing immigration of the Gilded Age.
Scopes Trial (1925)
Scopes trial, Tennessee legal case involving the teaching of evolution in public schools. A statute was passed (Mar., 1925) in Tennessee that prohibited the teaching in public schools of theories contrary to accepted interpretation of the biblical account of human creation.
Share Our Wealth movement
Share The Wealth was a movement begun in February 1934, during the Great Depression, by Huey Long, a governor and later United States Senator from Louisiana. Huey Long first proposed the plan in a national radio address, which is now referred to as the "Share Our Wealth Speech".
Robber Barons v. Captains of Industry debate
Some nineteenth-century industrialists who were called "captains of industry" overlap with those called "robber barons," however. These include people such as J.P. Morgan, Andrew Carnegie, Andrew W. Mellon, and John D. Rockefeller.
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
Summary and Definition: The Pure Food and Drug Act (PFDA) prohibited the interstate transportation and sale of impure, contaminated food. ... The Pure Food and Drug Act (PFDA) was signed by President Roosevelt on June 30, 1906, the same day as the Meat Inspection Act.
Second Ku Klux Klan
Targets: The groups targeted by the Ku Klux Klan included African Americans, the 'New Immigrants', Jews, Catholics and any other groups who represented "un-American" values or beliefs such as organized labor. 1920's KKK Fact 8: Membership: At its peak in the 1920s, Klan membership exceeded 4 million people nationwide.
Seventeenth Amendment (1913)
The 17th amendment provides for regular voters to elect their Senators. ... The 17th amendment was proposed in 1912 and was completely ratified by 1913. Text of the 17th amendment. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
The American Federation of Labor (AFL) was a national federation of labor unions in the United States. It was founded in Columbus, Ohio, in December 1886 by an alliance of craft unions disaffected from the Knights of Labor, a national labor association.
Freedman's Bureau (1865-1872)
The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, usually referred to as simply the Freedmen's Bureau, was a U.S. federal government agency established in 1865 to aid freedmen (freed slaves) in the South during the Reconstruction era of the United States, which attempted to change society in the former Confederate states.
Chinese Exclusion
The Chinese Exclusion Act was a United States federal law signed by President Chester A. Arthur on May 6, 1882, prohibiting all immigration of Chinese laborers.
Civil Rights Act (1875)
The Civil Rights Act of 1875 (18 Stat. 335-337), sometimes called Enforcement Act or Force Act, was a United States federal law enacted during the Reconstruction Era to guarantee African Americans equal treatment in public accommodations, public transportation, and to prohibit exclusion from jury service.
Compromise of 1877
The Compromise of 1877 was a purported informal, unwritten deal that settled the intensely disputed 1876 U.S. presidential election. It resulted in the United States federal government pulling the last troops out of the South, and formally ended the Reconstruction Era.
Prohibition - 18th Amendment (1919)
The Eighteenth Amendment (Amendment XVIII) of the United States Constitution effectively established the prohibition of alcoholic beverages in the United States by declaring the production, transport, and sale of alcohol (though not the consumption or private possession) illegal.
Conservation movement
The Evolution of the Conservation Movement collection covers the movement to preserve and protect America's wildlife, wild lands, and other natural resources from 1890-1920.
Federal Housing Administration new deal
The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) is a United States government agency created in part by the National Housing Act of 1934. It sets standards for construction, underwriting, and insures loans made by banks and other private lenders for home building.
Fifteenth Amendment (1870)
The Fifteenth Amendment in the National Archives. Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Section 2.
Fourteenth Amendment (1868)
The Fourteenth Amendment (Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868, as one of the Reconstruction Amendments. The amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws, and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War.
Ghost Dance Movement
The Ghost Dance (Caddo: Nanissáanah, also called the Ghost Dance of 1890) was a new religious movement incorporated into numerous American Indian belief systems.
Gilded Age
The Gilded Age is defined as the time between the Civil War and World War I during which the U.S. population and economy grew quickly, there was a lot of political corruption and corporate financial misdealings and many wealthy people lived very fancy lives.
The Great Depression
The Great Depression (1929-39) was the deepest and longest-lasting economic downturn in the history of the Western industrialized world. In the United States, the Great Depression began soon after the stock market crash of October 1929, which sent Wall Street into a panic and wiped out millions of investors.
Homestead Act (1862)
The Homestead Act was a law passed by Congress in 1862 which granted 160 acres of federal land to any U.S. citizen. An individua+-l was given ownership of the land for free if that person lived on the land for five years and improved the land by building a home and producing a crop.
Immigration Act of 1924
The Immigration Act of 1924 limited the number of immigrants allowed entry into the United States through a national origins quota. The quota provided immigration visas to two percent of the total number of people of each nationality in the United States as of the 1890 national census.
Indian New Deal
The Indian Reorganization Act of June 18, 1934, or the Wheeler-Howard Act, was U.S. federal legislation that dealt with the status of Native Americans (known in law as American Indians or Indians). It was the centerpiece of what has been often called the "Indian New Deal".
National Recovery Administration new deal
The National Recovery Administration was a prime New Deal agency established by U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) in 1933. The goal was to eliminate "cut-throat competition" by bringing industry, labor, and government together to create codes of "fair practices" and set prices.
Progressivism
The Progressive Era (1890 - 1920) Progressivism is the term applied to a variety of responses to the economic and social problems rapid industrialization introduced to America. Progressivism began as a social movement and grew into a political movement. The early progressives rejected Social Darwinism.
Second Industrial Revolution
The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the "Technological Revolution," was a phase of the larger Industrial Revolution corresponding to the latter half of the nineteenth century until World War I.
Thirteenth Amendment (1865) (and convict labor/peonage exception)
The Thirteenth Amendment (Amendment XIII) to the United States Constitution abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. In Congress, it was passed by the Senate on April 8, 1864, and by the House on January 31, 1865.
The Election of 1896
The United States presidential election of November 3, 1896, saw Republican William McKinley defeat Democrat William Jennings Bryan in a campaign considered by historians to be one of the most dramatic and complex in American history.
Works Progress Administration second new deal
The Works Progress Administration (renamed in 1935 as the Work Projects Administration; WPA) was the largest and most ambitious American New Deal agency, employing millions of unemployed people (mostly unskilled men) to carry out public works projects, including the construction of public buildings and roads.
Ku Klux Klan
The first Klan flourished in the Southern United States in the late 1860s, then died out by the early 1870s. It sought to overthrow the Republican state governments in the South during the Reconstruction Era, especially by using violence against African American leaders. With numerous chapters across the South, it was suppressed around 1871, through federal law enforcement.
Wagner Act (also called National Labor Relations Act, 1935) second new deal
The first major legislation that Roosevelt and Congress passed in the Second New Deal—in response to the critics—was the Works Progress Administration (WPA). Created in 1935, the WPA was an effort to appease the "Longites" who clamored for more direct assistance from the federal government.
John Gast, American Progress (1872)
Transcript of American Progress by John Gast (1872) ... The painting was created in 1872, during which manifest destiny was a prevalent belief in the United States. The title, "American Progress," reflects the idea of manifest destiny, the development and civilization of the American west.Jan 25, 2014
Gospel of Wealth
Wealth",[2] more commonly known as "The Gospel of Wealth",[3] is an article written by Andrew Carnegie in June[4] of 1889[5] that describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich. Carnegie proposed that the best way of dealing with the new phenomenon of wealth inequality was for the wealthy to redistribute their surplus means in a responsible and thoughtful manner.
welfare state second new deal summary
and the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, which set maximum hours and minimum wages for most categories of workers.
Social Darwinism
the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals. Now largely discredited, social Darwinism was advocated by Herbert Spencer and others in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was used to justify political conservatism, imperialism, and racism and to discourage intervention and reform.
Transcontinental Railroad
transcontinental railroad definition. A train route across the United States, finished in 1869. It was the project of two railroad companies: the Union Pacific built from the east, and the Central Pacific built from the west. The two lines met in Utah.