USPC C2 HM

Describe caring for a mount efficiently and economically when Stabled: Clothing

- Waterproof blankets, sheets, turnout rugs, and blanket liners to provide warmth. - Clipped old, and sick horses will need a blanket for extra warmth - Pay attention to the horse's temperature

Acceptable Fencing Material

- Wooden fencing: safe, easy to see, expensive to install, horses can chew or lean on it. - Plastic, vinyl, or PVC: safe, easy to see, no chewing, expensive to install, brittle in the cold, green scum in moist areas. - Woven wire: safe, best with board along the top, cost to install depends on the size. - Metal pipe: expensive to install, safe, long lasting, no chewing. - Electric: inexpensive; smooth, coated, or braided; needs charger, low maintenance.

Name and locate on a mount: Splint

Usually, in the front legs; Splints are hard lumps that appear between the splint bones and the cannon bone, they are attached by a small ligament. When inflamed it heals by building up a calcium deposit.

Describe own mount's ration when developing fitness (conditioning).

As a horse's work increases, he needs more concentrated feed (grain) for extra energy.

Describe own mount's ration when roughed out (a long vacation from work).

As work is cut down, grain should be gradually cut back and roughage increased until maintenance level is reached. If going from stabled to at grass, grazing time should be gradually increased over several weeks.

Differentiate between: tobiano and overo

Both are types of paints. Tobiano: white crossing over the topline at some point between the ears and tail. The tail is often two colors. Overo: white coloring does not cross over the topline between the withers and tail. There are frame, sabino, and splash overos.

Discuss the meaning of the Riding Expectations.

Candidate should ride (consistently) with confidence and control demonstrating a secure balanced position with a secure base of support while progressing toward an independent seat and coordinated use of aids. The candidate should begin to initiate free forward movement, establishing balance and rhythm while developing a light contact.

Discuss a six-to-eight-week conditioning and feeding program in preparation for a specific competition of candidate's choice. Indicate three different types of conditioning work that you may be including and expected recovery rates.

Conditioning for USPC Eventing Championships 2017: Week 1 - Long slow distance (LSD) work and hill work, no change in feed. Week 2 - Long slow distance work, hill work, and trot sets, no change in feed. Week 3 - Trot sets and increased LSD, no change in feed. Week 4 - Six-Three-One and hill work, no increase in feed. Week 5 - Increased Six-Three-One and hill work, no change in feed. Week 6 - Technical and mental conditioning, no change in feed. Week 7 - Technical/mental conditioning and increased Six-Three-One, no change in feed. Week 8 - Technical/mental conditioning, LSD, and trot sets, added electrolyte supplement (for travel). *Current arrangement of lease allows for three days of riding, extra days require permission from owner and availability of rider.

Name three different snaffle bits.

D-ring Snaffle, Eggbutt Snaffle, Full-Cheeck Snaffle (with bit keepers)

Discuss safety measures when riding over varied footing: Sand and Rocky Ground

Deep sand stresses muscles and tendons; go slowly, take frequent rest breaks, don't overdo it. Rocks can make your horse stumble or slip; ride slowly, should be shod, check feet after every ride

Differentiate between: dun and buckskin

Dun: face mask, dorsal stripe, leg barring, dark points and mane and tail. Buckskin: tan, black points and mane and tail, may be dappled.

Give reasons for use of a shipping bandage.

For protection against bumps and scrapes when traveling.

Give reasons for use of a stable bandage.

For protection, warmth in the stall, and to prevent the legs from swelling after hard work or an injury.

Describe own mount's ration when taking a day off.

Grain should be cut to half or less of his normal amount. He should get extra hay or roughage to make up for missing grain: about 3 pounds of grass hay for every 1 pound of grain cut from regular ration.

Differentiate between: grey and cremello

Grey: grey or white with dark skin, eyes, and muzzle (born dark and grow lighter). Cremello: hair the color of cream with blue eyes.

Have knowledge of heat index and explain how this might affect your personal preparation for an outside activity involving horses.

Heat index is a measure of temperature and air humidity. Should not be worked in extreme conditions unless acclimated to a higher level of heat. Humidity makes it harder to cool down, cool out rapidly.

Name and locate on a mount: Sidebone

In the coffin bone; found protruding above the coronary band. When the collateral cartilages of the coffin bone (shaped like wings, form at heel bulbs) turn. Seen in horses with narrow upright feet, or with toes in/out.

Name and locate on a mount: Bowed Tendon

In the front legs; high or low bow depending on how close it is to the knee or fetlock joint. Occurs when a tendon is stretched too far. To heal scar tissue forms creating a thickening, or bow in the tendon.

Name and locate on a mount: Curb

In the hind legs (hock); a sprain of the plantar ligament (runs down back of hock) caused by extra strain and results in thickening at the lower end of the hock joint. Seen in horses who "stand under" or with sickle hocks

Name and locate on a mount: Bone Spavin

In the hind legs (hock); arthritis in the lower joints of the hock. Irritated by concussion arthritis develops which results in the body attempting to "fuse" the joints by producing new bone on the edges of bone spurs or exostoses).

Name and locate on a mount: Thoroughpin

In the hind legs (hock); located on inside of hock, just above and in front of point of hock. Swelling within the tarsal sheath; caused by overworked, or doing work too hard for mount.

Name and locate on a mount: Bog Spavin

In the hind legs (hock); on the front and inside of the hock. Large, soft, cool swelling.

Name and locate on a mount: Navicular

In the hoof; inflammation of the navicular bursa, which causes rotation of the coffin bone. Can sometimes be treated with corrective shoeing.

Name and locate on a mount: Ringbone

In the pastern area; may be seen as a hard lump on the front of the pastern caused by excessive bone formation (exostosis). High ringbone is arthritis of the joint between the long and short pastern, low ringbone is arthritis between short pastern and coffin bone.

Life Cycle of Internal Parasites

Infective larvae are eaten along with the grass. Larvae migrate through bloodstream to various organs, then mature and lay eggs in intestines. Eggs are excreted in manure. Eggs hatch into larvae, which mature into infective larvae.

Discuss how conformation of own mount is related to breed

Morgan: stance, body Welsh: bold eyes, tapering muzzle, jawline, neck

Look at a feed label and identify sources of protein, carbohydrates, and fat.

See feed label.

Describe caring for a mount efficiently and economically when At Grass: Fencing

- Safe, secure, easy to see, no loose wires. - Gate opens freely and closes securely. - Electric fence properly working. - 3'6" or 4' - Safe: no hazards

List four circumstances where a helmet is required to participate in USPC activities.

- Longeing - Mounted Lesson - Rating - Clinic

Describe caring for a mount efficiently and economically when At Grass: Shelter

- Must have shelter from wind, rain, snow, and sun. - Manmade: run in shed (3 sided), stall, or open barn. - Natural: strand of trees or large hedge. -Cleaned regularly

Describe own mount's ration when sick.

- Needs nutritious but easy to digest food (more laxative diet like bran mashes). Offer food in small rations and often. - If not willing to eat tempt with good hay or foods he may like. Track water intake and contact vet for diet suggestions/questions.

Describe caring for a mount efficiently and economically when At Grass: Safety Check of Pasture

- No poisonous plants - Safe, secure fence - No hazards - No sharp corners - Horse's should be used to each other - Good grass (good soil, right plants, good conditions) - Give pasture rest occasionally to grow. - Rotate pastures, pick manure, and mow. - Provide shelter (Stall, shed, or trees).

Discuss emergency information that should be posted at all barns.

- Owner contact information - Owner of farm contact information. - Complete address of farm - Closest hospital - Map of exits and emergency equipment - Vet Contact Information - Farrier Contact Information

Name three toxic plants in your area and describe appearance.

- Poison Hemlock (Water Hemlock): a fern-like plant that grows low, wet areas, up to 10 feet with white flowers, leaves like carrots, and stalks with purple spots. - Red Maple (Japanese Maple): tree up to 100 feet with light gray bark; 6-inch leaves with dense branches; "helicopter" seeds in spring; red foliage in fall. Sometimes used as ornamental tree. - Ornamental Yew: this evergreen landscaping shrub has short, spiny needles and round red berries.

Discuss angles of shoulder and hip of own mount

- Shoulder (profile plumb line and point of shoulder to withers): 45º - Hip (point of hip to point of hindquarters): Hip should be approximately the same length as the back. The slope of the hip should be roughly the same as the slope of the shoulder. "Nicely turned" hip and croup.

Recognize farrier tools and know of their uses.

- Rasp: sharp, heavy file used to rasp and smooth feet and clinches. - Shoe puller/pincers: pliers that grip and pull shoe off; also used to remove nails. - Hoof trimmers/nippers: shaped like shoe puller with sharpened edges to nip off excess hoof wall. - Hoof knife/draw knife: sharp, hook-shaped knife used to pare away excess sole or trim the frog. - Clinch cutter/buffer: used to raise and cut the clinches when removing shoes. - Pritchel: metal spike used to hold a hot shoe and make nail holes. - Clincher: bend and flattens clinches into the hoof wall. - Farrier's hammer: specially shaped hammer for driving nails. - Farrier's apron: protects the farrier's legs while forging and shoeing.

Discuss candidate's warm-up for rider and mount using terms and understanding the Training Scale.

(Training Scale Bottom to Top) Rhythm: with energy and tempo. Relaxation: with elasticity and suppleness. Connection: acceptance of the bit through acceptance of the aids. Impulsion: increased energy and thrust. Straightness: improved alignment and balance. Collection: increased engagement, lightness of the forehand, self-carriage.`

Identify and/or describe parts of the horse's mouth to include bars, lips, incisors, molars, wolf teeth and canines.

- Bars: Upper surface of lower jawbones, the bit rests under the bars. - Lips: Picks out grass - Incisors (12): Front teeth; tear off grass - Premolars/Molars (24): Back teeth; grind food. Back of jaw premolars in front of molars. - Canine Teeth/Tushes (4): Upper and lower jaw behind incisors; pointy and found in males. - Wolf Teeth (1-4): Extra premolars, may cause discomfort. - Interdental Space: Toothless space between front and back teeth, where bit rests.

Describe caring for a mount efficiently and economically when Stabled: Grooming

- Best time is after exercise when the skin is warm - Groom every day to clear grease and scurf - Grooming stimulates circulation - Check for injuries

Describe caring for a mount efficiently and economically when At Grass: Water, Feed, and Mineral Supply

- Check water daily - Water source from a running stream or stock tank. - Clean weekly - Break ice in winter - Feed should be fed in a dry open area. - Place hay apart from each other if pastured with other horses. - Separate horses to feed grain. - Source of salt, up off ground.

Know what public land is available in your county.

- Depending on the time of year, some trails in selected State Parks also have shared use opportunities for horseback riding. Ex: beach rides. - UMaine DeMeritt Forest Recreational Trials/Hancock County, Acadia Carriage Trails

Discuss warm-up schedule for three activities of candidate's choice.

- Dressage: Free forward movement, spirals for bending, lateral work, working canter, keep attention. - Show Jumping: Working canter, jump at trot, jump at canter (both directions), adjustability, jump obstacles with width, experiment with lines. - Cross-Country: Develop free forward movement, adjustability, check breaks, trot a jump, canter jumps (both directions), jump obstacles with width.

Describe caring for a mount efficiently and economically when Stabled: Exercise

- Exercise everyday or according to use of horse.

Describe routine parasite prevention for your mount.

- Fecal Egg Exam (during parasite season and two months after last deworming); High count = >200< = Low count. - Rotate Dewormers, they may build up resistance to a specific dewormer. - Dewormed at least twice a year.

Describe caring for a mount efficiently and economically when Stabled: Feed, Water, and Minerals

- Fresh water available at all times. - Available salt source - Appropriate amount of roughage and grain according to work/physical activity.

Describe caring for a mount efficiently and economically when At Grass: Grooming

- Groomed everyday (eyes nose, and dock). - Check for injuries, ticks, pick out feet, and reapply fly repellent. - Curried/brushed/cleaned before being ridden.

Things a Pasture Must Be Free Of

- Hazards: nails, holes, trash, sharp objects, and machinery - Poisonous plants - No sharp corners or places where one horse can corner another. - No parasites or places where parasites can breed (rotate pasture, pick manure, etc.)

List 3-5 signs or symptoms of a concussion.

- Headache or "pressure" in head - Nausea or vomiting - Balance problems or dizziness - Loses consciousness (even briefly) - Can't recall events prior to hit or fall

Discuss the five steps in shoeing.

1. Preparation: excess hoof growth is removed, foot is leveled and balanced. 2. Forging: a new shoe is made or a ready-made shoe (keg shoe) is modified to fit. 3. Fitting: the fit of the shoe is checked. 4. Nailing On: the shoe is nailed on (driven into the white line). 5. Finishing: clinches are flattened and smoothed, clips are tapped into place, hoof is smoothed by rasping.

List the four steps in the USPC's "Concussion Return to Play" Action Plan for a rider that may have sustained a concussion.

1. Remove the athlete from play. 2. Ensure that the athlete is evaluated by a health care professional experienced in evaluating for concussion. Do not try to judge the seriousness of the injury yourself. 3. Inform the athlete's parents or guardians about the possible concussion and give them the fact sheet on concussion. 4. Keep the athlete out of play the day of the injury. An athlete should only return to play with permission from a health care professional, who is experienced in evaluating for concussion.

Name five basic conformation qualities that you want in a mount for your own use, and how they affect the basic movement and soundness

1. Uphill build (higher front end) - easier to jump/ in dressage to be collected and use hind end and lift front end. 2. Well balanced head with wide jaws - easier for horse to respond to bit and balance himself. 3. Long sloping shoulder - longer stride, smoother gaits, makes jumps easier. 4. Short back - stronger and carries weight better. 5. Medium-long pasterns - smoother gait, absorbs shock better. 6. Symmetrical- even weight on both sides, even strides, easier to bend both ways, better movement.

Average Jumping Stride for small pony.

10'

Average Jumping Stride for medium pony.

10'6"

Average Jumping Stride for large pony.

11'3"

Average Jumping Stride for horse.

12'

What is a snaffle bit and what does it do?

A bit with two rings and a mouth piece. They apply direct pressure.

Explain the need for the regular care of teeth (biannually).

A healthy mouth and teeth allow the horse to chew his food properly, stay in good condition, and be comfortable with a bit.

List prevalent internal parasites in your area.

Large strongyles (bloodworms), Small strongyles, Ascarids (roundworms), Tapeworms, Bots, Pinworms.

Describe own mount's ration when maintaining.

Maintains ordinary health and fitness. It should not be too high in energy or protein. Extra grain may be added for extra energy when horse does more work.

Name the zoning requirements for the county in which you keep your horse.

May not be kept on a lot containing less than five acres of land. The number of animals shall not exceed one per net available area of land.

Discuss safety measures when riding over varied footing: Ice and Snow.

May slip, cut or strain muscles; be aware of footing, apply melting agent to icy places.

Explain reasons for equipment used on own mount for at work and over fences.

Pelham Bit (with rein converter): no more than one wrinkle, two fingers between curb chain and chin groove, will rotate 45º to tighten curb chain.

Why do horses and ponies need to be fed differently?

Ponies use food more efficiently than horses because they were developed to live in harsh conditions. Overfeeding may cause serious issues. (C1-C2: 175-176)

Discuss aids for and then demonstrate leg yield at walk.

Position leg right behind the girth, squeeze with inside leg, keep outside aids relaxed, move forward and out, may use stronger aids (whip or vocal) or open outside rein to channel.

Discuss knowledge of safety measures, preparation and care of mount and equipment on day of strenuous work with consideration for climate and terrain, cooling out and treatment of any injuries, of own mounts condition.

Preparation: - Warm up gradually - Keep condition of horse in mind. - Go slower than usual for hot, humid weather, deep footing and hills. - Keep moving or cover in cold, wet weather. After: - Check TPR - Pick out feet (check shoes if shod). - Check for injuries (swelling, cuts, tenderness). - Treatment of Injuries: Wash, clean, cuts and/or apply ice, poultice, or wraps. Other: - Know heat index; a heat index of 80 allows a horse to cool down effectively. - A very hot horse needs to cool down rapidly. - Coolers are meant to to keep a wet horse from becoming chilled in cold weather.

List annual immunizations and health requirements appropriate for your area.

Rabies, Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus (EEE) and West Nile Virus (WNV), Tetanus, Rhinopneumonitis.

Explain to the D member the reason for the check, the process, and any safety issues found.

Reason: riders are safely dressed for riding, ponies are clean and comfortable, tack is safe, clean and correctly adjusted. Rider: - Certified helmet (ASTM/SEI) - Complete armband (left) - Safe footwear - Jewelry/Hair accessories - No loose clothing - Safe for weather conditions. Mount: - Proper fit - Good condition - Holes 2 above and 2 below

Discuss methods, equipment, and safety precautions for longeing.

Reasons: - Exercise - Settles energetic horse - Trains voice commands and body language. - Develops rhythm, balance, suppleness, and way of moving. - Lungeing a rider improves seat and position. Equipment: - Longe Line, flat cotton webbing 33-35 ft long and 1-1.5 in wide. No chain. - Longe Whip, 6 ft handle and 6 ft lash. - Longe cavesson or snaffle bridle. - Protective boots or bandages. - Surcingle (optional) - Side reins (optional) - Gloves - Safe footwear - Helmet - Watch Safety: - Longe in a safe, level area (preferably enclosed). - Proper equipment - Hold longe line in folds, not loops. - Do not longe on a small circle; 60 diameter is best. - Handle whip quietly (back to front).

Discuss features of own mount's shoes.

Shod on front during winter, depends on the weather but usually gets a keg shoe with side clips and studs may be a rolled toe shoe.

Discuss safety measures when riding over varied footing: Pavement and Road Surfaces

Slippery and hard; walk on pavement, avoid riding on roads as much as possible

Discuss safety measures when riding over varied footing: Mud, Bogs, Water

Slippery; ride slowly, likely to over-reach, horse cannot see depth of water, give long rein for neck and head to balance.

Discuss safety measures when riding over varied footing: Hard Ground and Deep Grass

Smooth hard ground may be slippery, jars feet and joint with every step; don't jump, slow down, watch for obstacles ahead, don't canter blindly through deep grass

Describe how Strangles is transmitted.

Strangles: a respiratory infection caused by streptococcus equine bacteria; it is spread through direct/indirect contact of mucus discharge of an infected horse by humans and horses.

Name and locate on a mount: Sprains

Stretched, torn or overused muscles, tendons and/or ligaments.

Know vital signs of own mount at work.

T: 101.6ºF P: 56 bpm R: 24 bpm

Average Temperature, Pulse, Respiration at rest.

T: 98.5º-101ºF P: 30 to 45 bpm R: 8 to 16 bpm

Describe how Tetanus is transmitted.

Tetanus (Lockjaw): through a deep cut or puncture when clostridium tetani (bacteria found in soil and manure) reproduce and attack the nerves.