US History Unit 1 Indigenous Roots - Reconstruction

vocab: protective tariff

"A duty imposed on imports to raise their price, making them less attractive to consumers and thus protecting domestic industries from foreign competition."

vocab: "American Exceptionalism"

"American exceptionalism is an ideology that holds that the United States is unique among nations in a positive way, particularly with respect to its ideals of democracy and personal freedom."

vocab: Iroquois Confederation

"Iroquois Confederacy, also called Iroquois League, Five Nations, or (from 1722) Six Nations, confederation of five (later six) Indian tribes across upper New York state that during the 17th and 18th centuries played a strategic role in the struggle between the French and British for mastery of North America. The five Iroquois nations, characterizing themselves as "the people of the longhouse," were the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca. After the Tuscarora joined in 1722, the confederacy became known to the English as the Six Nations and was recognized as such at Albany, New York (1722). The Iroquois Confederacy differed from other American Indian confederacies in the northeastern woodlands primarily in being better organized, more consciously defined, and more effective."

vocab: Providence

"the protective care of God or of nature as a spiritual power. "they found their trust in divine providence to be a source of comfort" synonyms: fate, DESTINY, nemesis, kismet, God's will, divine intervention, predestination, predetermination, the stars; More

Lesson 4: Manifest Destiny (Ch. 3.3 130 - 138) + John O'Sullivan and John Melish Readings What beliefs underlie manifest destiny? What results did these beliefs have?

-manifest destiny is "the belief that the U.S. was ordained to expand to the Pacific Ocean and into Mexican and Native American territory" REAL ANSWER: -it is God's will for us to expand to the west -the results of this are the fact that we are taking Mexican and Native American territory

vocab: Missouri Compromise

(there had been back and fourth for Missouri as a free state or a slave state) -in this compromise Maine=free state Missouri=slave state Louisiana territory=split into 2 (one=slavery banned and two=slavery illegal)

Lesson 3: Indian Removal (Ch. 3.2 pgs 120-127) + Jackson/Boudinot Readings Supreme Court Case - Worcester v. Georgia

-1832 Worcester vs. Georgia said leave Cherokee alone and got passed! But Andrew Jackson did not listen "Worcester v. Georgia deals with Georgia state laws that were passed in the middle of the 1800s. These laws were passed following an agreement reached between the Cherokee tribe and the state government of Georgia. The laws instituted a prohibition of non-Indians from living in Indian territories. Only Non-Native Americans with special permission from the government were allowed to live on these lands. The case beings when missionary Sam Worcester and his family (wife and 5 fellow missionaries) refused to move from a land that was labeled an "Indian territory." In addition to refusing to move, the group refused to apply for the government license that would allow them to reside on the lands. Because of this refusal, the army entered the Native American lands and arrested Worcester along with the other 6 people. Following his arrest, Worcester appealed his charges and took his case to the Supreme Court."(kids.laws.com)

vocab: Tree of Peace

-Dekanawidah plants the tree of peace in the Iroquois Constitution as a symbol of a safe place to rest for shelter. In this section Dekanawidah explains how they are hiding their weapons and planting this tree.

vocab: Albany Congress

-June 19 and July 9, 1754 -Benjamin Franklin spoke at the Albany Congress about his Plan of Union in front of the six Indian nations and seven colonies -The Plan of Union was a plan to create a unified government for the Thirteen Colonies

Lesson 5: Reconstruction + Contemporary Connections (Ch. 4.4 pgs. 184-189) + SAC + New Jim Crow What positive effects did Reconstruction have in the South? What did Reconstruction fail to achieve? What lead to these failures?

-Reconstruction failed to achieve the patching up of the scars from the civil war -there were some positive affects for African Americans (more education, the fact that laws were actually being put into place, more of them into congress, they could vote, less of their basic rights were denied with 14th amendment -these failures were lead to because of fear of the white people of change of power and change of society into a more equally balanced one

Lesson 2: Dekanawidah, Iroquois Confederation, and the Albany Congress + Readings What principles did Dekanawidah base the Iroquois Confederation on?

-The Iroquois Confederation lived under a constitution with three main principles: peace, equity and "the power of the good minds" -paralleled with the U.S. = life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness =sum of the founding principles of the Iqoquois made it over

Lesson 3: Indian Removal (Ch. 3.2 pgs 120-127) + Jackson/Boudinot Readings What was George Washington's plan to "solve the Indian problem?"

-in 1796 George Washington had the plan to "solve the Indian problem" by organizing them into civilization programs --this included religion (christianity), English, clothing, taxes, houses (settling), making them use agriculture, private property, owned slaves =created a system of racial hierarchy

vocab: Nullification theory

-in 1824 and 1828 Congress increased Tariff (things to be paid for) -John C. Calhoun called it "a Tariff of Abominations because he blamed it for economic problems in the south" -North was getting rich at the expense of the sort =Calhoun made the THEORY OF NULLIFICATION where each state can declare if the act is constitutional for them -1832 "the state of South Carolina moved to nullify, or declare void, a tariff set by congress"

vocab: Trail of Tears (Indian Removal Act of 1830)

-in 1830 Andrew Jackson passed the Indian Removal Act "federal government provided funds to negotiate treaties that would force the Native Americans to move west" -this lead to the trail of tears as the U.S. troops rounded up the Cherokee and made them go west in the fall of 1838

Lesson 5: Reconstruction + Contemporary Connections (Ch. 4.4 pgs. 184-189) + SAC + New Jim Crow What prevented freed African slaves from becoming free African-American citizens?

-many things prevented freed African slaves from becoming free African-Americans 1) the loophole of criminality in the 13th amendment 2)many limits within the Black Codes (where they could go, what they could do with their lives) everything needed special permission! 3)suppressed in the voting

vocab: racial caste system (hierarchy)

-ranking people at levels of society that they cannot leave because of the color of their skin

vocab: assimilation

-the process of taking in and fully understanding information or ideas. -the absorption and integration of people, ideas, or culture into a wider society or culture -the process of becoming similar to something.

Lesson 3: Indian Removal (Ch. 3.2 pgs 120-127) + Jackson/Boudinot Readings Where were most tribes "removed" to?

-these tribes were moved west -from Georgia to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River.

vocab: Three Sisters

-they are corn, beans, squash -the South used to live nomadically with this type of agriculture? "The Three Sisters are the three main agricultural crops of various Native American groups in North America: winter squash, maize (corn), and climbing beans (typically tepary beans or common beans). The Iroquois, among others, used these "Three Sisters" as trade goods."

Lesson 1: How and When did We Get Here? In what ways did early Native Americas leave their mark on the landscape?

-used the raw materials around them (animals and earth) by hunting and gathering

Lesson 3: Indian Removal (Ch. 3.2 pgs 120-127) + Jackson/Boudinot Readings How have our attitudes changed/ stayed the same toward Native Americans since the 1830s?

-we are still kicking people out of the U.S. (immigrants) because we believe that they are not "American" enough even though they do the hard work that no one else wants to do and maybe they are Native American or American in some way -we also have big companies and people in power that do not respect their right to their sacred land (with the pipeline and everything like that)

Lesson 5: Reconstruction + Contemporary Connections (Ch. 4.4 pgs. 184-189) + SAC + New Jim Crow How can we draw connections between Reconstruction era policies and our contemporary society

-we can connected them with the question of, "What does the word freedom actually mean?" when you call someone a free person, as in not a slave and having compete control over their lives what does that look like? -there have been so many times in history (especially Reconstruction era) when people call others free men/women even though they are not free at all

Lesson 3: Indian Removal (Ch. 3.2 pgs 120-127) + Jackson/Boudinot Readings How did this plan (George Washington's) change later under Jackson?

-when Andrew Jackson was elected in 1828 he realized the Indians (Cherokee) were the most civilized and then that they couldn't be there (they were messing up the system of racial hierarchy) -he passed the Indian removal act in 1830 -ordered the Cherokee to leave (15,000 said no) (2,000 volunteered)

Lesson 4: Manifest Destiny (Ch. 3.3 130 - 138) + John O'Sullivan and John Melish Readings Why did Americans think they were so special? (American Exceptionalism)

Americans think they were so special because they thought they were so free, visionary, revolutionary, fresh and forever moving forward even though many of their ideas were not theirs to begin with and their progress meant stepping on other groups and nations to get where they wanted to go.

vocab: sharecropping

WHAT IS IT? Sharecropping is a form of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on their portion of land.

Lesson 5: Reconstruction + Contemporary Connections (Ch. 4.4 pgs. 184-189) + SAC + New Jim Crow What is sharecropping, and what role did it play in the South's economy during Reconstruction?

WHAT IS IT? Sharecropping is a form of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on their portion of land. WHAT ROLE DID IT PLAY? Lacking capital and land of their own, former slaves were forced to work as "sharecroppers" for large landowners. Initially, planters sought to restore gang labor under the supervision of white overseers. But the freedmen, who wanted autonomy and independence, refused to sign contracts that required gang labor. Ultimately, sharecropping emerged as a compromise. Landowners divided plantations into 20- to 50-acre plots suitable for farming by a single family. In exchange for land, a cabin, and supplies, sharecroppers agreed to raise a cash crop (usually cotton) and to give half the crop to their landlord. Nevertheless, the sharecropping system did allow freedmen a degree of freedom and autonomy greater than that experienced under slavery. However, the sharecropping system ensured the continued dependence and poverty of African Americans in the south.

Lesson 1: How and When did We Get Here? Siberian Land Bridge Theory and what other theories call this into question?

WHEN: -10,000 - 14,000 years ago HOW: -going across the Barian Strait land bridge -boats from Europe (vikings Leaf Erikson, greenland, Iceland)

Lesson 2: Dekanawidah, Iroquois Confederation, and the Albany Congress + Readings What influences did the Iroquois Confederation have on the Founding Fathers and the formation of American Democracy. How did the societies differ?

What influences: -The Iroquois Confederation lived under a constitution with three main principles: peace, equity and "the power of the good minds" before the Europeans settled in the 1600s and THIER CONSITUTION INFLUENCED THE FOUNDING FATHERS AND THE FORMATION OF THE AMERICAN DEMOCRACY -the new leader was made accountable for the people (carried over into our constitution to checks and balances) What differed: -Europeans more about dominating and the Native Americans more about working together -how we saw democracy was different (they saw it more for the people and we saw it more for ourselves) -The U.S. constitution was not as community oriented as the Iroquois Confederation was (no tree of peace) and had a lot of hidden corruption like they can steal land and arrest for major crimes -the way they elected leaders was very different (a whole process you have to go through) -different community rituals like funeral rituals, the peace tree, crown leader with antlers, how they elect leaders in general

vocab: nomadic

living the life of a nomad; wandering *some Native American tribes were this

vocab: enfrancisement (universal)

the act of certifying or bestowing a franchise on or freedom from political subjugation or servitude or a statutory right or privilege granted to a person or group by a government (especially the rights of citizenship and the right to vote) freedom from political subjugation or servitude

vocab: civilization programs

this is what George Washington did to "solve the Native American problem" --this included religion (christianity), English, clothing, taxes, houses (settling), making them use agriculture, private property, owned slaves