U.S History Unit 1

On January 1, 1863, a few months after the Battle of Antietam, President Lincoln issued his Emancipation Proclamation. The proclamation used Lincoln's special war powers to declare that

"...all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State...in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free." It also declared that African American men would be allowed to fight in the Union army. Lincoln chose his words carefully so as to affect only the areas that were fighting against the Union and not anger the border states. By issuing the Emancipation Proclamation, President Lincoln broadened the goals of the war. The objective was to preserve the Union and bring an end to slavery.

What federal law enabled the building of the First Transcontinental Railroad?

The Pacific Railway Act of 1862

Why did some Northerners tire of fighting for equal rights of African Americans?

The Panic of 1873 and the economic situation made jobs scarce.

Name one advantage that the South had over the North.

The South had experienced military leaders, many of which were trained at West Point. The South was also fighting a defensive war. This allowed it to be on friendly territory most of the time.

Which parts of the Compromise of 1850 were included to appease the North, and which were included to appease the South?

The admission of California and the ban on the slave trade in Washington, D.C. were included to appease the North. The Federal Slave Act and the forgiveness of Texas's debts were included to appease the South. Popular sovereignty in the territory acquired from Mexico was a compromise for both sides.

How did the interaction between the U.S. Army and American Indians change after 1865?

The army began to treat them as wards of the state and could use full force in conflicts with American Indians.

Transcontinental Railroad

The arrival of a more extensive railroad network allowed people to travel much more quickly and easily from coast to coast. Many people took the train to hunt bison on the frontier. The railroad also aided farmers by bringing much-needed supplies, such as lumber for construction and new farm machinery.

According to the graph, in what year was the average U.S. tariff rate the highest? In what year was it the lowest?

The average tariff rate was the highest in 1830. It reached a low point in 1861.

How did the Election of 1876 impact African Americans?

The controversial election resulted in the compromise of 1877, which ended the military support that provided protection to African Americans. Without this support, the South returned to white rule and Jim Crow laws became prevalent.

How did the draft law of the United States differ from the draft law of the Confederacy?

The draft law of the United States offered volunteers bounties, or payments, to join.

The word dust is part of the word Exoduster. What do you think that part of the word is referencing?

The dust part of the word Exoduster likely references the dusty soil of the Great Plains.

The effects of the Chinese Exclusion Act were repealed partly because China was helping the United States in a foreign affair. What was this world affair?

World War II

Ulysses S. Grant

a Civil War general who initially commanded the Union Army of the West but was later promoted to commanding all of the Union forces

Election of 1860

a critical election in which Abraham Lincoln was elected as president, leading the South to secede from the Union

What is considered to be America's first big business that helped with the development of other industries?

the railroad

secession

the separation of a state from a nation

Battle of Antietam

the single bloodiest day of the Civil War and an important battle that ended in a stalemate and resulted in the Confederate army having to turn back from its attempt to capture Washington

Why did the Klan target Colby?

He was a former slave elected to a government position.

Fort Sumter

the location of the first act of war during the Civil War

Another result of the Fugitive Slave Act was

the publishing of Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin, in 1852. Stowe's story revealed the harsh realities of slavery and helped fuel the fire behind abolitionist efforts to ban slavery.

What of the following revolutionized the steel industry?

the Bessemer Process

Military leaders were also innovating new naval war techniques. Due to the Union's naval blockade, the Confederacy had to get creative in defending its men at sea. The Confederacy had to build a navy from scratch to fight the established Union Navy. They developed a new type of ship:

the ironclad. These ships used thick timber covered in iron plate to make them much stronger than their wooden competitors. The South built the CSS Virginia ironclad using the body of a captured Union boat, the USS Merrimac. Once the Union saw the invincibility of the Virginia, it introduced its own ironclad ship, called the USS Monitor. In the spring of 1862, these two ironclad warships fought their first battle near Hampton Roads, Virginia. Though historically significant, the battle ended in a draw.

Congress agreed to the following:

- California was admitted as a free state. - Popular sovereignty would determine the status of slavery in the land acquired from Mexico. - The slave trade was banned in Washington, D.C. - - The practice of slavery, however, was allowed to remain. - Under the Fugitive Slave Act, those who helped runaway slaves, or refused to assist in their return, would be fined and possibly imprisoned. - The border between Texas and New Mexico was established. The government also forgave all of Texas's debts.

Despite the idea of Manifest Destiny, the rapid expansion into the West resulted in long-lasting negative impacts.

- Farmers over-cleared the grasslands to plant crops such as wheat and corn, opening the prairie up to the dust storms of the 1930s. - Ranchers fenced off their land for cattle and reduced public grazing lands, which destroyed - Native American hunting grounds. - Settlers endangered the bison population as more people tried their hand at hunting. The over-hunting of the bison affected the Native American tribes that depended on it for food and clothing. - Mining efforts, such as hydraulic mining, stripped the land of natural resources, which left many water sources to fill with sediment.

What effect did the Emancipation Proclamation have on how the Civil War progressed? Select the two correct responses.

- It decreased the likelihood that European countries would help the Confederacy. - It extended the abolitionists' power to operate the Underground Railroad.

In the early 1800s, before factories began to open in cities, towns would spring up around a particularly large factory. In some cases, the factory would own the houses employees lived in and the stores where employees shopped. The company might pay its employees in scrip, a type of town currency accepted only at company stores. There are a few problems with being paid in scrip:

- It is not accepted outside of the town, so there is no way to save up enough to move your family to another town. - Company stores can charge inflated prices for food and clothing since employees are forced to shop there.

How did the proposals in the Crittenden Compromise seek to avoid secession of the southern states? Select the two correct responses.

- One proposal included clear boundaries for where slavery could and couldn't exist. - One proposal included a clause to compensate slave owners if fugitives could not be returned.

For two months, the Senate debated what executive department should run the Freedmen's Bureau. What reasons were given in support of granting oversight to the Department of War? Select the two correct responses.

- The War Department had more experience than any other agency. - Military power was needed to protect former slaves.

The three-day Battle of Gettysburg was a turning point in the war. On the third day, General Pickett attacked the Union line in its center. What happened as a result of the attack? Select the two correct answers.

- The attack failed and half of the Confederacy's men were either captured or killed. - The exhausted Union troops failed to destroy the Confederate soldiers that retreated.

As American settlers pushed westward, they came into conflict with American Indian tribes already living on the land. Settlers, with the support of local militias and the federal government, tried to push tribes to leave their homelands.

- The first approach was to encourage tribes to move out of the path of white settlers. Some American Indian tribes agreed to treaties that gave them specific territories. - The government often ignored these agreements, which resulted in violence on both sides in battles such as the Dakota Wars and the Battle of Little Bighorn. - In the 1880s, ministers and government workers tried to convince American Indians to do away with their own language, clothing, and social customs and adopt a more modern American lifestyle.

On January 1863, President Lincoln declared that all slaves in the Confederacy "shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free." Even though the proclamation didn't actually free slaves, why was it an important turning point in the Civil War? Select the two correct responses.

- The war became a battle for human rights and freedom. - It opened the door for African Americans to enlist in the Union army.

How did women contribute to war effort?

- Women set up field hospitals and nursed wounded soldiers. - Women took over jobs in farms and factories previously done by men

What killed many women on the western frontier? Select the two correct answers.

- dangerous weather - childbirth

Which of the following were the effects of the Homestead Act on the American Indians in the late 1800s? Select the two correct answers.

- increased encroachment of white settlers onto American Indian lands - violence against American Indians

Which of the following led Americans to buy more goods? Select the two correct answers.

- more advertising by businesses to sell products - the ability to buy items on credit

At the conclusion of the Mexican-American War in 1848, Mexico ceded a large portion of land to the United States. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo stipulated that the Mexican people living on that land had three options:

- stay, and become full U.S. citizens with all rights under the constitution - stay, and live as legal residents in the U.S. with Mexican citizenship - leave for Mexico

Which strategies did the Union intend to use as part of its Anaconda Plan? Select the two correct responses.

- to set up a naval blockade along the southern coast - to seize control of the Mississippi River

Put the events in order from top to bottom.

-First Treaty of Laramie orders that Indians move out of the path of white settlement. - Treaty of Medicine Lodge moves Indians to a region that is now Oklahoma - Indians are forced out of the Black Hills region when gold is discovered. - The Dawes Act terminates tribal ownership of most reservation lands.

Abraham Lincoln

16th president of the United States, 1861-1865, who led the United States during the Civil War

Chinatown was sometimes referred to as a city of bachelors. Why was this the case?

A bachelor is an unmarried man, and most Chinese people who immigrated to the U.S. were men looking for work. A man needed to have his wife join him prior to 1875, or he would have to marry the American-born daughter of Chinese parents.

How did the Industrial Revolution change American society?

A large percentage of Americans became factory workers in cities.

The Republicans chose

Abraham Lincoln as their candidate, and the Constitutional Union Party posed a fourth candidate, named John Bell. In the resulting Election of 1860, Abraham Lincoln won the majority of the electoral college and the job, despite winning only 40 percent of the popular vote. He swept the northern states, except for New Jersey, which he split with Douglas.

What natural resource and its access is still an issue in the West?

Access to water is still a conflict in the West.

Which of the following individuals would be exempt from both the Union Army and the Confederate Army draft?

African American men

What were the Klan's goals?

The Klan wanted to end Reconstruction, restore white control of the South, and keep African Americans powerless.

Daily Life- Women on the Homestead

Although the West was mostly a male-dominated society, homesteading encouraged the presence of women, but their lives were not easy. A typical farm wife could expect to spend most of her day completing chores such as cleaning, sewing, laundering, preparing food, and tending animals. Additional expectations of women were caring for children and providing their education.

The railroad industry is considered

America's first big business. Its existence allowed other industries to develop. Railroads can move heavy loads such as coal, steel, and lumber. Refrigerated cars made it possible to move food products such as meat. Passenger cars moved people and their luggage. All of this was done quickly, safely, and at a lower cost than other methods.

What effect did Manifest Destiny have on Americans' westward migration?

Americans believed that God had given them the divine right to move west. Many Americans envisioned an opportunity that was a chance for a whole new life as a farmer, rancher, or cowboy. Some hoped to bring civilization and progress while others hoped to strike it rich. Moving west spelled wealth through development of new technology and ownership of free land. Settlers wanted to play a part in advancing the country by taking advantage of all the West had to offer.

After Fort Sumter fell in April of 1861, Lincoln imposed a naval blockade to stop ships from entering or leaving southern ports. This blockade was part of General Winfield Scott's

Anaconda Plan to squeeze the Confederacy into surrendering. By blocking the South from trading with its European partners, the Union put pressure on the Confederate economy.

Who is credited for using his wealth to build up the steel industry?

Andrew Carnegie

What groups of people were eligible for land under the Homestead Act of 1862?

Any person over 21 years of age that had not taken up arms against the U.S. government were eligible.

How did mining and cattle ranching eventually influence more business opportunities in the West?

As larger companies began investing in mining operations, the establishment of permanent settlements led to more businesses moving into the area. Cattle ranching became a big business for eastern investors once barbed wire enabled them to divide the land and lay claim to specific areas that had once been public grazing lands.

Cowboys and Ranchers

At the end of the Civil War, as many as 5,000,000 longhorn steers were roaming along the Texas frontier, yet few settlers had taken on the opportunity to claim them. However, the meat from this livestock was highly sought after in eastern markets and businessmen saw ranching as an economic opportunity. Ranchers hoped to become rich off the cattle and then eventually move back east. After the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad, many cattle ranchers hired men, known as cowboys, to drive the cattle to the railroad stations. Cowboys were usually single men looking to get rich. Cowboys and ranchers stood to profit from the sale of beef. The cowboys didn't mind the long hours spent in saddles driving longhorns to railroad towns that could ship the meat back east. Between 1865 and 1885, as many as 40,000 cowboys roamed the Great Plains, hoping to work for local ranchers. Being a cowboy may look like fun in movies, but it was also a lot of hard work. The western genre of cowboys and Indians made the lifestyle look more glamorous than it really was. This was especially true for those men in industrial cities who longed for a more rugged lifestyle. While violence did occur in the West, it was often exaggerated and even glorified in stories.

The first year of the Civil War held no great military victories or movement, mostly resulting in stalemates. On April 6, 1862, the Union and Confederate armies met near the Tennessee River. General Ulysses S. Grant led the Union army, and General Albert Sidney Johnston led the Confederate troops for what would be called the

Battle of Shiloh. While they fought for only two days, the results were catastrophic. Nearly 23,000 men died during the battle. Northerners and Southerners alike were shocked by the carnage. Despite major losses, Grant was able to win the battle for the Union. After this victory, Grant shifted the war in the West to focus on gaining control of the Mississippi River in order to split the Confederacy in half.

What events helped to give rise to Jim Crow laws?

Black Codes formed a foundation for the laws; The Panic of 1873 kept African Americans in poverty and the withdrawal of federal troops ensured that African Americans would no longer be protected.

How were living communities similar for Hispanic Americans and Chinese immigrants?

Both groups were pushed into communities that primarily contained people of the same ethnicity.

Miners

Brought on by the California Gold Rush in 1849, the prospect of gold attracted thousands of miners to the West looking to get rich quick. Most miners hoped to move west for a short time, make a profit, and move back east. Towns developed along areas where gold was discovered, becoming home to people who established businesses near the newly rich. These rapidly growing communities filled with miners and service industries, such as hardware stores and restaurants. Miners often abandoned these towns after depleting all of the resources from an area, causing many of the businesses to close. Miners often suffered through illnesses or injuries because of mining working conditions.

What were some benefits and drawbacks to buying items on credit?

Buying on credit allowed families to afford things that were otherwise out of their price range. However, any changes in wages could put the family into financial ruin.

What were carpetbaggers accused of doing?

Carpetbaggers were accused of traveling to the South to make a quick buck off of Southerners' misfortunes.

In February of 1861, before Abraham Lincoln was even inaugurated, the seven states that had seceded held a convention during which they formed their own government. The new nation was named the

Confederate States of America. The convention chose Jefferson Davis as president of the new government. The Confederacy immediately formed its own army in preparation for war with the Union. When Abraham Lincoln gave his inaugural speech in March of 1861, he denounced the secession of these seven states. He also declared that he would use force to protect federal property within those states.

What event officially started the Civil War?

Confederate troops firing upon Union soldiers at Fort Sumter, South Carolina officially started the Civil War.

What factors combined to help the United States move from a mostly rural population to a mostly urban population?

Electricity allowed factories to open in cities, and rural workers followed the jobs. Immigrants also settled in cities, further boosting the urban population.

Who was the leader of the American Railway Union?

Eugene V. Debs

Why were Britain and France reluctant to support the Confederacy?

Even though Britain and France had imported cotton from the South for textile factories, they did not support the Confederacy in the war because slavery had been outlawed in Europe

What role did railroads and electricity play in the development of the West?

Factories no longer needed to be located near ports because they could receive raw materials by rail. They also didn't need to be located near rivers because electricity could be used to power the factory. Cities and factories sprang up near rail lines throughout the West.

Describe the challenges experienced by farmers in their new frontier life.

Farmers faced many challenges such as drought, insect swarms, dust storms, illness, and the cost of expensive farming supplies.

In what ways did westward migration change the landscape of the West?

Farming cleared the plains of grasslands; ranchers eliminated the open range available for public grazing lands; settlers killed much of the bison population; and mining efforts stripped the land of natural resources.

On July 21, 1861, the first major battle of the Civil War began near Manassas, Virginia. In the resulting

First Battle of Bull Run (sometimes called First Manassas), both sides expected a quick battle and a decisive victory. Union forces attacked first, only to be pushed back by Confederate troops. During a Union advance, Confederate General Thomas Jackson urged his men to hold their ground, earning himself the nickname "Stonewall" Jackson. Through the next few years, he would continue to distinguish himself as a great leader in the southern military. Although the first Battle of Bull Run was not especially long or bloody, it proved the strength of both militaries and quashed any hope of a short war. It also caused Lincoln to appoint a new leader for the Union's Army of the Potomac, Major General George McClellan.

How was Aaron Montgomery Ward able to make a profit despite having to ship his products to his customers?

He bought large quantities of products from manufacturers for lower prices. He then passed that savings onto his customers to compensate for the cost of shipping.

What contribution did Nikola Tesla make to the field of electric power?

He invented a way to deliver electricity over greater distances.

What was significant about Hiram Revel's achievement?

He was the first African American elected to the U.S. Senate.

How did the South intend to use the cotton trade to their benefit during the war?

If Europe was willing, the South could use cotton to trade with Europe for weapons, ammunition, and other military supplies. It would also bring money into the South that was needed to support the war efforts.

Telegraph

In 1861, Western Union completed the first transcontinental telegraph line which connected the East coast and West coast. Improved communication systems helped the development of business, economics, and politics by allowing for the spreading of news at high speeds across the country.

Barbed Wire

In 1873, the new technology of barbed wire allowed ranchers to fence off their lands and cattle. With the invention of barbed wire, cattle ranchers were able to cheaply section off the land as they wanted. Not only did it mean the end of the free range for settlers and cowboys, it also kept more land away from American Indian tribes.

Reactions to the Emancipation Proclamation varied across the nation.

In the North, most abolitionists praised Lincoln, although some wished the law freed all slaves. Some working-class people in the North feared that freed slaves would increase competition for jobs, which were already scarce. Border states in the Union were concerned about the proclamation because they still allowed slavery. Southern leaders and slaveholders reacted with rage, but their slaves were thrilled. Although slaves could not be set free outside the reach of the northern armies, many slaves began to run away to Union lines and followed the Union army. The Proclamation also prevented Europe from recognizing the Confederacy as a distinctly separate nation. Due to the new focus on human rights and slavery, Europe could not support the South's antiquated cause, and its choice to be neutral was solidified. Even though there were very mixed reactions to Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, his goal to shift the purpose of the war to abolishing slavery was accomplished.

Why were Civil War battles so deadly?

Innovations made weapons more accurate and quick-firing. Because military strategies did not quickly change in response to the innovations, more men died or were injured.

Which of the following describes the impact the Dred Scott v. Sanford case had on slavery and enslaved persons?

It denied Congress the power to abolish slavery in the territories.

How did the Panic of 1873 affect conditions in the South?

It helped the rise of Jim Crow because there wasn't enough money to invest in Reconstruction efforts.

What were some successes of the Freedmen's Bureau?

It helped to establish schools and colleges for formerly enslaved African Americans. It also helped freed people gain labor contracts and reunite families.

How did horizontal integration change the way business was done in America?

Large companies grew larger by merging with other companies or acquiring them.

What economic reason might Lee have had to fight on Union soil?

Lee might have been trying to get the Union army out of Virginia long enough to allow farmers to harvest their crops. If he was successful in Maryland, he also might have continued north to disrupt rail lines or factories.

Which of the following led to the Homestead Steel Strike?

Management announced that it would be cutting wages for all workers.

Windmill

Many early farmers used dry farming techniques in order to gain a satisfactory crop during drought periods. Some farmers began to employ windmill technology to draw water, although both the drilling and construction of windmills became an added expense that few farmers could afford.

What was one effect the growing railroad industry had on the country?

Markets went from global to national as goods could be sold across the country.

Despite General Meade's victory at the Battle of Gettysburg, why did President Lincoln appoint Grant as the new general to lead the Union army?

Meade was blamed for allowing the Confederates to retreat to Virginia.

What was a key difference between why most farmers and miners went out west?

Miners wanted to leave as soon as they found enough gold, while farmers wanted to own land and settle permanently.

The election of Lincoln proved too much for the southern states to overcome. About six weeks after the election, on December 20th, 1860, South Carolina held a convention and voted unanimously to secede, or leave, the United States. This secession led to six more states quickly following suit:

Mississippi - January 9, 1861 Florida - January 10, 1861 Alabama - January 11, 1861 Georgia - January 19, 1861 Louisiana - January 26, 1861 Texas - February 1, 1861

What belief was behind Manifest Destiny?

Native Americans would benefit from the introduction of the settlers' American way of life.

Farmers

Of the hundreds of thousands of settlers who moved west, the vast majority were homesteaders. Many settled in the areas of Wisconsin, Minnesota, Kansas, Nebraska, and the Dakotas. Popularly known as sodbusters for the mud houses they built, these men and women in the Midwest faced a difficult life on the frontier. Farmers faced many challenges such as drought, insect swarms, dust storms, illness, and the cost of supplies. Items such as horses, wagons, seed, plows, and fertilizer were all necessary for survival as a farmer, but were challenging to afford. As the railroad expanded and better farm equipment became available, larger commercial bonanza farms drew laborers to the West. The bonanza farms made large profits because they typically hired migrant workers for low wages. However, small farms still struggled to stay afloat despite the hard work invested.

The Race for Oklahoma

On April 22, 1889, thousands of people gathered at the boundary of the Unassigned Lands, a region in Central Oklahoma. At exactly noon, guns sounded, cannons boomed, trumpets blared, and the race was on! The prize for winning the race: land. Most of the land in Oklahoma was reserved for Native American tribes, but the Unassigned Lands were left vacant until opened to settlers. To claim 160 acres, all they had to do was get to it before anyone else. Soldiers guarded the borders until the official opening. At the appointed time, hopeful settlers, or Boomers, rushed forward. People on horseback, in wagons, and on foot streamed across the prairie to stake their claim. Some Boomers were surprised to see other settlers already living in more remote areas. They were called Sooners. The Sooners had snuck into the territory early and started building on the land. Boomers considered them thieves and disputed their claim at local land offices.

What was the significance of the transcontinental railroad?

People could more quickly and easily travel from coast to coast.

Why would it be difficult for a Hispanic American landowner to present a land title in English?

People on the land acquired the land while it was still part of Mexico, where the national language is Spanish.

How did topography contribute to the development of the Overland Trails?

Possible response: The trails usually developed along rivers courses, mountain passes, and avoided canyons and other dangers.

Why did President Lincoln make a law that only affected states where he was not in control?

President Lincoln had to clearly state that he wanted to abolish slavery, but he had to be careful because some of the border states still had slaves. He did not want to push these border states to secede as well. So, he only made slavery illegal in states currently in rebellion.

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederacy during the Civil War and former United States senator from Missouri

How did the railroad and steel industries contribute to each others' success?

Railroad tracks were made out of steel, and the railroads then became a way of transporting steel across the country.

Who was the leader of the American Federation of Labor?

Samuel Gompers

Which of the following was Mary Walker's contribution during the Civil War?

She was a surgeon who was awarded the Medal of Honor after being captured by Confederate forces.

How is a skilled laborer with 10 years of experience different from an unskilled laborer with the same amount of experience?

Skilled workers improve their craft over time, which makes them more valuable to an employer. Unskilled work can be learned in a short amount of time on the job, so years of experience doesn't necessarily make an unskilled worker more valuable.

How did western settlers impact the bison population?

So many bison were killed to make clothing that the species became endangered.

How did various groups in the North respond to the Emancipation Proclamation?

Some Northerners were worried about the freeing of slaves as they might cause greater competition for low-paying jobs. The abolitionists in the North supported President Lincoln's proclamation.

Scrip is no longer legal as payment for work, but general forms of scrip can still be found in some places. Think of scrip as a non-cash payment for goods or services. Where might you find this type of payment in use today?

Some arcade games accept cash (quarters or bills) and dispense tickets as a reward, which can be exchanged for prizes at a counter in that store. Public transportation sometimes accepts tokens, which can be purchased for cash, but are only able to be used in that city's buses or trains.

What happened after the Compromise of 1877 that Hayes did not expect?

Southern leaders did not enforce Reconstruction-era constitutional amendments that protected the rights of freed people.

How did the Civil War aid the mail order business?

Standardized clothing sizes for men were developed during the Civil War. These sizes were used when ordering men's clothing through the mail.

Who was the leader of the Knights of Labor?

Terence Powderly

Hydraulic Mining

The first gold prospectors in the 1850s and 1860s worked with easily portable tools but by the 1870s, mining companies began to use hydraulic mining and engineering in order to move soil and rocks more quickly to find precious metals. A hydraulic system allowed high pressure jets of water to push soil and rock out of the way. Miners then sifted and filtered the loosened sediment using a sluice box. This shift led to larger businesses investing in mining operations, which eventually led to the development of permanent settlements.

What was the purpose of the Emancipation Proclamation?

The purpose of the Emancipation Proclamation was to establish the abolition of slavery as an objective for the Civil War.

Steel Plow

The steel-faced, or chilled plow of the late 1860s, transformed life for homesteaders. Through the casting process, these plows cooled quickly, which resulted in a smoother and sharper edge. This new plow was better equipped to cut through the shallow grass roots of the plains and withstand damage from rocks just below the surface. Other technology such as hay mowers, manure spreaders, and threshing machines, greatly improved farm production for those who could afford them.

Name at least three symbols that are in the painting "American Progress."

The woman serves as a symbol of America; the schoolbook symbolizes education; telegraph wire symbolizes technological advances; railroads, covered wagons, and farmers show civilization; the light on the right side of painting symbolizes pushing out the darkness of savagery on the left side of the painting.

What were some of the conflicts of westward expansion?

There were conflicts over allowing slavery in new territories. There were also racial tensions among various groups. White settlers believed they should have control over Native Americans and foreign miners.

Besides providing a route for new settlers, in what other ways were these trails used in future transportation routes?

These trails served as routes for stagecoaches, mail lines, and railroads.

Why did sharecropping not allow African Americans to achieve economic independence?

They became trapped in a never-ending cycle of debt. The landowners charged them so much for supplies, and paid so little for the harvest, that they couldn't save enough money to buy their own land.

What methods did they use?

They first offered him money if he would let another man take the legislature's position. When he refused, they whipped him.

Which of the following statements is true about African American soldiers during the Civil War?

They were often given hard menial jobs instead of seeing combat.

How were female factory workers treated?

They were paid less per hour than men were paid.

What was the purpose of the Union Leagues?

They were political centers that supported black communities by mediating conflicts with white communities and building churches and schools. They also supported the Republican party by registering black voters and campaigning for black candidates.

In the fall of 1862, Confederate General Robert E. Lee and his troops fought the Army of the Potomac near Sharpsburg, Maryland at the Battle of Antietam. It was the first major battle of the Civil War to happen on

Union soil. The battle only lasted a day, but it was the single bloodiest day in American history. Over 20,000 men were killed, wounded, or missing after the battle. The Union victory gave President Lincoln the strength and support he needed to make a very important and bold decision that changed the course of America.

Anaconda Plan

Union war plan to blockade the South by sea, take control of the Mississippi River, and slowly squeeze the Confederacy into submission

In the weeks that followed the attack on Fort Sumter, four more states seceded from the Union:

Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina. A total of 11 states left the United States to form the Confederacy. A few states in the middle continued to allow slavery, but chose not to secede from the Union. These border states were Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware. The western counties of Virginia rejected secession, so they united and formed a new state. They called their new state West Virginia. The addition of West Virginia made a total of five border states stuck in the middle of a war between the Union North and the Confederate South.

Name one advantage that the North had over the South.

When the war began, the North already had an established military. It also had a greater population, so it had more men to participate in the army and support production at home. The railroad helped provide supplies for troops.

Advantages- Women on the Homestead

While some women could find employment in the newly settled towns as teachers, cooks, or seamstresses, they originally did not enjoy many rights. They could not sell property, sue for divorce, serve on juries, or vote. Nevertheless, the challenges of farm life eventually empowered women to break through some legal and social barriers. Pioneer women made priceless contributions to frontier living, serving as equal partners in the success of the homestead to help the farm prosper. Many women also gained status as they began to organize churches, schools, civic clubs, and other community programs to promote family values and help maintain morale on the frontier.

Beyond Hayes winning the election, why were Democrats angry?

With the resignation of Davis, and Grant selecting a Republican to take his place, the balance of power shifted for the vote that decided the outcome of the election.

What reasoning was used to pay women and children less than men?

Women and children were expected to have husbands and fathers as the main breadwinners in the family.

What employment opportunities outside the home were generally reserved for women?

Women could find employment as teachers, cooks, or seamstresses.

Hardships- Women on the Homestead

Women faced the same physical hardships as men such as harsh weather, illness, and prairie dangers. However, one of the most difficult situations for women was childbirth. Often, there was no doctor or midwife providing assistance, and many women died from treatable complications, as did their newborns.

In what ways did westward expansion provide new opportunities for women?

Women were able to take a strong role on the homestead by helping their husbands with the challenges of frontier life. Women assisted on the farms as equal partners to the daily tasks needed to make the farms successful. They also organized churches, schools, civic clubs, and other programs to build a community.

Unskilled labor, on the other hand, refers to

a job that can be done by most able-bodied workers regardless of their age, education level, or mastery of the English language. A worker could learn to pull a lever or attach a part in a day or two, and then just got fast at doing that task.

The term skilled labor refers to

a job that requires a certain amount of skill and training. Skilled laborers often spend years developing their craft. Welding, carpentry, masonry, and smithing are examples of skilled labor jobs.

Crittenden Compromise

a last-ditch effort at a compromise to amend the Constitution to protect slavery in states where it existed

In 1845, newspaper editor John O'Sullivan coined the term Manifest Destiny. This idea would become the basis for

a mass migration of settlers across North America between the years of 1840-1890. O'Sullivan's statement to encourage expansion into the new territory of Texas inspired settlers to head west. Many Americans believed that God wished for them to bring civilization to Native American territories. By introducing new technologies and claiming unused land, settlers would be benefiting the country and all people currently living in the West. Americans claimed their divine right was to expand the territories of the United States. They believed this allowed them to take advantage of all the West had to offer. In all, the newly settled areas were neither a fast track to riches nor a simple expansion into an empty land. The result was a clash of cultures, races, and traditions that defined the emerging new America.

Confederate States of America

a republic formed by 11 southern states that seceded from the United States in order to preserve slavery and states' rights

As soon as the election ended, Southern leaders began to discuss leaving the Union. To prevent this separation, John Crittenden, a senator from Kentucky, wrote

a series of compromises. In this Crittenden Compromise, the Missouri Compromise was reinstated, permanently allowing slavery below the 36°30' coordinate line all the way to the Pacific Ocean. It also ensured that slavery could not be abolished anywhere that it was already legally practiced. One part of this proposal offered compensation to slaveholders if their fugitive slaves were not recovered. Finally, the compromise explained that the federal government would be forbidden from interfering in interstate slave trade. The compromise failed because Republicans and Southern Democrats both refused to support it.

Stonewall Jackson

a successful general in the Confederate Army serving under Robert E. Lee

Battle of Shiloh

an 1862 Civil War battle in Tennessee that ended in a Union victory

Emancipation Proclamation

an 1863 declaration by President Lincoln freeing enslaved African Americans in Confederate territory

In 1857, the difference of opinions grew once again over the Dred Scott decision. Dred Scott was

an enslaved man who petitioned the court for his freedom, but the Supreme Court denied his request. Per the court, black people could never be citizens of the United States. In addition, the court ruled that Congress had no authority to stop or limit the spread of slavery into American territories. This upset the newly created Republican Party because it effectively made their abolitionist goals unconstitutional. With this decision fresh in their minds, citizens of the United States took to the polls to express their support and discontent in the Election of 1860.

The South hoped to win the war through a defensive military strategy where victory is achieved by simply outlasting the enemy, which is called

attrition. The Confederate army also prevented Union invasion by installing small armies along border states, known as the cordon defense. However, this strategy spread the Confederate army so thin that Union forces could easily break through. Another problem for the South was that its population was about half the size of the North, which meant there was a smaller pool of soldiers. They also had far less industry than the Union because the southern economy was almost entirely based on agriculture. These issues would prove to be very difficult for the South to overcome.

Which of the following acts performed by American Indians was an act of assimilation?

converting to Christianity

Both the Union and the Confederacy hoped to gain the support of European nations. Britain and France had beneficial trade agreements with the United States prior to the outbreak of the war. The most important material traded was

cotton from the South. Cotton grown in the South was sent to Europe, where thousands of mill workers developed it into a variety of products.

The vast majority of money in the South came from shipping

cotton to Europe. Without that trade, the South had few options for funding its military during the war.

As the election year of 1860 neared, Republicans and Democrats fought fiercely. The new Republican Party worked diligently to gain support, especially in the more anti-slavery northern states. Meanwhile, the Democratic Party had difficulty establishing a unified platform despite most Democrats being pro-slavery. The fallout of the Dred Scott decision and its incompatibility with the idea of popular sovereignty, created

divides in the Democratic party. In early 1860, Northern and Southern Democrats split their votes and nominated two men to run for the presidency: Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois, and Vice President John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky.

The backlash against the Fugitive Slave Act led

eight northern state legislatures to pass personal liberty laws providing protection to people who were arrested as fugitive slaves. One of those legal protections was the right to trial by jury. The liberty laws showed how northern states used their states' rights to oppose federal powers.

What risks made mining an especially dangerous job?

explosions, poisonous gases, respiratory diseases, and cave-ins

The government also built

forts to serve as protection from neighboring American Indian tribes in various places across the West. Some forts also served as trading posts or relief stations for farmers during times of hardship.

At the beginning of the war, President Lincoln hesitated to make public statements about abolishing slavery. His main goal was to

get the southern states back into the Union, not to push them away. Despite his efforts to appease the South, it refused to rejoin the United States. As a result, he signed laws allowing the North to assist slaves who had escaped the South.

What were some goals of the Freedmen's Bureau?

help African Americans adjust to financial security; advocate for civil rights, voting rights, and equality

Advances in weaponry brought

high casualty rates to Civil War battles. New weapons allowed soldiers to fire multiple shots without reloading, and to shoot with much greater accuracy and range. Military strategies did not immediately change in response to these innovations, which often led to more loss of life.

After taking control of Fort Sumter, located in Charleston Harbor, the South's most important Atlantic port, many Confederate leaders hoped they would gain recognition and support from Europe similar to the way that France supported the colonists during the Revolution. However, Britain and France did not want to upset Abraham Lincoln and the Union by recognizing the Confederacy. If this war was simply about restoring the Union, then Europe could potentially support both sides. However,

if this war was about slavery, then Britain and France could not support the South because the majority of Europe had already outlawed slavery. Considering these factors, Britain and France announced neutrality at the outset of the Civil War and chose not to support either side.

Which of the following was the main policy of government toward big business in the late 1800s?

laissez-faire

Throughout the late 1870s, the relationship between cowboys and ranchers became violent over the loss of the

open range, or public grazing lands along the trail. Ranchers began to use the new technology of barbed wire to fence off their lands. They no longer needed cowboys to drive their cattle across the plains. Even though cowboys fought to keep their jobs, ranches increasingly moved under the control of businessmen and investors from the East.

The Pacific Railway Act provided railroad companies with

ownership of all public lands within 200 feet on either side of track that was laid, which eventually led to the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad. The railroad was essential to the transport of settlers and materials across the expanse of new territories of the West as it provided for much faster travel.

After the Civil War, American society underwent a shift from

primarily rural to primarily urban living. Better farm machinery meant that more food could be grown with fewer workers. Electricity allowed factories to open in cities. These jobs pulled rural Americans and immigrants to the cities. Self-employment declined as craftsman took factory jobs. However, these factory jobs were different from what many people were used to performing.

Besides farming and mining, what other economic opportunities brought settlers to the West?

service industries such as hardware stores, boarding houses, and restaurants, work on the railroad

What was the system that reinforced economic instability and political disenfranchisement?

sharecropping

Even stepping foot into a lot of workplaces was unbearable. Some machines, such as those in a garment factory, used heat or steam to accomplish their task. Other machines produced heat merely as a byproduct of friction. Pack a few of these machines into a poorly ventilated space and add a few dozen workers, and the temperature inside could reach well over 100 degrees. Factories such as these were known as

sweatshops. Working in such conditions was miserable, inhumane, and dangerous. Women were often found working in sweatshops, as clothing and textile factories were considered suitable work for women.

To encourage the settlement of the West, Congress passed two bills in 1862: the Homestead Act and the Pacific Railway Act. The Homestead Act allowed settlers to

take ownership of 160 acres of land after five years of working the land. Settlers were encouraged to clear the land and build a house, then raise livestock or farm.

"With malice toward none, with charity for all...let us strive...to bind up the nation's wounds...to do all which may achieve a just and a lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations." —Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address Based on this quote, which of the following was Lincoln's hope for the future of the United States?

that both sides would reconcile and freedom and equality would prevail

On April 12, 1861, Lincoln sent Union soldiers to Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina to restock supplies. Confederate leaders requested that the U.S. soldiers leave the fort. When they refused, Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard ordered his troops to fire on Fort Sumter. This attack marked the beginning of

the Civil War. The Union troops surrendered the following day, but the damage was done. President Abraham Lincoln requested that 75,000 people volunteer for the Union army to suppress the South's rebellion.

Prior to the Civil War, tension between the North and South grew steadily. In 1820, the Missouri Compromise established that slavery would be allowed in parts of the Louisiana Purchase that are south of latitude 36°30', which is the southern border of Missouri. The tension returned because

the Missouri Compromise did not apply to the new land acquired in the Mexician-American War. Beginning in January of 1850, Congress worked for eight months on a compromise that it hoped might calm the conflict. Led by Henry Clay,

Another vital invention impacting the Civil War was the railroad. Although railroads had been around for some time, they had not yet been heavily used in an American war. The Union had more than double the railroad mileage of the South. That drastic difference resulted in

the North's ability to move men and supplies much more quickly and efficiently than the South could. The North was also better-equipped to repair and maintain its railroads during the war due to its industrial economy. Fortunately for the South, the war was mostly fought in its own territory. This made southern supply lines much shorter than those in the North because there was less distance to cover between supply stocks and the front lines.

Abolitionists in northern states resisted the Fugitive Slave Act. Whites and free African Americans created a network of safe houses known as

the Underground Railroad. Harriet Tubman, a former slave, and others helped hundreds of enslaved people escape even though they could face harsh criminal penalties.

Robert E. Lee

the commander of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia during the Civil War

First Battle of Bull Run

the first major battle of the Civil War resulting in a shocking victory for the Confederacy

George McClellan

the general-in-chief of the entire Union army and direct commander of the Army of the Potomac during the Civil War

The second part of the Anaconda Plan was

to control the Mississippi River. Doing so would split the Confederacy in two and prevent it from using the river for transportation. However, Confederate troops had an advantage since most of the fighting took place in the South. This provided civilian support and better knowledge of the land. On the other hand, when the Union soldiers invaded southern territories, they displaced families from their homes and destroyed farms, homes, railroads, and other property along the way. Both the North and the South had well-trained officers who were graduates of the United States Military Academy at West Point, but those that joined the Confederacy were generally considered to be of better quality.

As the Civil War began, both sides had a clear goal. The North hoped

to restore the Union, and the South fought to keep its independence and continue the practice of slavery. Each side also had different strengths and strategies to help them win the war. Both sides expected a quick and decisive victory, but their different strengths and strategies made for a much longer, deadlier war than anyone could have foreseen.

blockade

to use troops or ships to cut off access to an enemy location

As the idea of Manifest Destiny took hold, waves of Americans and recently arrived immigrants began to move west. The new homesteaders traveled on horseback, in wagons, and on foot to stake claims to their new land. The trip was dangerous and many settlers died before reaching their intended destinations. One challenge of the trip was the

topography, or physical features of the land. As more settlers ventured into the West, the development of trails such as the Oregon Trail, the Santa Fe Trail, and the California Trails allowed for a challenging but somewhat easier trip. In the 1840s, The Oregon Trail brought over 400,000 settlers in wagon trains.

Many of the skilled manufacturing jobs that were a part of rural colonial life became

unskilled factory jobs in the late 1800s. They were repetitive, solitary, and increasingly dehumanizing. A typical adult male laborer worked 10 hours or more per day, six or seven days a week, and earned wages considered below the poverty line.

Richard Sears began his company selling what item?

watches