US History SAT II

Erie Canal

Across New York State, connected Midwest and East Coast

Which of the following organizations advocated carrying guns for self-defense? A. Students for a Democratic Society B. Congress of Racial Equality C. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People D. Black Panther Party E. Vietnam Day Committee

D

Declaration of War on Germany 1917

Five US vessels were sunk by April. On April 2, 1917, President Woodrow Wilson went before a joint session of Congress to request a declaration of war against Germany. Wilson cited Germany's violation of its pledge to suspend unrestricted submarine warfare in the North Atlantic and the Mediterranean, as well as its attempts to entice Mexico into an alliance against the United States, as his reasons for declaring war. On April 4, 1917, the U.S. Senate voted in support of the measure to declare war on Germany. The House concurred two days later. The United States later declared war on German ally Austria-Hungary on December 7, 1917.

Kansas Nebraska Act

Missouri Compromise Exception: People given the vote, which was manipulated by traveling Southerners. This sparked rebellion and massacres in Kansas, specifically.

Immigration 1715 - 1775

Scottish, Irish, English made up vast majority of population in the western parts of the colonies + immigrated

Automation in the 1950s and 1960s brought about what two significant economic changes in the United States?

Reductions in farm employment and elimination of factory jobs

Grant Wood's Work in Regionalism (1891-1942)

Regionalism in art may be in any style and defined as painting what an artist lives with, in, or around. During the Great Depression, few artists could afford travel costs to study in Europe and consequently the Regionalist movement arose at an opportune time.

Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal

Regulation of trusts and consumer protection

Which event did NOT lead directly to the annexation of Hawaii as a U.S. territory in 1898?

A. Passage of the McKinley Tariff of 1890 B. Formation of the Secret Hawaiian League in 1886 C. Election of William McKinley to the presidency in 1898 D. Rebellion of Hawaiian supporters of annexation in 1893 E. Coronation of Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii in 1891 ANSWER: E

All the following were contributing causes of the Great Depression EXCEPT:

A. margin buying B. frequent fluctuations in share prices C. widespread bank failures the existence of Hoovervilles E. widespread business failures

In 1837, Democratic Party members of Congress passed a "gag rule" forbidding any discussion or debate of

Abolition (Democrats were pro-slavery)

Development of colonies during 1600's contributed to by

Addition of slavery, harbors and water access for trade and commerce, salutary neglect

Q: Harriet Tubman was known as the "Moses" of her people because she...

helped slaves escape from the South

People in the United States lost confidence in President Herbert Hoover primarily because

his policies did not bring about an economic recovery

Martin Luther King Jr.

peaceful protest for equality

The 1938 panic in which people thought that the earth was being attacked by hostile aliens from Mars was caused by a

radio broadcast of H. G. Wells's The War of the Worlds by Orson Welles and the Mercury Theater

Q: From the sixteenth through the eighteenth century, the cultural patterns of the American Indians of the western plains were most dramatically influenced by

the introduction of the horse by Spanish explorers and settlers

Social Darwinism

Social Natural Selection, the strongest survive, the strongest groups or factions rule/take power

How the Other Half Lives

Specifically addresses the living conditions of poor immigrants in New York City tenements. The Gangs of New Yorkalso deals with this subject, but in an earlier era.

To which author did Abraham Lincoln jokingly say, on meeting her, "So you're the little lady who started this great war"?

Stowe was the author of Uncle Tom' s Cabin, which converted many people to abolitionism and aroused outrage against the system of slavery.

Free Soil Party

The Free Soil Party consisted of those people who wanted slavery barred from the Mexican Cession. As their name suggests, the Free Soil Party opposed any expansion of slavery into the American west. Therefore, the party did not include Southern conservatives.

Implied Powers/Elastic Clause

The implied powers are embodied in the elastic clause in the Constitution in Article I Section 8. It provides that Congress can make laws that are "necessary and proper" to carry out its delegated powers. This clause was used by Hamilton to justify the establishment of the Bank of the United States and then by Thomas Jefferson when he purchased the Louisiana Territory.

Malcolm X

The second statement reflects Malcolm X's rejection of both the existing power structure and the goal of desegregation; he instead favored establishing greater autonomy for African Americans.

Northwest Ordinance 1787

Under this ordinance, each district was to be governed by a governor and judges appointed by Congress until it attained a population of 5,000 adult free males, at which time it would become a territory and could form its own representative legislature. The Northwest Territory must eventually comprise a minimum of three and a maximum of five states; an individual territory could be admitted to statehood in the union after having attained a population of 60,000. Under the ordinance, slavery was forever outlawed from the lands of the Northwest Territory, freedom of religion and other civil liberties were guaranteed, the resident Indians were promised decent treatment, and education was provided for.

*Note: Review All class notes, google classroom assignments, and important readings

VERY IMPORTANT SO THAT YOU GET THE BACKGROUND AND MORE DETAILS

Black Units World War One

Virtually all Black soldiers in the United States Army during the First World War served in segregated units, but they were often commanded by White officers. Black Americans were allowed to enlist in the armed forces, but Black and White soldiers did not serve in fully integrated units until after the Second World War. Many (but not all) Black units were kept out of combat, but this was due to racist assumptions about their inability to fight, and not to fears that they were influenced by some Black leaders' opposition to the war. In fact, one Black unit, New York's 369th Regiment, saw combat in the trenches longer than any other United States unit.

Booker T. Washington

Washington was known as a racial accommodationist. He rejected the pursuit of political and social equality with whites in favor of developing vocational skills and a reputation for stability and dependability. In a famous 1895 Atlanta address, Washington urged African Americans to "cast down your buckets where you are," that is, to remain in the Jim Crow South and tolerate racial discrimination rather than make what he considered intemperate calls for equality. "In all things that are purely social," he said, blacks and whites "can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress. The first statement reflects Booker T. Washington's encouragement of African Americans to accommodate themselves to existing conditions and to work gradually to gain greater social standing.

Thomas Eakin's Work in Realism (1844-1916)

While Eakins was painting works that expressed his admiration of athletes and outdoor activities, he was also creating intense, brooding images of women and children in quiet, shadowed interiors.

Q: Which of the following statements is generally true of the framers of the Constitution?

While it is difficult to generalize about the framers of the Constitution, most of the leading framers did oppose political parties. In The Federalist papers, Alexander Hamilton and James Madison — two of the most significant framers of the Constitution — wrote strongly against "factions" or political parties and explained the ways in which the structure of the Constitution was designed to prevent factions from forming. In particular, Hamilton and Madison believed that both the scale of the country, and the system of checks and balances that they had built into the government, would mitigate factionalism. The framers did not believe in the supremacy of the executive branch (A); another reason for the system of checks and balances was to restrain the power of the presidency. They did not have great faith in the goodness and rationality of the people (B); most federal offices were initially chosen by indirect election to prevent excessive democratic influence. They did not incorporate the most democratic ideals of the Declaration of Independence (D); they continued to tolerate nondemocratic elements such as slavery and restrictions on the right to vote. They also did not believe in the unanimity of public opinion (E); debates over the ratification of the Constitution highlighted already existing divisions.

Gifford Pinchot is associated with a movement that began in the nineteenth century and focused on protecting the country's natural environment. This movement is called the

conservationist movement

The first U.S. military response to a suspected terrorist act came in 1986 when President Ronald Reagan ordered a bombing attack on which country?

Libya: The U.S. government suspected that the Libyan leader Muammar Gadhafi had ordered an attack on a West Berlin nightclub that killed a U.S. soldier in 1986.

NAACP and CORE participation rose during WW2 bc

Lots of job discrimination

Which president's domestic programs were collectively known as the Great Society?

Lyndon B. Johnson's domestic program was called the Great Society because it had enormous ambitions for changing "society," that is, everyday American life, by promoting civil rights and other important programs to help the poor, the working class, and minorities.

Second Continental Congress 1775

Made and sent the Olive Branch Petition, which was an attempt at peace and a statement of loyalty to the crown which the king rejected and insulted. The Declaration of Independence was soon made in 1776.

Times Zones

Made to facilitate railroad scheduling

Transcendentalism

divinity in nature, the concept of the soul and the individual The excerpt, from an 1841 essay by transcendentalist thinker Ralph Waldo Emerson called "Man the Reformer," reflects the characteristically transcendentalist celebration of nature as the source of human goodness and the justification of social reform. Emerson suggests this when he says when humans are "renouncer[s] of lies" and "restorer[s] of truth" in the same way that Nature "every hour repairs herself." It also suggests that by improving society — a frequent goal of activists, intellectuals and religious thinkers in the 1830s and 1840s — people could become better aligned with the natural world.

Albany Plan of Union 1754

Benjamin Franklin failed to unite colonies against French and Indians

Q:During the period from 1492 to 1700, French activity in the Americas was primarily directed toward...

establishing trade with American Indians

Posturing

Behaving in a way that is supposed to impress or influence others

Ronald Regan

End of Iran hostage crisis and invasion of Grenada

Alexander Hamilton

Establishment of National Bank

The Clermont

First passenger steamship in US

Stephen Douglas

Known for helping to pass the Kansas Nebraska Act

Carpetbaggers

Northerners who moved South after the Civil War

Western Communication

Pony Express - Telegraph - Railroad

Robber Baron

Take money, exploit workers, hate workers' unions

Ralph Nader became prominent during the 1960s as an advocate for

consumer interests

The Northwest Territory

The Northwest Territory consisted of Michigan, Wisconsin, Indiana, Illinois, and Ohio.

The Mexican-American War was caused primarily by

a border dispute between Mexico and Texas

"Bleeding Kansas"

"Bleeding Kansas" refers to the Kansas Territory during a mini civil war over the fate of slavery. Popular sovereignty, allowing voters to approve or reject slavery, could not resolve the slavery question if people fought instead of voting. About 200 were killed before Kansas became a state in 1862. The first major act was the destruction of the antislavery town of Lawrence (called the sack of Lawrence). John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry (C) was in Virginia in 1859. The Fugitive Slave Law (D) was part of the Compromise of 1850 and had nothing directly to do with Bleeding Kansas. Shadrach (A) was a victim of the Fugitive Slave Law who was kidnapped in Boston in 1851 by his African American friends and spirited away before the magistrate knew what happened. The Burned-Over District (E) was in western New York, not Kansas.

Q: Which of the following statements about social trends in the United States between 1945 and 1970 is INCORRECT?

"By the end of the period, a lower proportion of women were working outside the home than at the beginning" - False After the dramatic increase of women in the workforce during the Second World War, there were large-scale layoffs of women. Even so, women soon returned to work outside the home in large numbers, and the proportion of women in the labor force continued to grow from that time forward.

Economy Inter-War Period

1) 1917 - 1920: The immediate economic boom right after the war led to high expectations that were quickly sunk once the postwar economy returned to normal. In turn, labor became dissatisfied with the rising costs of living, long hours and unsympathetic management. In 1919 alone, over 4 million workers went on strike. During that summer, moreover, race riots broke out in both the North and South. 2) 1920's: General repudiation of Wilson's internationalism and idealism. As journalist William Allen White explained, the American people were "tired of issues, sick at heart of ideals, and weary of being noble." + 1920 women first vote for president + tariffs that allowed for monopolies, tax reductions 3) FARMING - Great Depression: Republican policies in agriculture, however, were meeting mounting criticism, for farmers shared least in the prosperity of the 1920s. The period from 1900 to 1920 had been one of general farm prosperity and rising farm prices, with the unprecedented wartime demand for U.S. farm products providing a strong stimulus to production. Farmers had opened up poor lands long allowed to remain idle or never before cultivated. As the value of U.S. farms increased, farmers began to buy goods and machinery that they had never before been able to afford. But by the end of 1920, with the abrupt end of wartime demand, the commercial agriculture of staple crops such as wheat and corn fell into sharp decline. Many factors accounted for the depression in American agriculture, but foremost was the loss of foreign markets. U.S. farmers could not easily sell in areas where the United States was not buying goods because of its own import tariff. The doors of the world market were slowly swinging shut. When the general depression struck in the 1930s, it merely shattered agriculture's already fragile state.

Homestead Acts

160 acres of land to people who would settle out West for a minimum of five years (advertising the West as great, but it was actually extremely tough)

A provision of the charter issued by the British government for the establishment of the colony of Virginia was that A. full rights of English citizenship would be extended to English settlers. B. Virginia would enjoy complete autonomy under the policy of salutary neglect. C. Virginia would choose the location of its seat of government, not England. D. Virginia would be under the strict control of the royal governor. E. Virginia would establish its own form of government, independent of the British crown.

A

An important achievement of George Washington's first term of office, 1789-1793, was the A. establishment of a cabinet to act as advisers. B. purchase of Florida from Spain. C. suppression of a rebellion of Massachusetts farmers. D. passage of the Alien and Sedition Act. E. formation of a political party to oppose Alexander Hamilton.

A

At the Yalta Conference of 1945, President Franklin D. Roosevelt was most worried about the views expressed by A. Joseph Stalin on Eastern Europe. B. Charles de Gaulle on Western Europe. C. Winston Churchill on the Irish question. D. Mao Zedong on Chinese relations with Japan. E. Kim Il Sung on the unification of Korea.

A

Herbert Hoover's idea of "rugged individualism" suggested that A. people were able to survive hard times through their inner strength and resources. B. the government should give direct aid to the people in hard times. C. all of the basic needs of the people are the sole responsibility of the government. D. difficult times called for exceptional individuals to exercise power. E. the government and the people are partners who must share equal responsibility for the well-being of the populace.

A

In 1500, the civilizations of Mexico and Central America differed from the civilizations of the North American Plains Indians in that the Plains Indians A. were nomadic, while the civilizations of Mexico and Central America were more stable. B. lived in adobe houses, while the natives of Mexico and Central America lived in tents. C. were united, while the natives of Mexico and Central America were scattered. D. were ravaged by European diseases, while the inhabitants of Mexico and Central America were not. E. assimilated into European culture, while the inhabitants of Mexico and Central America did not.

A

In public, Truman justified his decision to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 by arguing that A. these cities were industrial centers that helped the Japanese war effort. B. these cities were relatively sparsely populated. C. it would prevent the Soviet Union from attempting to seize land in Asia. D. American strength would increase in Asia. E. the American people were war-weary.

A

In response to the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931, the United States A. issued a document refusing to recognize Japanese actions as legitimate. B. called a special session of the League of Nations. C. sent General MacArthur to command U.S. forces in the Pacific. D. engaged in a policy of watchful waiting. E. sent the Panay, a naval vessel, to the coast of Japan.

A

President McKinley publicly justified U.S. annexation of the Philippines on the grounds that A. the United States had a responsibility to uplift the Filipinos. B. a plebiscite indicated Filipino preference for U.S. rule. C. a failure to do so would open the way for a Marxist regime. D. the Philippines were spoils of the Spanish-American War. E. America needed raw materials from the Philippines.

A

The First and Second Great Awakenings were similar in that both A. made use of revivals to attempt to convert the sinful. B. enforced the Puritan use of incense. C. encouraged long periods of silence during services so that the congregation felt the spirit of God. D. were purely American phenomena. E. employed deistic approaches to religious belief.

A

The Great Awakening of the 1730s and 1740s was important because A. it caused people to question established authority. B. it provided the spiritual rationale for the abolition movement. C. religious unification caused a reduction in the number of religious sects. D. religious revivalism lessened in the colonies. E. it led to the Salem witch trials.

A

When Europeans arrived in the Americas in the 15th and 16th centuries, they found A. established societies that contained various forms of government. B. scattered tribes of lawless, nomadic people. C. extensive trade being carried on in African slavery. D. hostile, unwelcoming tribes. E. wild horses in abundance.

A

Which of the following statements concerning the New England colonies in the 17th century is true? A. The New England colonies grew faster than the Southern colonies through natural reproduction. B. The New England colonies were more dependent on Great Britain than the Southern and Middle colonies. C. The New England colonies were open societies with a high tolerance for those who were different. D. The New England colonies had larger farms than the Middle and Southern colonies. E. The New England colonies lacked strong leadership.

A

Why did the Ghost Dance movement thrive among Native Americans in the 1880s? A. Many Native Americans believed that it would protect them in conflicts with whites. B. It became a popular tourist attraction. C. Many Native Americans believed it would end a severe drought. D. It was a way for a younger generation of Native Americans to resist the authority of their elders. E. Native American culture was finally given respect and recognition in mainstream American culture.

A

To remedy problems American farmers faced in the last quarter of the 19th century, the Populist Party advocated a policy of A. increasing the amount of currency in circulation. B. raising interest rates on bank loans. C. raising tariffs to keep foreign agricultural products out of the United States. D. helping farmers resettle in urban areas. E. curbing inflation.

A A solution that the farmers' organizations, the Grangers, the Greenback Party, and the Populist Party proposed was putting more money into circulation so that inflation would occur and it would be easier for farmers to repay their debts.

During Presidential Reconstruction, congressional Republicans opposed Andrew Johnson's policy of A. letting former members of the Confederacy run the new postwar state governments. B. guaranteeing suffrage to African Americans. C. requiring each former Confederate state to ratify the 14th Amendment. D. banning former members of the Confederacy from voting and holding office. E. granting each freedman 40 acres and a mule.

A For congressional Republicans, letting the former rebels run state governments meant that the North had "lost the peace" after winning the war. Andrew Johnson did not go far enough, in the eyes of the Radical Republicans, in punishing the rebellious plantation-owning class and helping freedmen and women. Letting former Confederates run new state governments demonstrates Johnson's business-as-usual approach to Reconstruction, while all the other answers represent dramatic actions in creating a new type of South-actions favored by many congressional Republicans.

Samuel Adams and Patrick Henry objected to the proposed Constitution in 1787 because they felt that the Constitution would A. undermine the principles for which the Revolutionary War was fought. B. create too much democracy. C. support slavery. D. support states' rights. E. create a weak executive.

A Patrick Henry and other Anti-Federalists viewed the Constitution as a dangerous document that did not fully support the idea of popular rule. They believed that the framers of the Constitution, the Federalists, had compromised the principles for which the Revolutionary War had been fought.

The Red Scare of 1919-1920 was, in part, a response to the A. labor unrest that produced a nationwide strike wave. B. rise of fascism in Europe. C. teaching of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. D. rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan. E. temperance movement and its success in establishing Prohibition.

A The Red Scare was a government crackdown on communists, anarchists, and radicals in the late 1910s and early 1920s. Some also saw it as a way to silence labor agitators.

The Iran Hostage Crisis of 1979-1981 A. reflected resentment of the U.S. support of the shah of Iran. B. aided Jimmy Carter's bid for re-election in 1980. C. increased American prestige. D. heightened Cold War tensions. E. caused a global oil crisis.

A The students who occupied the U.S. Embassy in Iran were angered at U.S. support of the deposed shah of Iran. One major reason Jimmy Carter was not re-elected in 1980 (B) was his inability to resolve the hostage crisis. American prestige was severely damaged (C) since the superpower was unable to rescue the hostages. Cold War tensions (D) did not increase, nor did a global oil crisis (E) develop during the hostage crisis (an oil crisis occurred earlier-in 1973).

The Hepburn Act, pushed through Congress by President Theodore Roosevelt, was significant in that it A. strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission. B. created the U.S. Forest Service. C. empowered the Department of Agriculture to inspect meat. D. strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act. E. made child labor illegal.

A This 1904 act, along with the 1903 Elkins Act, dealt with railroad regulation. Neither act went as far as some Progressives, such as Robert LaFollette, wanted, but they did strengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission.

Star Wars refers to

A missile-based defense system conceived by President Ronald Reagan

African Americans and women fought in which American wars?

African Americans have served with distinction in combat in every war the United States has ever fought, although the armed forces were segregated from 1812 until after World War II. Women fought in combat in the Revolutionary War, some in disguise, such as Deborah Sampson, and others openly in an emergency, such as Mary Ludwig Hayes.

War Powers Act

After Vietnam War: The act sought to restrain the president's ability to commit U.S. forces overseas by requiring the executive branch to consult with and report to Congress before involving U.S. forces in foreign hostilities. Widely considered a measure for preventing "future Vietnams," it was nonetheless generally resisted or ignored by subsequent presidents, many of whom regarded it as an unconstitutional usurpation of their executive authority.

Bacon's Rebellion

Against governor in Jamestown 1600's

First Continental Congress 1774

All but Georgia attended: sent Declaration of Rights and Grievances, which was rejected by the king

An unintended consequence of the implementation of the 1862 Homestead Act was that A. very few people volunteered to participate in the program. B. much of the land that was intended for homesteading ended up in the hands of large agricultural firms. C. the land that was involved in the program was incapable of producing crops. D. the homesteaders often had clashes with Native Americans. E. corrupt politicians sold the best land to speculators.

B

During the Gilded Age, the U.S. economy A. faltered because industries failed to convert from wartime production to peacetime production after the Civil War. B. grew at a rapid pace, but the gap between the wealthy and poor widened. C. was characterized by a growing agricultural sector and a back-to-the-land movement. D. suffered because of the nation's overdependence on the slave trade. E. was cut off from the world economic system due to high tariffs and isolationist policies.

B

Henry Clay, "The Great Compromiser," was instrumental in engineering compromises that resulted in all of the following EXCEPT A. Missouri being admitted to the Union. B. Rutherford B. Hayes becoming president. C. resolution of the nullification crisis. D. California being admitted to the Union. E. Maine being admitted to the Union.

B

In the Dred Scott case of 1857, the Supreme Court included which idea as part of its decision? A. Separate but equal facilities are constitutional. B. An African American had no rights a white man was bound to respect. C. The state of Georgia has no jurisdiction over the Cherokee, which is a separate nation. D. Interstate commerce is not within the jurisdiction of the states but of the federal government. E. Separate but equal facilities are inherently unconstitutional.

B

In the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896, the Supreme Court A. declared that poll taxes and literacy tests were unconstitutional. B. declared that segregation of the races was acceptable. C. struck down many aspects of Congressional Reconstruction. D. ended segregation in public schools on the grounds that it was inherently unfair. E. ruled that slaves were still considered property, even if they resided in a free state or territory.

B

Of the following ideas, which was NOT part of the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka decision? A. Education is the most important function of local government. B. The original intent of the 14th Amendment was to end school segregation. C. The doctrine of "separate but equal" fosters feelings of inferiority in African American children. D. Schools should be integrated "with all deliberate speed." E. Education is the basis of success in our society.

B

Portugal led the way in exploration in the 1400s because of A. its inland location requiring it to find an overland route to the Indies. B. government stability and the invention of the caravel. C. the signing of the Treaty of Tordesillas with Spain. D. the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella. E. the success of Columbus's voyage to the New World.

B

President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs, which were designed to end the Great Depression, A. were overwhelmingly effective in ending unemployment. B. had a limited effect on ending the Depression. C. led the United States into World War II. D. were strongly supported by the Supreme Court. E. led to the establishment of the Federal Reserve System.

B

The "Era of Good Feeling" can best be characterized as years of A. active participation by the United States in world affairs. B. economic growth within the United States. C. lower tariffs on imported goods. D. harmony over the issue of slavery. E. political control of the government by the Federalist Party.

B

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 was significant because it A. ended British control of the Ohio Valley. B. prohibited the extension of slavery into the Northwest Territory. C. prevented slavery north of the 36° 30' north latitude line. D. secured peaceful relations between the colonists and the Native Americans. E. settled a dispute over the location of the boundary between Canada and the United States.

B

The Second Bank of the United States was important in that it A. became a part of the Federal Reserve System of 1913. B. was the central component of the American System supported by the Whigs. C. was the forerunner of the pet banks of the 1830s. D. was the substitute bank supported by Alexander Hamilton after the first Bank of the United States was rejected by Congress. E. was struck down by the Supreme Court in the Gibbons v. Ogden decision.

B

The Treaty of Paris, which concluded the Spanish-American War in 1898, contained all of the following provisions EXCEPT that A. Spain cede Puerto Rico to the United States. B. Spain cede the Hawaiian Islands to the United States. C. the United States agree to pay $20 million to Spain for the Philippines. D. Guam become a U.S. territory. E. Cuba be granted its independence.

B

The discovery of the New World resulted from the desire of many Europeans to A. establish a place where they could practice their religion freely. B. find an all-water route to the East. C. end the practice of primogeniture. D. spread Christianity around the world. E. uplift and civilize other peoples of the world.

B

All of the following Cold War ideas involved Europe EXCEPT A. the Truman Doctrine. B. the domino theory. C. Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD). D. containment. E. détente.

B The domino theory of Eisenhower and Kennedy stated that Communism would spread like falling dominoes-a theory that originated as a description of the spread of Communism in Southeast Asia.

The period from 1781 to 1787 is often called the Critical Period because A. the United States lacked strong leaders. B. the Articles of Confederation had created a weak government that threatened the continued existence of the United States. C. the British presence in the United States remained a powerful force that threatened the country. D. French Huguenots had moved into the Ohio Valley, threatening American settlements there. E. of continuous attacks by Native Americans on western settlements, slowing westward expansion.

B

To gain Thomas Jefferson's support for the assumption of state debts by the national government, Alexander Hamilton agreed to A. modify his financial program. B. the placement of the capital of the United States on the Potomac River. C. support Jefferson's election in 1800. D. help negotiate a peace treaty with England. E. withdraw his support for excise taxes on goods made in the United States.

B

Which of the following cases declared that prayer in the public school was unconstitutional? A. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka B. Engel v. Vitale C. Baker v. Carr D. Miranda v. Arizona E. Roe v. Wade

B

Which of the following is an important reason the South lost the Civil War? A. The South did not have enough guns to prevent the Union from overpowering it. B. Slaves ran away, so there were fewer and fewer hands to do the work on the home front. C. The Union generals were better military men, so they continually out-maneuvered the Southern forces. D. The South was unable to ship any cotton because the Union blockade was so effective. E. The issues of slavery and states rights were not important to the majority of Southerners.

B

Which of the following was a reason the Democratic Party failed to win the presidency in the 1920s? A. Its opposition to Jim Crow laws alienated Southern voters. B. Internal splits existed between urban moderates and rural conservatives. C. It had opposed U.S. involvement in World War I. D. Voters saw the party as responsible for the Great Depression. E. Voters perceived that the party was overly friendly to big business.

B

Which statement most closely reflects William Lloyd Garrison's view of slavery? A. The only solution to the slavery question is a federal slave code. B. Slavery must immediately be abolished in all areas of the United States. C. There should be no extension of slavery to the territories in the West. D. The question of slavery should be settled by popular sovereignty. E. The question of slavery in the territories of the West should be decided in the future.

B

Wilson's idea of a "peace without victory" failed to become a reality in the Treaty of Versailles because A. the Triple Alliance was totally responsible for the events leading to World War I. B. England and France wanted Germany to pay for starting the war. C. Wilson failed to pursue his ideas actively during the negotiations for the treaty. D. the League of Nations was not established. E. Germany refused to take part in the negotiations.

B

Which of the following developments is NOT associated with the Gilded Age? A. Relations between workers and owners became increasingly contentious. B. African Americans' migration to industrial cities led to "white flight." C. New inventions made communication between cities easier. D. Many industries came to be dominated by a small number of large companies. E. Corruption in politics became more public and widespread.

B All the other choices are important features of the "Gilded Age" (1875-1900). There was not a large migration of African Americans to Northern cities until the Great Migration of the World War I era; nor was there a substantial "white flight" of middle-class whites out of urban areas until the 1940s and 1950s.

The Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty of 1903 is significant because it A. ended the Spanish-American War. B. paved the way for the Panama Canal project. C. established commonwealth status for Puerto Rico. D. added the Mexican Cession to U.S. territory. E. gave U.S. companies exclusive rights to the Guatemalan banana trade.

B In 1902, Colombia rejected the U.S. bid to build a canal through Panama (which was then part of Colombia). The United States, with the collaboration of Phillipe Bunau-Varilla, an official in the French company that had previously attempted to build a canal, then organized a "revolution" in Panama against Colombia. The United States immediately recognized the newly independent nation of Panama. Secretary of State John Hay quickly signed a treaty with Bunau-Varilla (who had become the Panamanian ambassador to the United States), allowing the United States to build the canal. The Treaty of Paris of 1898 ended the Spanish-American War (A). The 1900 Foraker Act established commonwealth status for Puerto Rico (C). The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo secured the Mexican Cession for the United States (D). There was no treaty with Guatemala involving banana growing (E).

Jefferson acted more like a Federalist than a Democratic-Republican when he A. voted to establish the Bank of the United States. B. purchased the Louisiana Territory. C. commissioned Lewis and Clark to explore the Louisiana Territory. D. wrote the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions along with James Madison. E. supported the idea of nullification.

B Jefferson, a Democratic-Republican and a strict constructionist in regard to constitutional issues, used the same justification for the Louisiana Purchase that Hamilton, a Federalist and loose constructionist, had used to justify the establishment of the Bank of the United States. Both relied on the "elastic clause" of the Constitution to justify their actions. The Bank of the United States (A) had been part of Hamilton's economic program; Jefferson was opposed to it. Lewis and Clark's journey (C) was not a partisan issue. The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (D) were written in response to the Federalist-supported Alien and Sedition Acts, passed during the administration of John Adams, a Federalist. Nullification (E) was part of the Kentucky Resolution and was a strong statement of states' rights, consistent with the political philosophy of the Democratic-Republicans.

The Weathermen, who were in the news in the 1960s and early 1970s, were A. radical black nationalists who believed in power to the black people. B. radical terrorists who opposed the Vietnam War. C. environmental activists who opposed the pollution caused by automobiles. D. a rock-and-roll group who were precursors to punk rock and heavy metal groups. E. a commune that called for love and peace and living in the outdoors.

B The Weathermen were a small faction of Students for a Democratic Society that resorted to terrorism in 1969 to oppose the Vietnam War. Four of their members were killed by a bomb that exploded in a townhouse in Greenwich Village, New York City.

Bacon's Rebellion

Bacon's Rebellion of 1676 was led by Nathaniel Bacon, a planter who was unhappy with the Indian policies of Governor Berkeley of Virginia. He was joined in his rebellion by many present and former indentured servants. The fear of future rebellion led the colonists to turn to African slaves, over which they felt they would have greater control. Thus, they did not increase recruitment of indentured servants (A). Berkeley was not killed in the rebellion (B), although Bacon did die. This had no effect on Indian uprisings in Virginia (C), and it was not a slave rebellion (E).

Chinese Exclusion Act 1882

Banned Chinese immigration

Immigration to the Colonies 1620 -1770

Between 1620 and 1700, immigrants to Britain's North American colonies came overwhelmingly from England; it has been estimated that the ancestry of the British North American colonial population was 80 percent English and Welsh in 1700. Between 1700 and 1770, however, this changed as the population became far more diverse. In the eighteenth century, non-English peoples such as Africans, Germans, Scots, Scots-Irish, Irish and Dutch came to the British North American colonies in large numbers, as a whole exceeding the number of English immigrants. In other words, immigrants to British North America in the seventeenth century were mostly English, while immigrants in the eighteenth century were mostly non-English.

All of the following statements represent ideas expressed in the Declaration of Independence EXCEPT A. governments derive their power to rule from the consent of the governed. B. people have the right to overthrow a government that does not fulfill the will of the people. C. people have the unalienable right to own property. D. all men are created equal. E. George III has committed egregious acts against the colonies.

C

Although Congress had not declared war, President Truman sent U.S. armed forces to aid South Korea-an action he believed the he was empowered to take based on A. powers granted presidents in the United Nations Charter. B. a joint resolution of Congress. C. a constitutional power of the presidency. D. a special U.S. treaty with South Korea. E. the U.S. commitment under the NATO agreement. Under his constitutional power as commander-in-chief of the armed forces, the president has the authority to order troops into combat. The U.S. president has no power under the U.N. Charter (A), although the U.N. Charter was used as the legal basis for the American military involvement in the Korean War. No congressional resolution was passed at the onset of the Korean War (B). The United States had no mutual security treaty with Korea (D). Korea was not a member of NATO, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (E).

C

In his futuristic novel, Looking Backward 2000-1887, published in 1888, Edward Bellamy A. described a world in which the United States exercised unrivaled naval power. B. scolded the South for enacting Jim Crow laws and tolerating the lynching of African Americans. C. imagined a world in which socialism and harmony replaced the antagonisms of the Gilded Age. D. discussed the potential benefits of having a single tax on unimproved lands. E. warned readers about the dangers of totalitarian regimes.

C

In response to colonial actions to protest British policies after the French and Indian War, the British government did all of the following EXCEPT A. repeal the Stamp Act. B. reaffirm its right to legislate for the colonies. C. sign a nonimportation agreement. D. order the quartering of troops in the colonies. E. pass the Intolerable Acts.

C

In the "Letter from Birmingham Jail," Martin Luther King Jr. discussed the "strangely irrational notion that there is something in the flow of time that inevitably cures all ills. We must come to see that human progress never rolls on the wheels of inevitability." Which of the following represents the main idea of the above excerpt? A. Nonviolence is the key to success for the civil rights movement. B. The white moderates are obstacles to our victory. C. We must act now. D. Injustice must be eradicated everywhere. E. Breaking unjust laws is justified.

C

In the 1829 Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, David Walker called for A. the gradual abolition of slavery. B. a return to Africa for all African Americans. C. the immediate abolition of slavery and, if necessary, for slaves to kill their masters. D. slaves to wait until the time was right to ask the U.S. government for emancipation. E. a separate state for freed people to live in.

C

The 1954, Vietnam peace negotiations in Geneva provided for all of the following EXCEPT A. elections in 1956. B. the elimination of a French presence in Vietnam. C. a U.S. role in the future of Vietnam. D. the temporary division of Vietnam into North and South. E. political power for the Communist Party in Vietnam.

C

The Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 was an attempt to increase farm prices by A. restricting farm production through voluntary cooperation by farmers. B. increasing farm production to meet growing demand. C. reducing farm production by paying farmers to plant fewer crops. D. lowering the tariffs to increase the sale of agricultural products abroad. E. teaching farmers industrial skills so that they could leave the land.

C

The novel It Can't Happen Here by Sinclair Lewis A. warned Americans in the 1920s that excessive buying on credit could lead to an economic crisis. B. described what the United States would look like if communists led a successful revolution in the 1950s. C. imagined a fascist takeover in the United States in the 1930s. D. addressed the danger of nuclear war in the 1960s. E. woke Californians up in the 1970s to the dangers of a devastating earthquake.

C

There were protests against the "Palmer Raids" of the late 1910s and early 1920s on the grounds that they A. blurred the separation of church and state. B. discriminated against women. C. violated protections against unwarranted search and seizure. D. discriminated against African Americans. E. failed to protect the rights of Native Americans.

C

What was the main goal of the Truman Doctrine? A. Elimination of communism B. Implementation of the "Domino Theory" C. Containment of communism D. Reconstruction of Western Europe after World War II E. Assistance to British colonies in Africa

C

Which of the following was one of the main legal objections that the colonists made to Parliament in regard to the Stamp Act? A. It taxed too many items used by the colonists in their daily lives. B. It constituted an attempt to coerce the colonists to obey the crown. C. It was a direct tax on the colonists. D. It restricted colonial trade. E. It placed extremely high taxes on colonial goods.

C

Which of the following was the reason the Supreme Court decided that prayers could not be required in public schools? A. Church membership had declined. B. Atheism had spread throughout American society. C. Prayer in public schools violated the 1st Amendment. D. Prayer in public schools would lead to a renewal of religious tests for public office. E. Americans no longer considered prayer to be important in their lives.

C

The economic condition of "stagflation" of the early 1970s can best be described as A. deflation and low productivity. B. high productivity and high prices. C. high inflation and high unemployment. D. high prices and low productivity. E. low prices and high productivity.

C "Stagflation" was an economic condition characterized by low productivity, caused by unemployment, along with inflation. Economic theory failed to explain how, in the early 1970s, the unemployment level could be high while, at the same time, prices increased at a rapid rate. Standard economic theory held that inflation (a rise in prices) was pushed by high wages: When workers have more money, they spend more, raising prices. If unemployment is high, according to this theory, the total amount of wages should be low, bringing prices down. The other answer choices do not describe the economic conditions of the early 1970s.

Elizabeth Blackwell 1821-1910

Elizabeth Blackwell was a British-born physician, notable as the first woman to receive a medical degree in the United States, as well as the first woman on the UK Medical Register.

To protect citizens from bank failures, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Congress established the A. National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA). B. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). C. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). D. Social Security Administration. E. Federal Reserve System.

C The FDIC was established under the Banking (Glass-Steagall) Act of 1933 to protect depositors' money. NIRA (A) dealt with standards of production and business practice. The SEC (B) regulated the sale of stocks and bonds. Social Security (D) was established to provide direct relief to individuals, in particular the elderly and disabled. Established in 1913 under President Woodrow Wilson, the powers of The Federal Reserve System (E) were broadened in the 1930s. The "Fed" monitors the money supply and banking practices.

The New England colonists seemed to thrive in the early years of colonization as compared to the Southern colonists. The longer life spans and the overall growth of the population in New England have been attributed to the A. participation of New Englanders in transatlantic trade. B. lack of slavery and indentured servitude in New England. C. strong religious beliefs and the family units with which they traveled to the New World. D. larger number of single men in the New England colonies. E. temperate climate of New England.

C The New England colonists lived longer and thrived in the harsh climate of New England. This has been attributed to their strong religious beliefs and the communities that supported these beliefs. Also, many New Englanders came to the New World with their families, which contributed to population growth through reproduction. Early Southern colonists were predominantly male, so reproduction was limited.

President Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction plan called for the former Confederate states to A. pass the Civil Rights Act. B. support the Freedman's Bureau. C. endorse the 13th Amendment, which abolished slavery. D. arrest all the men who served in the Confederate government. E. guarantee that the freedmen would attain the right to vote.

C, but he policy was controversial because he wanted to allow Confederate States to be able to have Confederate government officials

Frontier Thesis by Jackson Turner (Class)

Calls Western industry primitive West was vast emptiness up for grabs American identity is constant reinvention/development (develop the raw/primitive) "Savagery" and "civilization" (West v East; former peoples v Americans) The frontier lies at the meeting of the savage and civilized/edge of civilization To tame the West, need to be wild/uncivilized (bring civilization to the wild) Everyone ignores America and focuses on Europe, we need to focus on our American identity not our European ancestry/connections, we are further developed than Europe The West is the heart of America/different from anything European The West united America to conquer Native Americans, expand ("consolidating agent") Compares the West to the ideal American, embodies American qualities (independence, strength, inquisitiveness, opportunity) Myth: Turner's thoughts debated because is America really a place of equal opportunity for all people

Mary Cassatt's Work in Impressionism (1844-1926)

Cassatt's art typically depicted domestic settings, the world to which she herself (as a respectable woman) was restricted, rather than the more public spaces that her male contemporaries were free to inhabit. Her material was occasionally dismissed as quintessentially "feminine," yet most critics realized that she brought considerable technical skill and psychological insight to her subject matter.

Which of the following women is NOT famous for her activities in wartime?

Clara Barton was a Civil War nurse, Mary Hayes and Deborah Sampson took part in the Revolutionary War fighting, and Tokyo Rose was a radio broadcaster during World War II. NOT Susan B. Anthony

Q: The Emancipation Proclamation declared slaves in which of the following areas "forever free?"

Confederate areas still in rebellion

Panic of 1857

Contributed partly by California gold rush, which helped increase the inflation across the country

John S. Copley's Work of Realistic Portraiture (1738-1815)

Copley used what was to become one of the great themes of 19th-century Romantic art: the struggle of man against nature. American painter of portraits and historical subjects, generally acclaimed as the finest artist of colonial America.

In his debates against Senator Stephen Douglas in 1858, Abraham Lincoln held the position that slavery A. should be abolished in the whole United States. B. should be abolished immediately in the South. C. should be abolished in California. D. should not spread to the western territories. E. was not an important question.

D

In the "smoking gun" tape, Richard Nixon discussed the possibility of asking the Central Intelligence Agency to stop the Federal Bureau of Investigation from investigating Watergate matters. In the language of the Articles of Impeachment against Nixon, this charge became A. breaking and entering. B. taping people without their knowledge. C. firing the special prosecutor. D. obstruction of justice. E. lying to the American people.

D

Most of the prominent labor battles of the late 19th century, such as the Railroad Strike of 1877 and the Pullman Strike of 1894, occurred in the aftermath of A. government recognition of workers' right to organize unions. B. deadly accidents. C. production speedups. D. wage cuts. E. the formation of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO).

D

One reason Woodrow Wilson was able to win the presidency in 1912 was that A. Americans rallied around him during World War I. B. a majority of African Americans voted for the Democratic Party. C. Wilson's humble origins endeared him to working-class Americans. D. there was a major split in the Republican Party. E. his opponent died two weeks before the election.

D

Ronald Reagan was called the "Teflon president" because he A. was the Great Communicator. B. told the truth without embellishment. C. always had everything under control. D. was never held responsible for the failures of his administration. E. did not need special handling.

D

Slavery and indentured servitude in colonial America differed in that most indentured servants A. were promised great financial compensation for their service. B. were coerced into service. C. received land after completion of their terms of indenture. D. came voluntarily. E. were considered members of their master's family.

D

Snake cut up (Join or die) The drawing above was suggesting that the American colonists A. support the Dominion of New England. B. join the New England Confederation. C. send representatives to the First Continental Congress. D. approve the Albany Plan of Union. E. revise the Articles of Confederation.

D

The British settled in North America in the 17th century for all of the following reasons EXCEPT A. primogeniture laws prevented some young men from acquiring wealth in England. B. there was an increase in the population of England, which caused severe economic hardship. C. the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 created a spirit of nationalism in England and weakened Spanish influence in North America. D. educated Englishmen wanted to create a democracy that would serve as an example for other nations. E. a depression in the woolen industry left England with high unemployment.

D

The Compromise of 1850 included all of the following EXCEPT A. a strengthened Fugitive Slave Law. B. permission to continue slavery but not slave auctions in Washington, D.C. C. resolution of the Texas-New Mexico border dispute. D. postponing a decision on the question of slavery in the California territory. E. postponing a decision on the question of slavery in the Utah territory.

D

The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor resulted in all of the following EXCEPT A. U.S. entry into World War II. B. hostility toward Japanese people in the United States. C. women entering the workforce in large numbers in the United States. D. an end to segregation in the armed forces. E. an end to the Great Depression.

D

The New Right of the 1990s could best be described as A. a group of conservative Democrats who sought to move their party away from its liberal agenda. B. a liberal reaction to the conservative direction of the Democratic Party. C. popular support for President Clinton's welfare reform policies. D. an ultraconservative group within the Republican Party that gained control of Congress in 1994. E. a group of Richard Nixon Republicans who opposed the impeachment of President Clinton.

D

The Stimson Doctrine of 1932 called for A. an economic boycott of all German goods by the allied nations. B. a pledge by the allied nations to respect the territorial integrity of China. C. a cease-fire in China. D. a condemnation by the United States of Japan's actions in Manchuria. E. a call for an end to Italy's aggressive policies in Africa.

D

The creation of the Electoral College and the indirect election of senators demonstrates that the framers of the Constitution were concerned with the A. effects of a strong central government. B. problems created by weak state governments. C. possibility of corruption in the election process. D. excesses of democracy. E. need to protect the rights of the majority.

D

The federal government helped with the building of the transcontinental railroad by A. providing the railroad companies with free iron and steel. B. organizing a publicly owned railroad company. C. raising the tariff to fund the project. D. providing the railroad companies with land grants. E. setting up the Interstate Commerce Commission to oversee the project.

D

The most important impetus behind the emergence of the modern Civil Rights Movement was A. the founding of the NAACP. B. lynchings. C. the March on Washington. D. the experience of African Americans in World War II. E. the Freedom Rides.

D

The phrase "With malice toward none, with charity toward all" refers to Lincoln's attitude toward A. Southern state legislatures, which had passed Black Codes. B. radical Republicans in the House of Representatives after Reconstruction. C. congressmen after they impeached Andrew Johnson. D. the rebellious South near the end of the Civil War. E. Senators Stephen Douglas, John C. Breckenridge, and John Bell, who had run against him in 1860.

D

Which of the following is NOT a reason for the growth of the Communist Party in the United States in the 1930s? A. The Communist Party tapped into many people's doubts about the efficacy of the capitalist system during the Great Depression. B. The Communist Party, as part of its Popular Front strategy, avoided talk of impending revolution and advocated forming alliances with anti-fascist liberals. C. The Communist Party's work on behalf of African Americans, as is evident in the Scottsboro case, won it many adherents. D. The Communist Party's espionage work on behalf of the Soviet Union created an aura of dedication and audacity. E. The large number of Eastern European immigrants who had supported communism back home gravitated toward the Communist Party in the United States.

D

Which of the following was a result of George H. W. Bush's reversal of his pledge not to raise taxes? A. The country went into severe recession. B. He said the country had finally "kicked the Vietnam syndrome." C. Inflation became the main problem of the 1990s. D. He lost the support of the core of Republican loyalists. E. He was able to finance the invasion of Panama without endangering the economy.

D

Why did Stephen Douglas support the idea of Popular Sovereignty when designing the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854? A. It guaranteed that "free soilers" could exclude slavery from Kansas and Nebraska. B. It was outlined in the Constitution as a method for creating new states. C. It guaranteed that pro-slavery settlers could expand slavery in Kansas. D. It seemed a fair way to resolve a difficult controversy. E. It let the Congress decide on slavery in the territories.

D

Henry Ford's financial success can be attributed to all of the following EXCEPT A. using an assembly line to produce an automobile every 93 minutes. B. reducing the price of a Model T from $850 to $300. C. attracting workers to his work force by paying them $5 per day. D. retaining skilled European craftsmen and mechanics at his factories to ensure quality. E. creating efficient work processes, based on the ideas of Frederick Winslow Taylor.

D Ford's policies virtually eliminated the need for skilled craftsmen and mechanics at his factory. The most important achievement was bringing the assembly line to automobile manufacturing

For which of the following ideas in the 1970s was Gloria Steinem most noted? A. Sex has political aspects, which can be seen in literary works by writers such as D. H. Lawrence and Norman Mailer. B. Women should convince men to help with the housework. C. Blacks and whites should have equality in the workplace. D. Women should have equal rights with men. E. The use of pesticides was harming the environment.

D Gloria Steinem, founder of Ms. magazine, fought for the Equal Rights Amendment. In her book Sexual Politics, Kate Millett analyzed patriarchal views of sexual relations in various literary works.

In addition to improving the credit of the United States, Alexander Hamilton's financial program, approved by Congress in 1791, A. increased the power of the states. B. strengthened the political power of the common people. C. increased the power of the presidency. D. created support for the success and growth of the United States. E. decreased the political differences between the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party.

D Hamilton's efforts at funding the U.S. government and assumption of state debts from the war of independence cemented the loyalty of wealthy individuals, states, and foreign powers to the success of the United States. Hamilton was not an advocate of strong state governments (A), and his program had the effect of binding these new states to the success of the Union. He feared rule by the common people, or "mobocracy" (B), and his program did nothing to strengthen popular control. Hamilton increased the power of the central government and established the Bank of the United States, but his economic plan did not lead to an increase in the power of the presidency itself (C). Hamilton's financial program heightened, rather than diminished, differences between the two political parties (E).

The Supreme Court's decision in the case of Roe v. Wade was based on A. freedom of the press. B. the right of habeas corpus. C. executive privilege. D. the right to privacy. E. eminent domain.

D In Roe v. Wade (1972), the Supreme Court, under Nixon's appointee Warren Burger, decided that abortion was protected by the Constitution on the basis of a woman's right to privacy, derived from the due process clause of the 14th Amendment. The other rights were not involved in the Roe case.

The event that brought the issue of civil service reform to the fore during the Gilded Age was A. the Credit Mobilier scandal. B. a report in McClure's magazine chronicling the extent of the patronage system. C. a series of pointed cartoons by Thomas Nast. D. the assassination of President Garfield. E. the large number of civil servants fired by Democratic President Cleveland when he assumed office.

D President Garfield was assassinated by a party loyalist who felt he had been passed over for a job. The attention generated by the event led to the passage of the Pendleton Act (1883), which attempted to create a civil service based on merit rather than patronage. The Credit Mobilier scandal (A), which was exposed in 1872, concerned corruption in railroad construction as well as in the Grant Administration. McClure's magazine (B) was known for printing muckraking articles in the early 20th century, notably Ida Tarbell's expose of the Standard Oil Company (1902-1905). Thomas Nast (C) was probably the most influential political cartoonist in U.S. history. He was most prolific in the 1860s and 1870s and was best known for bringing down "Boss" William Tweed of New York City. Whenever a new party wins the White House, there is a change in personnel. This was the case with Cleveland (E), but it was not seen as a catalyst to civil service reform.

The Industrial Workers of the World was known for being A. a company union, set up and funded by large corporations, to calm worker discontent. B. a craft union, which avoided unskilled workers in organizing drives. C. a Gilded Age union more ready to compromise than strike. D. the most militant and anticapitalist union of the late 1800s and early 1900s. E. a secret brotherhood responsible for the Haymarket Affair.

D The IWW was not a big, or even very successful, union, but it made a name for itself by being fiery and militant, with slogans such as "An injury to one is an injury to all," and "One big union." It was the most militant, not the most compromising, union of its day

Which of the following is NOT true of John Quincy Adams? A. He was the only president to serve in the House of Representatives after he left the presidency. B. He was an ardent opponent of the Gag Rule. C. He supported scientific research. D. He was the only son of a president to attain the presidency himself. E. He argued for the freedom of the slaves on the ship Amistad.

D Until the election of George W. Bush, John Quincy Adams was the only son of a president to become president. He was an intellectual out of his natural environment as president, but he really came into his own as a member of the House of Representatives (A). He was antislavery so he opposed the Gag Rule (B), but he was not an abolitionist. He supported scientific research (C), including an astronomical observatory, and he defended the Amistad captives (E) before the Supreme Court.

The Northwest Ordinance and the Missouri Compromise of 1820 were similar in that both documents A. set guidelines on the number of new states to be established. B. admitted new states into the Union. C. established public schools in new territories. D. provided for the fair treatment of the Native American population. E. restricted slavery in areas yet to be admitted as states.

E

President Wilson's unwillingness to compromise over the issue of the League of Nations resulted in A. a surge in popular support for his resolve. B. his loss of the presidency in the election of 1920. C. the rejection of the Treaty of Versailles by the European nations. D. the failure of the Senate to approve the Treaty of Versailles. E. an increase in power of the Democratic party.

D Wilson's unwillingness to compromise over Article X of the peace treaty, which had to do with the establishment of the League of Nations, led to the rejection of the Treaty of Versailles by the U.S. Senate. The United States negotiated a separate peace with Germany in 1921.

Lexington and Concord 1775

First shots fired

1921 -1936 Inter-War Period General

Disillusionment with World War I, international commitments that could lead to another war, and economic uncertainty discouraged ambitious U.S. involvement in global affairs during the interwar period. The United States, however, did not retreat into complete isolation. The necessities of commercial growth dictated continued government support for overseas private investment. That, in turn, drove the United States to further engage with both with Latin America and the rebuilding of Europe in the 1920s. The United States also played important roles in both international negotiations to set arms limitations and the creation of pacts that aimed at securing a lasting peace. By the mid-1920s, however, a general feeling of economic uncertainty reinforced isolationist tendencies and encouraged new legislation that placed severe limits on immigration to the United States, particularly from Asia. During the 1930s, the rise of fascism as a threat to international peace sparked concern in the United States, but the Great Depression curtailed U.S. willingness to act. In this environment, keeping the nation out of the brewing tension in Europe and Asia became an important foreign policy goal.

Sharecropping

Divided up all the land and allowing workers to farm that land, but they had to give a certain percentage of their yield

Henry Clay's American System

Do not fund Armed Forces so much

Civil rights groups did not approve of spending money to fight a dubious foreign war when that money could be better spent fighting a war on poverty and discrimination at home.

During Vietnam

Mr. Stokes Poster of Woman Flexing Fist

During the Second World War, the massive expansion of war production in the United States greatly increased the demand for labor just as millions of men were being drafted into the military. As a result, large numbers of women joined the workforce in the defense industry. The United States government encouraged this trend with posters such as the one shown.

"Blue laws," supported by the Republican Party in many states during the Gilded Age, A. regulated the number of hours children could work. B. mandated that producers honestly portray the contents of their products. C. provided price supports for struggling farmers. D. reformed civil service procedures. E. made illegal certain activities that were seen by some as immoral.

E

All of the following are reasons for the U.S. entry into World War I EXCEPT A. the sinking of the Lusitania. B. the interception of the Zimmerman Note. C. German violation of freedom of the seas. D. the desire to make "the world safe for democracy." E. the American commitment to the Triple Alliance.

E

All the following are classic American autobiographies EXCEPT: A. The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass by Frederick Douglass B. I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings by Maya Angelou C. Little Town on the Prairie by Laura Ingalls Wilder D. The Story of My Lifeby Helen Keller E. The Red Badge of Courage by Stephen Crane

E

An example of the change in U.S. policy toward Vietnam since the end of the Vietnam War was best demonstrated by A. increased aid given to North Vietnam by George H. W. Bush. B. trade restrictions placed on Vietnam by George W. Bush. C. recognition of the Vietnamese government by Richard Nixon. D. criticism of Vietnam for its human rights violations by Jimmy Carter. E. visits and trade talks conducted by Bill Clinton with Vietnamese leaders.

E

During the years of Lyndon Johnson's presidency, all of the following were enacted EXCEPT A. Medicare. B. Medicaid. C. the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. D. the Constitutional Amendment eliminating the poll tax. E. the Alliance for Progress.

E

In the Platt Amendment, incorporated into Cuba's 1901 constitution, Cuba promised to do all of the following EXCEPT A. allow the United States to intervene militarily in Cuba. B. set aside revenue to pay off debts to the United States. C. refrain from signing treaties detrimental to U.S. interests. D. provide land for American bases. E. grant the United States exclusive trading privileges in Cuba.

E

John Dewey and other progressive educators of the early 20th century argued that the main function of education should be to A. create a future generation of mathematicians and scientists. B. prevent children from getting into mischief on the streets. C. teach children the importance of rote memory. D. instill in children a respect for God, country, and family. E. impart to the young the skills needed to participate in democracy.

E

One reason President Franklin D. Roosevelt was not a strong advocate of civil rights for African Americans was that he A. believed that the separation of the races was in the best interests of all concerned. B. resented the fact that African Americans voted for the Republican Party in 1936. C. believed the role of the federal government in society should be minimal. D. believed that Progressive-era reformers had successfully addressed the problem of segregation. E. feared losing the support of the Southern Democrats in Congress.

E

The Kerner Commission published a report concerning violence in America which stated that A. immigrants were the source of conflict and should be barred from entry into the United States. B. unions should be made illegal because they had been infiltrated by the Communist Party. C. violence is caused by young people, and when the population got older after the baby boom, the level of violence would go down. D. the death penalty would deter the high levels of violence against police officers. E. the main cause of the urban riots of the 1960s was the economic and social gulf between races.

E

The concept of "redemption" in the politics of the post-Civil War period refers to A. a religious awakening among Northerners in regard to the evils of racism. B. washing away the sins of the South's illegal rebellion. C. the physical rebuilding of the infrastructure of the South following the Civil War. D. atoning for the fraternal violence of the Civil War. E. white Southerners retaking power in the South following Reconstruction.

E

The effect of Jim Crow laws, passed by Southern states after the Reconstruction period, was A. stricter voting requirements for African Americans. B. the loss of citizenship for many African Americans. C. separate economies-one run by and for whites and one run by and for African Americans. D. a shift in African American loyalties from the Republican Party to the Democratic Party. E. racial segregation in public facilities.

E

The main purpose of the Free Speech Movement of 1964 was to A. make unions more democratic and give workers more power. B. support the American Civil Liberties Union. C. remove the censorship from rock-and-roll lyrics. D. change radio programming. E. allow college students to support civil rights and political causes.

E

Which of the following was least likely to provoke a direct military confrontation between the United States and the USSR? A. The Berlin Airlift of 1948 B. The Cuban missile crisis of 1962 C. The Soviet suppression of the Hungarian revolt in 1956 D. The construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961 E. The Korean War of 1950 to 1953

E

Which statement explains why gay rights organizations opposed the policy adopted during the Clinton administration regarding gays in the military? A. It prohibited gays from serving in the military. B. It prohibited gays from serving in combat. C. It provided for segregation of gay troops. D. Its frank acceptance of gay soldiers endangered public support. E. It did not protect openly gay soldiers from discrimination.

E Although Clinton first proposed allowing gays to serve openly in the military, this proposal met stiff opposition in Congress and in the military. Under the compromise policy labeled "Don't Ask, Don't Tell," gay soldiers were not obligated to divulge their sexual practices, and commanding officers were not permitted to initiate investigations of soldiers' sexual lives. However, openly gay troops would still be discharged from the armed forces. This policy was criticized because it fell short of protecting the rights of gays. Gays were permitted to serve in the military (A) and engage in combat (B), and Clinton's policy did not mandate segregation (C) for homosexual soldiers. This policy was not a frank acceptance of gay soldiers (D).

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act A. allowed law enforcement authorities to check personal records without a search warrant. B. forbade U.S. military personnel from torturing prisoners at Abu Ghraib. C. allowed for the construction of a fence along the U.S.-Mexico border. D. created the Troubled Asset Relief Program. E. established strict procedures to prevent accounting fraud.

E Congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in response to corporate scandals of the early 2000s, including the bankruptcies of Enron and WorldCom. The Patriot Act (A) allowed the government to check personal records without a search warrant. Though nine Army reservists were convicted of abusing detainees at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq, no legislation was ever passed to prohibit abuse; it was already illegal. The 2006 Secure Fence Act allowed for the construction of a fence along the U.S.-Mexico border (C). The Troubled Asset Relief Program was part of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 (D).

Sherman's March to the Sea during the Civil War is significant because A. it was the first major victory by Union forces. B. it was a major victory for African American troops. C. it was the turning point of the war. D. it was the final battle of the war. E. it was the first example of total war.

E Sherman's 285-mile March to the Sea from Atlanta to Savannah destroyed the homes and farms of slaveholders who would not give up even when they were running out of food. It was total war against the property of the enemy. The first major victory by Union forces (A) was Antietam. The first major victory in which African American troops fought (B) was Fort Wagner. The turning point of the war (C) was at Gettysburg. The final battle of the war (D) was at Appomattox Courthouse.

Which event was the most important cause of the Nullification Crisis? A. The passage of the Force Act under Andrew Jackson B. The debates between Robert Y. Hayne and Daniel Webster C. The Treaty of Ghent after the War of 1812 D. The passage of the Compromise Tariff of 1833 E. The passage of the 1828 Tariff of Abominations

E The Nullification Crisis (1832-1833) occurred when the South Carolina legislature insisted on its right to declare federal tariff laws "null, void, and no law, nor binding upon this State." The first and most famous protest by South Carolina was against the Tariff of Abominations (1828). The crisis was one of the most important events of the Jacksonian period.

The presidency of Lyndon Johnson was dominated by issues involving Vietnam after he A. coined the phrase domino theory and sent advisers to South Vietnam. B. pledged to support French forces in Vietnam. C. signed the Geneva Accords. D. Vietnamized the war. E. proposed the Tonkin Gulf Resolution.

E The Tonkin Gulf Resolution gave the president the unrestricted right to defend American interests in Vietnam. Johnson escalated the war rapidly after his election in 1964. The war dominated his administration, influencing his decision not to run for a second full term in 1968.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton 1815-1902

Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902) was one of the most important campaigners for women's legal and political rights in the nineteenth century. She based her arguments for women's rights on political and religious principles she felt were essential to the United States, as demonstrated in this passage.

"And the dispossessed, the migrants, flowed into California, two hundred and fifty thousand, and three hundred thousand. Behind them new tractors were going on to the land and the tenants were being forced off. And new waves were on the way, new waves of the dispossessed and the homeless, hardened, intent, and dangerous." The author of this quotation is describing

Farmers leaving the Dustbowl during the Great Depression

Which of the following New Deal programs was intended to ensure that no Great Depression could occur again in the future?

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation B. Farm Credit Administration C. Tennessee Valley Authority D. Public Works Administration E. Civilian Conservation Corps

On March 12, 1933, President Franklin D. Roosevelt made a radio broadcast from the White House to explain his reasons for closing U.S. banks for a few days. This grew into a regular series of broadcasts that became known as

Fireside Chats

Gerald R. Ford 1974-1977

Ford was confronted with almost insuperable tasks. There were the challenges of mastering inflation, reviving a depressed economy, solving chronic energy shortages, and trying to ensure world peace. In foreign affairs Ford acted vigorously to maintain U. S. power and prestige after the collapse of Cambodia and South Viet Nam. Preventing a new war in the Middle East remained a major objective; by providing aid to both Israel and Egypt, the Ford Administration helped persuade the two countries to accept an interim truce agreement. Detente with the Soviet Union continued. President Ford and Soviet leader Leonid I. Brezhnev set new limitations upon nuclear weapons. Then, when recession became the Nation's most serious domestic problem, he shifted to measures aimed at stimulating the economy. On Inauguration Day, President Carter began his speech: "For myself and for our Nation, I want to thank my predecessor for all he has done to heal our land." A grateful people concurred.

Jimmy Carter 1977-1981

He was awarded the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize for work to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development. Carter worked hard to combat the continuing economic woes of inflation and unemployment. By the end of his administration, he could claim an increase of nearly eight million jobs and a decrease in the budget deficit, measured in percentage of the gross national product. He sought to improve the environment. His expansion of the national park system included protection of 103 million acres of Alaskan lands. To increase human and social services, he created the Department of Education, bolstered the Social Security system, and appointed record numbers of women, blacks, and Hispanics to Government jobs. In the Middle East, through the Camp David agreement of 1978, he helped bring amity between Egypt and Israel. He succeeded in obtaining ratification of the Panama Canal treaties. Building upon the work of predecessors, he established full diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China and completed negotiation of the SALT II nuclear limitation treaty with the Soviet Union.

Missouri Compromise

Henry Clay's proposal that Maine enter the Union as a free state and Missouri enter as a slave state. Missouri's status as a slave/free state was the issue over which a compromise needed to be reached. Maine would never have been a slave state.

Immigration 1675 - 1725

Huge Quaker influx to middle colonies after persecution in England

Immigration 1642 - 1675

Huge influx of English to Virginia, lots of advertisements, indentured servants

The precedent for a free press in the United States was set by a trial involving which of the following?

In 1735, Zenger was put on trial and was found innocent of slander because his paper had printed the truth.

Trail of Tears

In 1838 and 1839, as part of Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma. The Cherokee people called this journey the "Trail of Tears," because of its devastating effects.

War of 1812

In June 1812, convinced of the inevitability of war against Britain, Madison sent a message to Congress enumerating British violations of U.S. neutrality rights, including the presence of British ships in American waters and the impressment of American sailors. In a conciliatory measure, Britain repealed the Orders in Council, its aggressive naval policy, but it was too late. Congress had already passed a declaration of war, and the War Hawks pushed for full engagement.

Lyndon B. Johnson 1963-1967

In the 1960 campaign, Johnson, as John F. Kennedy's running mate, was elected Vice President. On November 22, 1963, when Kennedy was assassinated, Johnson was sworn in as President. Maintaining collective security, he carried on the rapidly growing struggle to restrain Communist encroachment in Viet Nam. First he obtained enactment of the measures President Kennedy had been urging at the time of his death--a new civil rights bill and a tax cut.

Oregon Country Dispute

In the early nineteenth century, both the United States and Great Britain had overlapping territorial claims to the Oregon Country, an area that embraced present-day Oregon, Washington, Idaho and British Columbia. The disagreement eventually centered on the shaded region labeled "Crux of Dispute" on the map. In 1846, the administration of President James K. Polk and the British government agreed to divide the Oregon Country along the 49th parallel of north latitude.

Q: Major population shifts between 1915 and 1980 included all of the following except a movement from...?

In the period between 1915 and 1980, several major population shifts occurred within and into the United States, including African Americans moving from the rural South to Northern cities (A), retirees and economic migrants moving from the North to the Sun Belt (C), middle- and working-class people leaving inner cities for suburbs (D), and immigrants coming from Caribbean islands such as Cuba and Puerto Rico to the United States mainland (E). In comparison, the number of people who moved from New England to the Midwest (B) in this period was relatively small.

Cyrus McCormick

Invented Mechanical Reaper

Robert Fulton

Invented steamboat

John Deere

Invented steel plow

Eli Witney

Invented the Cotton Gin

Things True About Prohibition The only statement about the movement to prohibit alcoholic beverages in the United States that is not true is the statement in choice (A). The movement to prohibit alcohol did not arise suddenly in the context of the First World War; instead it had been a prominent part of life in the United States since at least the 1830s, and prohibitionists had succeeded in establishing local and state restrictions on alcohol since the 1890s. Prohibiting alcohol was a prominent cause for many reformers during the Progressive Era of the early twentieth century (B); many prohibition advocates also associated excessive alcohol consumption with immigrants (C); women did play prominent roles in the prohibition movement through organizations such as the Woman's Christian Temperance Union and the Anti-Saloon League (D); and new scientific evidence about the harmful effects of alcohol did emerge at this time (E).

It won the support of many progressive reformers. It was often favored by people who disliked immigrants and their cultural practices. It was a movement in which women played leading roles. It gained strength from new scientific evidence that alcohol was harmful to health.

Andrew Jackson and the Bank

Jackson thought the bank was too powerful

Federalists (Disappeared by 1810)

James Madison: Strong central gov't and weaker state power (viewed as oppressive by Anti-Federalists)

Jefferson Davis

Jefferson Finis Davis, the first and only President of the Confederate States of America, was a planter, politician and soldier born in Kentucky and raised in Mississippi.

John C. Calhoun

John C. Calhoun, after writing the South Carolina Exposition and Protest against the "Tariff of Abominations" in 1827, became one of the most prominent leaders of the South. He was strongly pro-slavery.

Writers

John Locke's arguments that the legitimacy of government depends on the consent of the governed, that political authority is based on social contract, and that people have natural rights to life, liberty, and property were fundamental to the Declaration of Independence. Hobbes and Rousseau were important contributors to the development of contract theory and it was Montesquieu who put forward the idea of separation of powers later applied in the Constitution, but Locke's ideas were by far the most direct source for the Declaration's justification of the break with Britain. The Enlightenment philosophy of Voltaire did not directly contribute to the theory of government applied in the Declaration.

All the Acts leading to the Revolution (Review Class Notes) 1. Proclamation of 1763 2. Sugar Act and Quartering Act 1764 3. Stamp Act 1765 4. Townshend Acts 1767 (on glass, lead, paints, paper, and tea) 5. Boston Massacre 1770 6. Boston Tea Party 1773 (Result of tax on tea, Townshend acts, and all previous acts) 7. Intolerable Acts 1774 (Response to tea party) 8. First Continental Congress 1774 (Declaration of Rights and Grievances) 9. Lexington and Concord 1775 10. Second Continental Congress 1775 (Olive Branch Petition) 11. Thomas Paine's Common Sense 1776 (similar to ideas expressed in the Declaration of Independence) 12. Declaration of Independence 1776 Chart: https://drive.google.com/a/shipleyschool.org/file/d/0BwxSFYQI4lSsRUpwc0xYeUkyVW8/view

King George III did not like how the colonists were responding to the sudden taxation after the French and Indian War, boycotting British goods. The king sent troops to enforce the taxes and end the boycotts, but the colonists responded with the Boston Tea Party. In response, the king implemented The Intolerable Acts 1774, which closed Boston's port, put Boston's government under strict British control, allowed British officials to be tried in Britain (Administration of Justice Act), the Quartering Act, but the Boston Massacre was just four years earlier in 1770 so colonists were scared.

King Philip's War

King Philip's War of 1675-1676 (also known as Metacom's Rebellion) marked the last major effort by the Indians of southern New England to drive out the English settlers.

Manifest Destiny

Many Americans believed that God blessed the growth of American nation and even demanded of them to actively work on it. Since they were sure of their cultural and racial superiority, they felt that their destiny was to spread their rule around and enlighten the nations that were not so lucky. The settlers firmly believed in the virtue of American people and the mission to impose their virtuous - mainly Puritan - way of life on everybody else. This rhetorical background served to explain the acquisition of territories or reasons to go to war, such as the war with Mexico in 1840s.

Margaret Sanger 1879-1966

Margaret Higgins Sanger was an American birth control activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse. Sanger popularized the term "birth control", opened the first birth control clinic in the United States

Black Tuesday

Marks Depression of 1929 (Great Depression began)

Which of the following philosophers had the strongest influence on the framers' decision that the Constitution would require a government with three branches and a balance of power among them?

Montesquieu's Spirit of the Laws included his ideal design for a government, with the powers divided among different branches, each of which could check the powers of the others in some way.

Cotton Gin

Most important consequence: Increased slave trade

Immigration to colonies 1620 - 1642

Mostly English, Mayflower, Puritans, Separatists/Pilgrims, The Great Migration 1630 - 1640: Mostly Puritans to New England + huge number of immigrants

Mudslinging

Mudslinging is the process of trying to turn voters against a candidate by spreading ugly personal rumors, whether true or untrue, about him or her.

Immigration Tension 1900

Nativism (the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants) in the United States, consisting of anti-immigrant sentiment and fear of foreign influence, was a major presence in politics in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Thus, a nativist attitude would be one that reflects a bias against new immigrants. Fear that immigrants will work for low wages and break strikes, thereby hurting all American workers. Restriction of foreign immigration during the 1920s marked a significant change in U.S. policy. Immigration had soared in the late 19th century and peaked in the early 20th century. Between 1900 and 1915, for example, more than 13 million people came to the United States, with the preponderance from Southern and Eastern Europe. Many of these people were Jewish or Catholic, a fact that alarmed many older Americans who were predominately Anglo-Saxon and Protestant. Some resented the newcomers because they competed for low-wage jobs, others because the new immigrants maintained Old World customs, often lived in urban ethnic enclaves, and seemed to resist assimilation into the larger American culture.

Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal 1933-1939

New Deal, the domestic program of the administration of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt between 1933 and 1939, which took action to bring about immediate economic relief as well as reforms in industry, agriculture, finance, waterpower, labour, and housing, vastly increasing the scope of the federal government's activities. In 1935 the New Deal emphasis shifted to measures designed to assist labour and other urban groups. Such agencies as the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) were established to dispense emergency and short-term governmental aid and to provide temporary jobs, employment on construction projects, and youth work in the national forests.

New Nationalism

New Nationalism, in U.S. history, political philosophy of Theodore Roosevelt, an espousal of active federal intervention to promote social justice and the economic welfare of the underprivileged; its precepts were strongly influenced by Herbert Croly's The Promise of American Life (1910). Roosevelt used the phrase "New Nationalism" in a 1910 speech in which he attempted to reconcile the liberal and conservative wings of the Republican Party. Unsuccessful, he became a Progressive and went on to promulgate his ideas as that party's presidential candidate in the election of November 1912. His program called for a great increase of federal power to regulate interstate industry and a sweeping program of social reform designed to put human rights above property rights. With the Republican vote split, Roosevelt and his New Nationalism went down to defeat before Democratic candidate Woodrow Wilson and his New Freedom. See also Croly, Herbert David.

The Spanish explorer Vasco Nunez de Balboa, the first European to cross the isthmus of Panama, saw a body of water he thought was the South Sea. It was actually the

Pacific Ocean

Antebellum

Pertaining to before a war (e.g. antebellum Southern economy - before Civil War, the South's economy)

Salutary Neglect

Policy of the British government from the early to mid-18th century regarding its North American colonies under which trade regulations for the colonies were laxly enforced and imperial supervision of internal colonial affairs was loose as long as the colonies remained loyal to the British government and contributed to the economic profitability of Britain. This "salutary neglect" contributed involuntarily to the increasing autonomy of colonial legal and legislative institutions, which ultimately led to American independence. Historians frequently link the reversal of the policy of salutary neglect with the conclusion of the French and Indian War (1754-63) and the desire by many in Parliament to recoup the considerable costs of defending the colonies with British forces through revenue-generating enforcement of trade restrictions.

What was the connection between political machines of the late 1800s and the need for city services?

Political bosses often supported public projects.

Jackson Pollack's Work in Abstract Expressionism (1912-1956)

Pollock's tough and unsettled early life growing up in the American West shaped him into the bullish character he would become. In 1939, Pollock began visiting a Jungian analyst to treat his alcoholism, and his analyst encouraged him to create drawings. These would later feed his paintings, and they shaped Pollock's understanding of his pictures not only as outpourings of his own mind, but expressions that might stand for the terror of all modern humanity living in the shadow of nuclear war.

Popular Soveriegnty

Popular sovereignty was the political doctrine that the people who lived in a region should determine for themselves the nature of their government. In U.S. history, it was applied particularly to the idea that settlers of federal territorial lands should decide the terms under which they would join the Union, primarily applied to the status as free or slave. The first proponent of the concept was Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan, who put the idea forward while opposing the Wilmot Proviso in 1846.

Which political party was formed during the 1890s to address the concerns of U.S. farmers?

Populists Party

The Good Neighbor Policy

President Franklin Delano Roosevelt took office determined to improve relations with the nations of Central and South America. Under his leadership the United States emphasized cooperation and trade rather than military force to maintain stability in the hemisphere. In his inaugural address on March 4, 1933, Roosevelt stated: "In the field of world policy I would dedicate this nation to the policy of the good neighbor—the neighbor who resolutely respects himself and, because he does so, respects the rights of others." In 1934 at Roosevelt's direction the 1903 treaty with Cuba (based on the Platt Amendment) that gave the United States the right to intervene to preserve internal stability or independence was abrogated. Although domestic economic problems and World War II diverted attention from the Western Hemisphere, Roosevelt's Good Neighbor policy represented an attempt to distance the United States from earlier interventionist policies, such as the Roosevelt Corollary and military interventions in the region during the 1910s and 1920s.

Tecumseh Protest

Protest against whites when they bought lots of land from the Native Americans by a man named Tecumseh, saying that they had no right to take land

Wilmot Proviso

Question at congress whether slavery should be allowed in the U.S.'s newly acquired territories.

John F. Kennedy 1963

Responding to ever more urgent demands, he took vigorous action in the cause of equal rights, calling for new civil rights legislation. Shortly after his inauguration, Kennedy permitted a band of Cuban exiles, already armed and trained, to invade their homeland. The attempt to overthrow the regime of Fidel Castro was a failure. Kennedy imposed a quarantine on all offensive weapons bound for Cuba. While the world trembled on the brink of nuclear war, the Russians backed down and agreed to take the missiles away. The American response to the Cuban crisis evidently persuaded Moscow of the futility of nuclear blackmail.

Richard M. Nixon 1969-1974

Richard Nixon was elected the 37th President of the United States (1969-1974) after previously serving as a U.S. Representative and a U.S. Senator from California. After successfully ending American fighting in Vietnam and improving international relations with the U.S.S.R. and China, he became the only President to ever resign the office, as a result of the Watergate scandal.

Roger Williams

Roger Williams (1603-1683) was a religious dissenter and the founder of Rhode Island (1636). During his fifty years in New England, Williams was a staunch advocate of religious toleration and separation of church and state.

Father of the Factory System

Samuel Slater

Q: A major change brought about by Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal, 1933-39, was the...?

The "New Deal" was the term for a wide variety of programs, initiatives and agencies created by Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration to deal with the economic and social disruptions caused by the Great Depression. The gradual recovery of the United States under the New Deal led many people to feel that the government should continue to intervene to remedy economic problems; in other words, people developed new attitudes about the role and function of government.

African American Rights

The 13th Amendment abolished slavery; the 14th Amendment extended citizenship right to African Americans and guaranteed all people "equal protection under the law," as well as due process; and the 15th Amendment gave African American men the right to vote.

George Grenville

The 1765 Stamp Act required people in the British North American colonies to purchase specially stamped paper for all newspapers, legal documents and other public papers. This law was enacted under the leadership of British Prime Minister George Grenville. In the aftermath of the French and Indian War (also known as the Seven Years War), which ended in 1763, the British government was financially overextended, in part by the costs of defending its North American colonies. Colonial tax rates had until this time been lower than those in Great Britain, so Grenville sought the passage of the Stamp Act in order to spread taxation more evenly and generate revenue for the British government (that is, for the crown). This law prompted widespread protests in the colonies.

The Farmers' Alliance of the 1870s was founded with all the following goals EXCEPT:

The Alliance opposed private ownership of the railroads, which Alliance members felt should be owned and operated by the government. YES: organizing cooperatives to buy equipment and market farm products B. offering farmers low-cost insurance C. lobbying for tougher bank regulations D. helping members in times of hardship such as drought NO: supporting private ownership of national railroads

Henry Clay's The American System

The American System advocated a national bank with a sound national currency, protective tariffs that would encourage people to buy U.S.-made goods, and a national transportation system that would open new markets and make trade easier within the United States.

Which of the following happened for the first time during the presidential election of 1828?

The Constitution had been amended to allow direct popular election of the electors. The voters, not the state legislatures, chose the electors.

The Supreme Court decision in the case of Dred Scott v. Sanford stated all the following EXCEPT: A. A slave could not gain his or her freedom by moving to a free state or territory. B. Slaves had the legal status of property, not people. C. The Founding Fathers had never intended for Africans to become U.S. citizens. D. The Missouri Compromise violated the Fifth Amendment. E. Only individual states could decide whether a slave

The Court expressly stated that a slave's status could not be changed by any power except that of the person who owned him or her. E

The Dawes Act 1887

The Dawes Act encouraged Native American assimilation into white culture. Ironically, it was liberal sympathizers, including Helen Hunt Jackson, author of A Century of Dishonor, who pushed for the measure, thinking that by accepting white ways, Native Americans would break the cycle of poverty and dependence. It is seen today as a condescending, insensitive measure that ignored Native American traditions and rights.

The Federalist Papers

The Federalist Papers were written and published during the years 1787 and 1788 in several New York State newspapers to persuade New York voters to ratify the proposed constitution. In total, the Federalist Papers consist of 85 essays outlining how this new government would operate and why this type of government was the best choice for the United States of America. All of the essays were signed "PUBLIUS" and the actual authors of some are under dispute, but the general consensus is that Alexander Hamilton wrote 52, James Madison wrote 28, and John Jay contributed the remaining five.

The earliest example of republican government in North America is the

The Iroquois Confederacy long predates any of the Anglo-American efforts at republican government.

Which novel was a catalyst for reform in the meatpacking industry under President Theodore Roosevelt?

The Jungle by Upton Sinclair: The Jungle exposed the horrors of the lack of regulations in the meat-packing industry, and it shocked many meat-eating readers into demanding reforms.

The Marshall Plan 1948

The Marshall Plan, also known as the European Recovery Program, channeled over $13 billion to finance the economic recovery of Europe between 1948 and 1951. The Marshall Plan successfully sparked economic recovery, meeting its objective of 'restoring the confidence of the European people in the economic future of their own countries and of Europe as a whole. The plan promoted European economic integration and federalism, and created a mixture of public organization of the private economy similar to that in the domestic economy of the United States. This reorganization of the European economy provided a more congenial environment for American investment. Avoid the rise of communism in Europe by making communism less appealing!

Monroe Doctrine 1823

The Monroe Doctrine asserted that the Western Hemisphere was not to be further colonized by European countries, but also that the United States would not interfere with existing European colonies nor in the internal concerns of European countries. The Doctrine was issued at the time when many Latin American countries were on the verge of becoming independent from Spain and the United States hoped to avoid having any European power take Spain's place.

President James Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine in 1823, warning European powers not to establish new colonies in the western hemisphere. This policy was supported by

The Monroe Doctrine was aimed at conservative governments in Spain, Russia, and France. Cuba was a colony of Spain. England supported the policy and wanted to cosign the document. However, Secretary of State John Quincy Adams convinced President Monroe to issue it independently.

Nullification Crisis

The Nullification Crisis (1832-1833) occurred when the South Carolina legislature insisted on its right to declare federal tariff laws "null, void, and no law, nor binding upon this State." The first and most famous protest by South Carolina was against the Tariff of Abominations (1828). The crisis was one of the most important events of the Jacksonian period. Read more at http://www.cracksat.net/sat2/us-history/question-651-answer-and-explanation.html#jrScP0d2kIfwxHTL.99

Open Door Policy 1899

The Open Door policy, enunciated in a series of diplomatic notes to various European countries, was an effort to maintain equal trading access to Chinese markets for all nations, but was promoted by the United States primarily to secure its own trading rights against those of other powers that were trying to divide China into separate spheres of influence. The policy was an appeal to European countries that were occupying China to refrain from interfering with United States trade access, but it was not primarily focused on maintaining good relations with those countries. The other answer choices were not primary reasons for the Open Door policy.

Pequot War

The Pequot War was an armed conflict between the Pequot tribe and an alliance of the English colonists of the Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, and Saybrook colonies and their Native American allies which occurred between 1634 and 1638.

People's Populist Party in the 1890's

The Populist movement grew out of the farmers' alliances, and culminated in the rise of the People's (Populist) Party. The Party platform included, among other issues, nationalization of the railroads and reduction of the influence of bankers over the agricultural economy. The Populists were not looking to protect small business from government regulation. While they did argue that the powers of government should be expanded, not restrained; their pro-government stance was distinct from the complete government takeover of industries advocated by the socialists. The People's Party was a party of farmers and rural interests and was not part of the movement to organize industrial workers in the cities.

Stamp Act 1765

The Stamp Act of 1765 was the first internal tax levied directly on American colonists by the British government. The act, which imposed a tax on all paper documents in the colonies, came at a time when the British Empire was deep in debt from the Seven Years' War (1756-63) and looking to its North American colonies as a revenue source. Arguing that only their own representative assemblies could tax them, the colonists insisted that the act was unconstitutional, and they resorted to mob violence to intimidate stamp collectors into resigning. Britain had long regulated colonial trade through a system of restrictions and duties on imports and exports. In the first half of the 18th century, however, British enforcement of this system had been lax. Starting with the Sugar Act of 1764, which imposed new duties on sugar and other goods, the British government began to tighten its reins on the colonies. Shortly thereafter, George Grenville (1712-70), the British first lord of the treasury and prime minister, proposed the Stamp Act; Parliament passed the act without debate in 1765.

What was the most significant result of the Battle of Little Bighorn?

The U.S. Army redoubled its efforts to move Native Americans to reservations. This was the most important result in the long run. This battle was the last stand of the Native Americans against moving to the reservations.

The Fourteen Points Declaration 1918 by Woodrow Wilson

The United States entered World War I on the side of the Allies on April 6, 1917. However, the U.S. entered the war reluctantly. Unlike many European nations, the U.S. wasn't fighting over territory or in revenge for past wars. Wilson wanted the end of the war to bring out lasting peace for the world. He gathered together a number of advisors and had them put together a plan for peace. This plan became the Fourteen Points.

Which statement most aptly supports the theory that the Black Sox scandal of 1919 was a result of the exploitation of labor by management?

The baseball players were in effect indentured servants with no right to strike or to accept offers from other teams.

Peter Zenger 1734

The colonial jury supported Zenger's freedom to print the truth. The jurors acquitted him of seditious libel (writing, printing, or speaking untruths against a public official) in 1734 because they decided that Zenger's claims about the royal governor of New York were true and, therefore, could not be libelous. Zenger exposed the corruption of the British government in North America, not the Church of England (B). The British crown did not implement any reforms (C) as a result of this trial. It was a colonial jury (D) that tried Zenger. Zenger was acquitted, not executed (E).

"Having behind us the producing masses of this nation and the world, supported by the commercial interests, the laboring interests, and the toilers everywhere, we will answer their [the wealthy classes'] demand for a gold standard by saying to them: You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold."

The excerpt is from the "Cross of Gold" speech by William Jennings Bryan, who ran for president on the Democratic ticket with the support of the Populist Party in 1896. It is one of the most cited speeches in U.S. history. The gold standard was harmful to farmers, he argued. Let money be backed by silver as well, thus allowing the government to issue more money, which would cause inflation and help debtors, including most farmers. Agrarian organizations would not support higher tariffs (C); farmers generally want free trade so their products are more desirable on the international market. Though the Populist Party supported subsidies for farmers (A), an eight-hour day for industrial workers (D), and restrictions on immigration (E), this excerpt is only a critique of the gold standard.

As the automobile industry developed, it promoted the growth of all the following EXCEPT:

The telephone and telegraph industries. The rise in auto ownership meant a rise in paved roads on which to drive; auto makers increased advertising so that people would buy their cars and not those of their rivals; oil refining was necessary for fuel for cars; and more rubber had to be imported to meet the need for tires.

W.E.B. Du Bois

The third statement quotes W.E.B. Du Bois, who believed that the most capable and best-educated African Americans could become advocates for their people and elevate the social standing of their race.

Anti-Federalists

Thomas Jefferson. Anti-Federalism refers to a movement that opposed the creation of a stronger U.S. federal government and which later opposed the ratification of the 1787 Constitution. The previous constitution, called the Articles of Confederation, gave state governments more authority.

William Jennings Bryan

Thought silver, not gold, was the US's economic remedy

From 1870 to 1930, the trend in industry was for hours to be generally reduced, while both money wages and real wages rose. What factor was primarily responsible for this trend?

To arrive at this answer, you must be aware that the trend referred to in the question came about primarily because of technological advances that resulted in increased productivity.

Which of the following facts supports the theory that the War of 1812 brought about economic prosperity in the United States?

Trade embargoes forced U.S. manufacturers to expand operations.

"Tippecanoe and Tyler, too" was a campaign slogan in the presidential election of 1840. "Tippecanoe" refers to

William Henry Harrison: Harrison was nicknamed for the Battle of Tippecanoe, which took place in west-central Indiana.

Fundamentalism

a form of a religion, especially Islam or Protestant Christianity, that upholds belief in the strict, literal interpretation of scripture. strict adherence to the basic principles of any subject or discipline.

The route known as the Oregon Trail followed the Platte River

across the Great Plains to the Rocky Mountains and then into Oregon along the Snake River. European fur traders drove the first wagons across the Great Plains to the eastern slopes of the Rockies to mark the beginning of the Oregon Trail in the 1830s.

Neoorthodoxy

an approach or attitude that began in a common environment but soon expressed itself in diverse ways. It began in the crisis associated with the disillusionment following World War I, with a rejection of Protestant scholasticism, and with a denial of the Protestant liberal movement which had stressed accommodation of Christianity to Western science and culture, the immanence of God, and the progressive improvement of mankind." ^[1]^

Pragmatism

an approach that assesses the truth of meaning of theories or beliefs in terms of the success of their practical application.

Grandstanding

seek to attract applause or favorable attention from spectators or the media.