us history unit 11 test
malaise speech
Carter gave a nationally-televised address in which he identified what he believed to be a "crisis of confidence" among the American people. This came to be known as his "malaise" speech, although Carter never used the word in the speech.
wage and price freeze
President Nixon announced an end to the Bretton Woods system, disengaged the dollar from gold, and imposed a ninety day wage-price freeze. Thereafter, mandatory controls on wages and prices were imposed, which then passed through a series of phases of varying intensity.
26th amendment
The right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age.
panama canal treaties
The treaties guaranteed that Panama would gain control of the Panama Canal after 1999, ending the control of the canal that the U.S. had exercised since 1903. The treaties are named after the two signatories, U.S. President Jimmy Carter and the Commander of Panama's National Guard, General Omar Torrijos.
salt II
The two rounds of talks and agreements were SALT I and SALT II. Negotiations commenced in Helsinki, Finland, in November 1969. SALT I led to the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and an interim agreement between the two countries.
silent spring
a 1962 environmental science book by Rachel Carson. The book documented the detrimental effects on the environment—particularly on birds—of the indiscriminate use of pesticides.
invasion of grenada
a 1983 United States-led invasion of the Caribbean island nation of Grenada, with a population of about 91,000 located 160 kilometres north of Venezuela, that resulted in a U.S. victory within a matter of weeks
INF, intermediate-range nuclear forces treaty
a 1987 agreement between the united states and the soviet union that eliminated some weapons systems and allowed for on-site inspection of military installations
operation desert storm
a 1991 military operation in which UN forces, led by the united states, drove iraqi invaders from kuwait
boris yeltsin
a Russian politician and the first President of the Russian Federation, serving from 1991 to 1999.
h. normal schwarzkopf
a United States Army general. While serving as Commander-in-Chief, United States Central Command, he led all coalition forces in the Persian Gulf War.
fall of the berlin wall
a barrier that divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989. Constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany), starting on 13 August 1961, the Wall completely cut off (by land) West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin until government officials opened it in November 1989.
start II
a bilateral treaty between the United States of America and Russia on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms
earth day
a day set aside for environmental education, celebrated annually on april 22
aids
a disease caused by a virus that weakens the immune system, making the body prone to infections and otherwise rare forms of cancer
environmental protection agency
a federal agency established in 1970 for the regulation of water and air pollution, toxic waste, pesticides, and radiation
realpolitik
a foreign policy advocated by henry kissinger in the nixon administration based on consideration of a nation's power rather than its ideals or moral principles
manuel noriega
a former Panamanian politician and military officer. He was military dictator of Panama from 1983 to 1989, when he was removed from power by the United States during the invasion of Panama.
mikhail gorbachev
a former Soviet statesman. He was the eighth and last leader of the Soviet Union, having served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991 when the party was dissolved.
entitlement programs
a government program - such as social security, medicare, or medicaid - that guarantees and provides benefits to a specific group
watergate office and apartment complex
a group of five buildings next to the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood of Washington, D.C., in the United States.
swann v. charlotte-mecklenberg
a landmark United States Supreme Court case dealing with the busing of students to promote integration in public schools
new right
a late 20th century alliance of conservative special interest groups concerned with cultural, social, and moral issues
national energy act
a law, enacted during the carter administration, that established a tax on "gas-guzzling" automobiles, removed price controls on u.s. oil and natural gas, and provided tax credits for the development of alternative energy sources
saturday night massacre
a name given to the resignation of the u.s. attorney general and the firing of his deputy in october 1973, after they refused to carry out president nixon's order to fire the special prosecutor investigating the watergate affair
moral majority
a political alliance of religious groups, consisting mainly of evangelical and fundamentalist christians, that was active in the 1970s and 1980s, condemning liberal attitudes and behavior and raising money for conservative candidates
trickle-down theory
a populist political term used to characterize economic policies as favoring the wealthy or privileged.
equal rights amendment
a proposed and failed amendment to the u.s. constitution that would have prohibited any government discrimination on the basis of sex
strategic defense initiative
a proposed defense system - popularly known as star wars - intended to protect the united states against missile attacks
CIS, commonwealth of independent states
a regional organisation formed during the breakup of the Soviet Union, whose participating countries are some former Soviet Republics. The CIS is a loose association of states.
sandra day o'connor
a retired associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, serving from her appointment in 1981 by Ronald Reagan until her retirement in 2006. She was the first woman to be appointed to the Court.
imperial presidency
a term used to describe the modern presidency of the United States which became popular in the 1960s and served as the title of a 1973 volume by historian Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., who wrote The Imperial Presidency out of two concerns: that the US presidency was out of control and that it had exceeded the constitutional limits.
family assistance plan
a welfare-reform proposal, approved by the house of representatives in 1970 but defeated in the senate, that would have guaranteed an income to welfare recipients who agreed to undergo job training and to accept work
anita hill
an American attorney and academic. She is a University Professor of Social Policy, Law, and Women's Studies at Brandeis University and a faculty member of Brandeis' Heller School for Social Policy and Management.
geraldine ferraro
an American attorney, a Democratic Party politician, and a member of the United States House of Representatives. She was the first female vice presidential candidate representing a major American political party.
h. ross perot
an American businessman best known for being an independent presidential candidate in 1992 and the Reform party presidential candidate in 1996.
rev. jesse jackson
an American civil rights activist, Baptist minister, and politician. He was a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1984 and 1988 and served as a shadow U.S. Senator for the District of Columbia from 1991 to 1997.
william f. buckley, jr
an American conservative author and commentator. He founded National Review magazine in 1955, which had a major impact in stimulating the conservative movement, hosted 1,429 episodes of the television show Firing Line (1966-1999), where he became known for his transatlantic accent and wide vocabulary, and wrote a nationally syndicated newspaper column and numerous spy novels
henry kissinger
an American diplomat and political scientist. He served as National Security Advisor and later concurrently as United States Secretary of State in the administrations of presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford.
jerry falwell
an American evangelical Southern Baptist pastor, televangelist, and a conservative political commentator. He was known for his stance against homosexuality.
george s. mcgovern
an American historian, author, U.S. Representative, U.S. Senator, and the Democratic Party presidential nominee in the 1972 presidential election.
carl bernstein
an American investigative journalist and author. While a young reporter for The Washington Post in 1972, he was teamed up with Bob Woodward; the two did much of the original news reporting on the Watergate scandal.
bob woodward
an American investigative journalist and non-fiction author. He has worked for The Washington Post since 1971 as a reporter and is now an associate editor of the Post.
archibald cox
an American lawyer, legal scholar and professor, whose career alternated between academia and government. As a faculty member at the Harvard Law School, he became one of the early experts in federal labor law.
h. r. haldeman
an American political aide and businessman, best known for his service as White House Chief of Staff to President Richard Nixon and his consequent involvement in the Watergate Affair.
ronald reagan
an American politician and actor who was 40th President of the United States from 1981 to 1989.
jimmy carter
an American politician and author who served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981. In 2002, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work with the Carter Center.
gerald r. ford
an American politician who served as the 38th President of the United States from 1974 to 1977.
michael dukakis
an American politician who served as the 65th and 67th Governor of Massachusetts, from 1975 to 1979 and 1983 to 1991 respectively.
george h.w. bush
an American politician who was 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 and 43rd Vice President of the United States from 1981 to 1989
william jefferson clinton
an American politician who was 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Clinton was previously Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and 1983 to 1992, and the Arkansas Attorney General from 1977 to 1979
andrew young
an American politician, diplomat, activist, and pastor from Georgia. He has served as a Congressman from Georgia's 5th congressional district, the United States Ambassador to the United Nations, and Mayor of Atlanta
l. douglas wilder
an American politician, who served as the first African American to be elected as governor of Virginia and first African-American governor of any state since Reconstruction.
senator sam ervin
an American politician. A Democrat, he served as a U.S. Senator from North Carolina from 1954 to 1974.
clarence thomas
an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Succeeding Thurgood Marshall, Thomas is the second African American to serve on the court.
conservative coalition
an alliance formed in the mid-1960s of right-wing groups opposed to bug government
opec, organization of petroleum exporting countries
an economic association of oil-producing nations that is able to set oil prices
stagflation
an economic condition marked by both inflation and high employment
committee to re-elect the president
an organization formed to run president nixon's 1972 reelection campaign, which was linked to the break-in at the democratic national committee headquarters that set off the watergate scandal
reverse discrimination
an unfair treatment of members of a majority group - for example, white men - resulting from efforts to correct discrimination against members of other groups
televangelist
are Christian ministers, whether official or self-proclaimed, who devote a large portion of their ministry to television broadcasting. The term is also used derisively by critics as an insinuation of aggrandizement by such ministers.
john hinckley, jr
attempted to assassinate U.S. President Ronald Reagan in Washington, D.C., on March 30, 1981, as the culmination of an effort to impress actress Jodie Foster.
sandinistas
belonging to a leftist rebel group that overthrew the nicaraguan government in 1979
camp david accords
historic agreements between israel and egypt, reached in negotiations at camp david in 1978
iran-contra scandal
in U.S. history, secret arrangement in the 1980s to provide funds to the Nicaraguan contra rebels from profits gained by selling arms to Iran. The Iran-contra affair was the product of two separate initiatives during the administration of President Ronald Reagan.
mayaguez
incident took place between the Democratic Kampuchea and the United States from May 12-15, 1975, less than a month after the Khmer Rouge took control of the capital Phnom Penh ousting the U.S. backed Khmer Republic.
soviet-afghanistan war
lasted over nine years from December 1979 to February 1989. Insurgent groups fought against the Soviet Army and allied Afghan forces.
contras
nicaraguan rebels who received assistance from the reagan administration in their efforts to overthrow the sandinista government in the 1980s
affirmative action
policy that seeks to correct that effects of past discrimination by favoring the groups who were previously disadvantaged
southern strategy
president nixon's attempt to attract the support of southern conservative democrats who were unhappy with federal desegregation policies and the liberal supreme court
nixon pardon
president of the United States Gerald Ford issued Proclamation 4311, which gave Richard Nixon a full and unconditional pardon for any crimes he might have committed against the United States while president.
new federalism
president richard nixon's program to turn over part of the federal government's power to state and local governments
1970 clean air act
resulted in a major shift in the federal government's role in air pollution control. This legislation authorized the development of comprehensive federal and state regulations to limit emissions from both stationary (industrial) sources and mobile sources.
impoundment
seize and take legal custody of because of an infringement of a law or regulation
john dean, iii
served as White House Counsel for United States President Richard Nixon from July 1970 until April 1973.
rustbelt
term for the region straddling the upper Northeastern United States, the Great Lakes, and the Midwest States, referring to economic decline, population loss, and urban decay due to the shrinking of its once powerful industrial sector.
warren burger
the 15th Chief Justice of the United States from 1969 to 1986. Although Burger was a conservative, the U.S. Supreme Court delivered a variety of liberal decisions on abortion, capital punishment, religious establishment, and school desegregation during his tenure.
john mitchell
the Attorney General of the United States under President Richard Nixon. Prior to that, he had been a municipal bond lawyer, director of Nixon's 1968 presidential campaign, and one of Nixon's closest personal friends.
john sirica
the Chief Judge for the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, where he became famous for his role in the Watergate scandal.
regents of the university of california v. bakke
the Supreme Court ruled that a university's use of racial "quotas" in its admissions process was unconstitutional, but a school's use of "affirmative action" to accept more minority applicants was constitutional in some circumstances.
pay equity
the basing of an employee's salary on the requirements of his or her job rather than the traditional pay scales that have frequently provided women with smaller incomes than men
deregulation
the cutting back of federal regulation of industry
revenue sharing
the distribution of federal money to state and local governments with few or no restrictions on how it is spent
reaganomics
the economic policies of president ronald reagan, which were focused on budget cuts and the granting of large tax cuts in order to increase private investment
salt I
the five year agreement between the united states and the soviet union, signed in 1972, that limited the nations' numbers of intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine-launched missiles
detente
the flexible policy, involving a willingness to negotiate and an easing of tensions, that was adopted by president richard nixon and his adviser henry kissinger in the dealings with communist nations
supply-side economics
the idea that a reduction of tax rates will lead to increases in jobs, savings, and investments, and therefore to an increase in government revenue
glasnost
the open discussion of social problems that was permitted in the soviet union in the 1980s
perestroika
the restructuring of the economy and the government instituted in the soviet union in the 1980s
human rights
the rights and freedoms, such as those named in the declaration of independence and the bill of rights, to which all people are entitled
tiananmen square
the site of the 1989 demonstrations in beijing china, in which chinese students demanded freedom of speech and a greater voice in government
rose mary woods
was Richard Nixon's secretary from his days in Congress in 1951, through the end of his political career. Before H. R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman became the operators of Nixon's presidential campaign, Woods was Nixon's gatekeeper.
webster v. reproductive health care services
was a United States Supreme Court decision on July 3, 1989 upholding a Missouri law that imposed restrictions on the use of state funds, facilities, and employees in performing, assisting with, or counseling on abortions. The Supreme Court in Webster allowed for states to legislate in an area that had previously been thought to be forbidden under Roe v. Wade.
richmond v. J.A. crosan
was a case in which the United States Supreme Court held that the city of Richmond's minority set-aside program, which gave preference to minority business enterprises (MBE) in the awarding of municipal contracts, was unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause. The Court found that the city failed to identify both the need for remedial action and that other non-discriminatory remedies would be insufficient.
three mile island
was a partial nuclear meltdown that occurred on March 28, 1979, in reactor number 2 of Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, United States.
john ehrlichman
was counsel and Assistant to the President for Domestic Affairs under President Richard Nixon.
endangered species act
was signed on December 28, 1973, and provides for the conservation of species that are endangered or threatened throughout all or a significant portion of their range, and the conservation of the ecosystems on which they depend.
space shuttle challenger
was the second orbiter of NASA's space shuttle program to be put into service following Columbia. The shuttle was built by Rockwell International's Space Transportation Systems Division in Downey, California.
recession of 1981-82
was the worst economic downturn in the United States since the Great Depression. Indeed, the nearly 11 percent unemployment rate reached late in 1982 remains the apex of the post-World War II era (Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis).
helsinki accords
were primarily an effort to reduce tension between the Soviet and Western blocs by securing their common acceptance of the post-World War II status quo in Europe.
