US History Semester 1 Final Exam

Escaped slave __________________became an eloquent voice in the antislavery movement

(originally worked with Garrison and The Liberator, eventually broke with him over ideological viewpoints and started his own paper, The North Star. Frederick Douglass

The presidential election of _____ is sometimes called the "Second American Revolution" because it, for the first time, saw an incumbent President Adams lose an election and peacefully leave office.

1800

The War of ______ was fought between the USA and Britain as a result of the British not leaving their forts in the Great Lakes region and the British policy of impressment.

1812

Why didn't Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr get along?

Aaron Burr never made his views known to others while Hamilton did just the opposite, he was very open about what he believed in. Hamilton and Burr knew each other since they were teenagers. Burr won the senate seat from Hamilton's father-in-law Schyler. Hamilton was favored by Washington more than Burr and became his advisor, (which made Burr mad.)

Why was the Monroe Doctrine an important step in US history?

After the War of 1812, (when America fights the tests of Britain after winning its independence in the last war. It showed that America was a powerful nation.) It tells Britain that America is the Americans property, stay out!

The __________ is perhaps one of the most consequential revolutions in all of human history. With the domestication of crops and animals people were able to stop moving and establish societies, and eventually civilizations.

Agricultural Revolution

The Battle of New Orleans, though fought 2 weeks after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the War of 1812, saw American Army General ______ _______ defend New Orleans against a much larger British force.

Andrew Jackson

What happens at the Battle of New Orlenes?

Andrew Jackson is made a famous hero because he defeated the Native Americans and British in the battle even though the war was already over, (he hadn't been notified yet.)

President Andrew Jackson took on many adversaries, including: the National Bank of the United States, the Federal Bureaucracy, and Native Americans. Describe Jackson's presidency by discussing at least 2 of the above.

Andrew Jackson started the spoils system when he fired all the bureaucrats in the bureaucracy and replaced them with his supporters. Jackson also let the charter for the National Bank run out so that it didn't exist anymore because he didn't like it and thought it only benefitted the wealthy aristocrats.

The _________________ was the United State of America's first constitution. It was soon thrown out because it created too weak of a nation, though it did get the U.S.A. through the Revolutionary War, and named the country...

Articles of Confederation

____________ was a founding father who signed the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, formed the first volunteer firefighting company, was a noted newspaperman and publisher, and invented bifocal glasses, stoves and musical instruments. He even flew a kite in a lightning storm to prove lightning was electricity.

Benjamin Franklin

Anti-Federalists listed numerous issues they had with the Constitution, though all were important, perhaps the most important was the call to add a _________ to the Constitution. Indeed, these are the first 10 Amendments to the Constitution that are seen as fundamental to the ideals of American Democracy.

Bill of Rights

______________________ freed blacks began to organize churches such as the African Methodist Episcopal Church. Churches became social gathering spaces and a safe place to talk about reform (abolition)

Black American Churches

How were Southerners appeased in the Constitution on the issue of representation?

By counting the slaves as 3/5ths of a person increasing their population and therefore their representation.

As President Washington began many of the traditions of US Presidents including that of organizing a ______ of advisors. His most significant advisors were Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury, and Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State.

Cabinet

The exchange of goods (plants, animals, etc) between the Americas and Europe became known as:

Columbian Exchange

The ___________ was set up by the assemblies of Massachusetts and Virginia to communicate with other colonies about the Boston Massacre and other threats. Some historians say it was more of a propaganda machine than actually effective at communicating.

Committees of Correspondence

____________________, written by Thomas Paine, was written to inspire the cause of revolution against Great Britain, and in particular, King George III.

Common Sense

The _____________ was suggested by Roger Sherman of Connecticut, which offered a two-house Congress to satisfy both small and big states. Each state would have equal representation in the Senate. And each state would have proportional representation based on population in the House of Representatives.

Connecticut Compromise

The _________________ was written to set forth a list of grievances against the King in order to justify before the world the breaking of ties between the colonies and the mother country.

Declaration of Independence

What was the XYZ Affair?

During the Quasi War with France, America sent three important people to Paris to talk to other French officials, while France sent in three low levels who demanded a payment just to talk to them.

How did interchangeable parts lead to the ability to mass produce?

Each part was the same, so each one didn't need individual attention from a worker. They could be made fast, and in turn, make products faster so they can be shipped out faster.

Why were the Articles of Confederation weak?

Each state only had 1 vote in congress regardless of the size of the state, Congress had no power to tax, there was no executive branch, there was no national court system, in order to amend it there had to be a unanimous vote, and states printed their own currency.

What kind of representation is in the Senate?

Equal

What did the Supreme Court case Gibbons v. Ogden say about interstate trade?

Federal government can regulate it.

The first political parties formed out of the arguments for and against ratification of the Constitution. Followers of Hamilton became known as the ____________, and followers of Thomas Jefferson became known as _______________.

Federalist/Democratic-Republicans

Debate over the ratification of the Constitution became highly heated. Those who supported the ratification became known as the ___________ and were led by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay, who together wrote the Federalist Papers.

Federalists

On September 14, 1814 as the British bombarded the US Fort McHenry, ___________________ wrote a poem, that would eventually be put to a British drinking song and become the Star Spangled Banner, the US National Anthem.

Francis Scott Key

Who were William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass?

Garrison had super radical views about abolition (which alienated him from whites) and wrote a newspaper named The Liberator which called for immediate emancipation/freedom of slaves. Douglass was an escaped slave who spoke out in the antislavery moment. He said knowledge is how you go from slave to free. He published a newspaper called the North Star.

Although a president's cabinet is very important today, which president first utilized a "cabinet" of advisors?

George Washington

____________ was a former French and Indian War commander, Virginia planter and politician. He appointed commander in chief of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War.

George Washington

The first colonists at Jamestown had a disastrous start as they spent their time looking for _______ instead of planting crops and building shelters.

Gold

Led by Jonathan Edwards, a member of the clergy, the ____ ___________ sought to revive the intensity and dedication of the original Puritan church.

Great Awakening

Why was the capitol of the US moved to Washington DC?

Hamilton made a deal with Jefferson is a closed room. The capitol was going to be in New York, but Hamilton gave that up in exchange for the national bank.

Compare and contrast the Presidential Elections of 1824 and 1828?

In the elections of 1824 and 1828 the Federalist party did not exist; it had recently fallen out and was no longer a political party. In 1824, four democratic-republicans run for president but none of them win the majority; John Quincy Adams wins in the House of Representatives and becomes president Jackson loses it, says Quincy Adams' appointment of Henry Clay was not right. However, in 1828, Andrew Jackson runs against John Quincy Adams as a Jacksonian (Democrat) and wins because three times as many people voted that year compared to the last, (it was the first election where over 200 million people voted.)

What was Great Britain's response to the Boston Tea Party that included the closing of Boston Harbor?

Intolerable Acts

What was the purpose of the Land Ordinance of 1787?

It decided how expansion was going to happen in Ohio. (Is it also why when you drive out in the country the roads are perfectly North, South, East, and West.)

What was the Judiciary Act of 1790?

It established the federal court system.

How did the British policy of impressments lead to the War of 1812?

It made the Americans mad.

Why was the Erie Canal referred to as the "Big Ditch?"

It means "Man-made river". It was a man-made waterway that connected the Great Lakes to the Ohio river.

What did Washington's Farewell Address say?

It said goodbye and established the peaceful transfer of power from presidential term to presidential term (this was a BIG deal because all leaders up to this point were apart of a monarchy and didn't leave power until they died.)

The Missouri Compromise was an attempt to solve what problem? Why didn't it work out so well?

It tried to settled the issue of slavery by balancing the amount of slave and free states. Maine became a free state, so Missouri is made a slave state to balance it out. More and more territories wanted to be recognized as states so it didn't work for very long.

Historians have referred to the Election of 1800 as the "Second American Revolution." Explain this quote and include specific names and examples.

It was called the "Second American Revolution" because of all the big changes that went on in that year. John Adams ran for president as an incumbent and expected to win because all other incumbents had won before him. However, he lost to a tie between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr. After Alexander Hamilton persuaded people to vote for Jefferson, he won and became president. While in office, Jefferson changed the system where the second-place winner of the presidency becomes vice president; from then on the president and vice president ran together in elections.

Why was New York reluctant to ratify the Constitution?

It would give the states less power than they had under the Articles of Confederation.

Historians have referred to the Election of 1800 as the "Second American Revolution." Why?

Jefferson and Burr tie in the presidential election because someone in the electoral college forgot to throw out their vote. After persuasion from Hamilton, Jefferson wins in the re-vote. The former president, Adams, was the first incumbent to lose; he was also the first to peacefully transition out of office. Later, President Jefferson says the second-place winner, the opponent of the president, should not be the vice president and work with him.

The presidential election of 1824 saw four members of the same political party (the Democratic-Republicans) run for the presidency. No candidate won a majority of the electoral college, as a result the House of Representatives chose the president. _________________ became president and his main opponent Andrew Jackson called it a "corrupt bargain!" and successfully ran against him in 1828 and won.

John Q. Adams

The Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison led to the implementation of what judicial policy?

Judicial review where the court may decide if a law is constitutional or not.

The ___________ created the federal court system headed by a US Supreme Court.

Judiciary Act of 1789

The Wampanoag were a local Native American tribe that under the leadership of Chief Massasoit befriended the Puritans, becoming trading partners and allies. However, tensions began to rise and war began. It ended with the death of __________ or Metacom. The Puritans displayed his head on a stake in Plymouth, MA for 20 years. This began a centuries long dispute between colonists and Native Americans.

King Phillip II

Disputes between the Puritans and Native Americans were based on each groups different views of _____. For Native Americans it represented life, for all came from it. For the Puritans it was a good that could be bought and sold.

Land

The ___________ Expedition of 1804-1806 occurred at the request of President Jefferson to explore the new Louisiana Purchase and make it all the way to the Pacific Ocean.

Lewis and Clark

Where were the first shots fired in the Revolutionary War?

Lexington and Concord, MA

President Jefferson, though a strict Constitutionalist, purchases the ______________ Territory from France for $15 million, effectively doubling the size of the USA.

Louisiana

This early Supreme Court case is fundamental because it gave the Supreme Court the power of judicial review, meaning the Court has the ability to review state and federal laws and decide if the law is constitutional or not.

Marbury v. Madison

Pilgrim men on the ________ created a document that stated their purpose of government: to frame "just and equal laws...for the general good of the colony" Concepts such as equality, majority rule, are both found in the _______ Compact.

Mayflower

The economic system of ______________ required colonies to provide raw materials and their home country. By doing so the home country could create a favorable balance of trade resulting in greater wealth.

Mercantilism

The enslavement of Africans was brutal at every moment. The part of the triangular trade network on which enslaved Africans were brought was horrible. Known as the ________Olaudah Equiano wrote about his experience as an 11 year old boy crossing the Atlantic Ocean and describes in great detail the the horrendous conditions.

Middle Passage

Explain how the Native American view of land differed greatly from that of Europeans has led to conflict throughout the history of the United States.

Native Americans thought land was a sacred thing that could not be bought or sold. Europeans thought of land as a prize to be won or bought (land=power). As a result, this led to conflict and fighting between Europeans and Native Americans.

What state was reluctant to ratify the Constitution?

New York

What were the arguments for and against ratifying the Constitution?

New York was against ratifying the Constitution because they would have less power under the Constitution than under the Articles of Confederation. Many supported the Constitution over the Articles of Confederation because it was stronger, allowed for more representation of states in the federal government, and let Congress impose taxes.

What are interchangeable parts?

Parts that can be used among many different machines and products, etc.

The economy of the southern colonies was agricultural and based on the _______________ where everything that was needed was produced.

Plantation

Which of the following acts limited colonists' westward movement past the Appalachian Mountains?

Proclamation of 1763

What kind of representation is in the House of Representatives?

Proportional

Who were the Pilgrims and what were two causes and two effects of their settlement in Plymouth, MA?

Puritans from England who originally fled to Holland because they were being persecuted in England. Things didn't go so well in Holland either, so they set off for the Americas. This caused all the men to congregate on the ship during the trip across the Atlantic Ocean to write up the Mayflower Compact. This basically stated that the Pilgrims are equal in status.

Preachers like Charles Finney spoke at ___________ gatherings of people (up to 25k would gather for Thursday-Tuesday revivals)

Revivals

Christopher Columbus in 1492 sailed the "ocean blue" in search of...

Sea route to the East Indies

This occurred in January 1787 as a result of veterans of the Revolutionary War concerned over losing their farms as a result of high interest rates and debt. It exposed a tremendous weakness in the Articles of Confederation.

Shays's Rebellion

The ________required colonists to purchase special stamped paper for every legal document, license, newspapers, etc. This direct tax resulted in a loss of respect by the colonists for the British Crown. In fact, a radical group known as the Sons of Liberty, organized protests against it that sometimes turned violent!

Stamp Act

The ______ Act(s) did three things: 1. lowered the tax on foreign-made molasses to reduce smuggling 2. placed duties (taxes) on certain imports and 3. strengthened the enforcement of the law by trying smugglers in vice-admiralty court (British) rather than colonial courts.

Sugar

Which act was passed by Parliament and led to a famous event where colonists dressed up as Native Americans and committed acts of vandalism and destruction?

Tea Act

The Shawnee Chief __________ led a confederacy of Native American Tribes against the United States continued encroachment on native lands. He died in the Battle of Thames, effectively ending Native American resistance to settlement in the north central USA.

Tecumseh

What was the British policy of impressments?

The British were stopping American ships overseas and imprisoning the American sailors and forcing them into the British navy.

What documents (name 2 and explain) played a fundamental role in the stirrings of rebellion?

The Declaration of Indepenance; which was not filled with new ideas, but was a big deal because it had specific grievances against the King of England and it was presented directly to the King of England.The Articles of Confedertion; this cause other states to start writing up their own constitutions because it was too hard to do it on a national scale.

Napoleon offered the Louisiana territory to Jefferson for $15,000,00 because he was at war with Russia and low on cash. This was a stretch for Jefferson because he was a strict constitutionalist, (the constitution didn't say whether or not a president could buy more territory,) and yet he bought the Louisiana territory.

The Lousiana Purchase

What happened during Shay's Rebellion?

The Massachusetts governor had to build up his own army to take down the rebellion.

How did 2 of the acts below of the British Crown and Parliament lead to the American Revolution?

The Townshend Acts of 1767 were Acts that caused British sugar to be cheaper than American sugar. This was an attempt to get more Colonists to buy British sugar. The Acts taxed raw goods, and said Colonists who were caught smuggling sugar would be tried in a British, or vice-admiralty, court. This meant the smuggler would probably not be tried fairly. This made the Colonists mad.The Stamp Act of 1765 was a British Act put on the Colonists saying all legal documents must be on specially stamped paper, which was taxed. This made the Colonists mad because the British were using them to make money.

What is one of the effects of the War of 1812?

The US was able to expand its territory since the withdrawal of the British troops and the defeat of the Creeks left a lot of land open for colonizing.

What is transcendentalism?

The philosophical movement which emphasized living simply in nature.

Why were some, including James Madison, opposed to a national bank?

They didn't like it because it would have given the government too much power and the Constitution doesn't say anything about a national bank.

The Federalists were proponents of a strong central government, what does that mean?

They supported the ratification of the Constitution and wanted a constitution that protected basic rights. They believed a separation of powers and checks and balances would help protect individual rights.

Introduced to Europeans by Native Americans _________ will become the "brown gold" of Jamestown. The first significant cash crop of the English colonies.

Tobacco

As the British colonies of North America began to export more raw materials to nations other than England the English Parliament saw it as a threat and moved to tighten control of colonial trade by passing the ______________. These laid out the rules by which the colonists could trade goods.

Trade Acts

_________________ began in the mid 19th century as a philosophical movement that emphasized living a simple life and nature, emotion, imagination. Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson are two of its most famous philosophers and authors.

Transcendentalism

How did Shay's Rebellion show the weakness of the Articles of Confederation whereas the Whiskey Rebellion showed the strength of the new US Constitution and the federal government?

Under the Articles of Confederation, the local government had to make up its own army to settle Shay's Rebellion; whereas, under the Constitution, George Washington was allowed to step in with the national army to settle the Whiskey Rebellion.

Although they established no permanent settlement in North America, the __________ were the first Europeans to arrive in North America, nearly 500 years before Christopher Columbus.

Vikings

In August of 1814 the British capture ______________, leading to the burning of the White House and US Capitol building.

Washington D.C.

What happened during the Whiskey Rebellion?

Washington had to send America's own militia in to take down the rebellion. (the only time a sitting president has led troops into conflict)

What was the American response to the French Revolution?

We decided not to help them because they did not have a solid leader, and America was still weak from the last war and had no money.

The ___________ Rebellion was the first significant test for Washington and Hamilton to exert federal authority. As Secretary of the Treasury Hamilton had proposed an excise tax on on the manufacture of whiskey angering rural farmers.

Whiskey

The Quasi War with France in 1798 began after failed diplomatic discussions between 3 high level American officials and 3 low level French officials...the so called "____________"

XYZ Affair