UW Psych 306 Exam 1

How many males conceived for every 100 females?

120-150

In how many pregnancies are women aware of a miscarriage?

15-20%

How many of viable pregnancies are completely healthy?

90%

Psychosexual theory

Freud thought parents' management of kids' urges and drives affects later development

Question for research and children's welfare

How can research promote children's well-being?

Question for individual differences

How do kids become so different from each other?

Question for the active child

How do kids shape their own development?

Question for nature and nurture

How do nature and nurture together shape development?

Question for mechanisms of developmental change

How does change occur?

Question for sociocultural context

How does sociocultural context influence development?

Question for continuity/discontinuity

In what ways is development continuous or discontinuous?

2 later philosophers

John Locke; Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Who were the two early philosophers with views on child development

Plato; Aristotle

What does movement of the chest wall in utero do?

Pulls in and expels fluid to practice breathing

what are the 2 patterns of sleep states?

REM sleep; non-REM sleep

What was different about Watson?

Theories more grounded in research and inspired more scientific thinking than predecessors

When in pregnancy do contractions start?

about 38 weeks

What is non-REM sleep characterized by? (2)

absence of motor activity/eye movement; regular, slow brain waves, breathing, and heart rate

4 interview limitations

accuracy of answers is questionable; underestimate capacities; distortion in recall and judgements; clinical interviews may have too varied responses

6 states of arousal and their average length

active sleep for 8 hours; quiet sleep for 8 hours; crying for 2 hours; active awake for 2.5 hours; alert awake for 2.5 hours; drowsing for 1 hour

What is unique about vaginal birth? (2)

adaptive value; increased likelihood of newborn survival

Fetal period: What happens 3rd trimester?

age of viability between 22 and 26 weeks; cerebral cortex enlarges; fetus spends more time awake

discontinuous development

age-related changes include occasional large shifts so kids of diff ages seem qualitatively diff

continuous development

age-related changes occur gradually

6 maternal factors that have impact on prenatal development

age; nutrition; disease; emotional state; inadequate supply of nutrients/vitamins; STDs

structured interview

all participants asked to answer same questions

cephalocaudal development

areas near head develop more rapidly and earlier

What 6 things happen during embryonic period?

arms; legs; face; organs; muscles developing; heart beating

2 disadvantages of cross-sectional

assumptions of how kids are alike; doesn't tell you about individual change

When do fetuses respond to sound?

at least 6 month of gestation

3 most important contributions during kids' first years

attentional patterns; use of language; play

placenta

barrier against some but not all toxins/infectious agents

Best age for both men and women to have baby

before 35

What did Freud think?

biological drives exerted influence on development

4 things about fetus at 28 weeks

brain and lungs developed enough to survive birth without med attention; eyes can open and move during REM; auditory system functioning; neural activity similar to newborn

problem with experiment

confounding variables

child development is a field devoted to understanding ____ and ____ from ____ to ____

constancy; change; conception; adolescence

2 general research designs

correlational; experimental

Fetus at 18 weeks

covered with fine hair and greasy coating protecting skin from long time in liquid

What did Freud seek to do?

cure adults of emotional problems

Shape of embryo at 4 weeks

curved with head and tail almost touching

Smoking cigarettes during pregnancy is linked to these three things

decreased growth; low birth weight; SIDS

3 elements of state of arousal

deep sleep to intense activity; determined by fullness/hunger; important influence in baby's exploration of world

reliability

degree to which measurements of given behavior consistent

validity

degree to which the test or experiment measure what it's supposed to

2 disadvantages of microgenetic

difficult; know kid for short time

4 things endoderm becomes

digestive system; lungs; urinary tract; glands

3 stages of labor

dilation and transition; pushing and birth; delivering placenta

What does structured observation enable? Make possible?

direct comparisons of diff kids' behavior; est. generality of behavior

2 things interested in for correlation

direction; strength

What does crying reflect in early infancy?

discomfort/frustration

problem with correlation

doesn't equal causation

2 limitations of structured observation

doesn't provide as natural situation; not as much info about kids' subjective experiences

4 limitations of psychophysiological methods

don't know what consistent patterns of response mean; extraneous factors; result of being connected to machines; fear

4 ways to decreases SIDS risk

don't smoke; put children on back to sleep; firm mattress without pillows; reduce blankets and clothing to avoid too hot

Most teratogens show ____

dose-response relation

When do babies cry most?

early evening

Chapter 2 conclusion: ____ and _____ can profoundly affect later development

early events; experiences

internal validity

effects observed can be attributed to variables tested

What does the inner cells mass eventual form into? So what is its other name?

embryo; embryonic disk

What is the reason for the majority of early miscarriages?

embryos had severe defects

Plato's view on child development (2)

emphasized self-control and discipline; thought kids were born with innate knowledge

teratogen

environmental agents that have potential to cause harm during prenatal development

What idea about prenatal development did Aristotle favor? What does it mean?

epigenesis; new structures and functions emerge during development

Development is affected by these 3 contexts

ethnicity; race; socioeconomic status

3 limitations of longitudinal

expensive; people move; kids' answers change with repeated questioning

What is REM sleep characterized by? What are newborns thought to be experiencing?

eye movements; visual stimulation to help develop parts of brain

What 3 things happen during germinal period?

fertilization; implantation; placenta start)

What disorder is related to maternal alcoholism?

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

Example of fetus as instigator of development early in prenatal development

fetus somehow triggers mom to release hormones that affect sex differentiation

lanugo

fine, soft hair that covers the body and limbs

What did John Locke advocate for?

first instilling discipline then gradually increasing freedom

Why were the first child labor laws controversial?

first time government telling parents what they could do with "their property"

Aristotle's views on child development (2)

fitting needs to individual child; knowledge comes from experience

What facilitates neural tube formation?

folic acid

Chapter 2 conclusion: Developmental outcomes are not ____

foregone conclusions

What happens during the embryonic period?

formation of 3 cell layers

Example of mechanisms of developmental change

genes influence production of neurotransmitters assoc with effortful attention but practicing effortful attention changes brain

4 factors in individual differences

genes; treatment; reactions to treatment; environments

maturation

genetically determined, naturally unfolding course of growth

3 periods of prenatal development and their timeline

germinal (conception-week 2); embryonic (week 3-8); fetal (week 9-38)

What did Plato and Aristotle agree on?

good of society depends on raising kids well

Fetus at 36 weeks

grows dramatically, nearly tripling in weight in last 3 weeks

What 2 things happen during fetal period?

growth; finishing

3 examples of fetal learning

habituation at 32 weeks; recognition of rhymes and stories presented before birth; preference for familiar sensory patterns due to prenatal exposure

2 limitations of naturalistic observation

hard to know what mechanisms influence behavior; many behaviors only occur occasionally in normal environ

two things all cultures want in birth

health and survival of mom and child; social integration of new person

3 things about fetus at 11-12 weeks

heart achieves basic adult structure; developing spine and ribs; major divisions of brain

2 reasons to learn about research strategy

help separate dependable info from misleading results; people who work with kids may need to connect research to practice

Example of adaptive value of vaginal birth

high levels of stress hormone in infant causes them to scream and use their lungs

embryonic period: gastrulation

how cells differentiate

What might change whether you see development as cont or discont?

how you measure it

What else influences the effect of teratogens?

individual differences

What idea about prenatal development did Aristotle reject?

individual preformed at start of life

state of arousal

infant's level of arousal and engagement in environment

When did CD emerge as a formal field?

late 19th/early 20th century

3 designs for studying CD

longitudinal; cross-sectional; microgenetic

advantage of longitudinal

lots of info about development and long-term changes

Fetal period: What happens during the third month of pregnancy? (2)

lungs expand and contract; sex evident on ultrasound

amnion; 3 functions; second name

membrane filled with clear watery fluid that fetus floats in; protection; cushioning against jolting; keeps even temp

How does maternal weed use affect baby?

memory, learning, and visual skills

embryonic period: 3 layers the embryonic disk forms

mesoderm; endoderm; ectoderm

What is an effective strategy to stop crying

mimicking experiences in the womb

Why is the ratio of males to females born not larger?

miscarried at higher rate because more vulnerable to developmental disorders

external validity

can be generalized beyond study

two reasons can't determine causation from correlation

can't tell direction of causation; 3rd variable

4 examples of hazardous things pregnant women come in contact with at work

car exhaust; chemicals; pesticides; air pollutants

What does experiment allow?

cause and effect inferences

4 major developmental processes that take zygote to embyro to fetus

cell division; cell migration; cell differentiation; apoptosis

What was Rousseau's philosophy?

child-centered philosophy

3 things that provide protection in uterus

chorion; placenta; amnion

3 elements of natural/prepared childbirth

classes; relaxation and breathing techniques; labor coach (social support)

Example of sociocultural context

co-sleeping in the U.S. vs across the world

Fetal period: What happens 2nd trimester? (3)

mom can feel movements; vernix and lanugo; brain weight increases tenfold 20th week to birth

Chapter 2 conclusion: Complexity of CD begins ____

moment of conception

advantage of experiment

more control

3 things about fetus at 20 weeks

more time in head down position; facial expression components present; rapidly puts on weight so amniotic sac more cramped and fetal movements decrease

Males are more what throughout life than females? What does this result in?

more vulnerable to disease; more females than males in population by age 18

4 things mesoderm becomes

muscles; skeleton; circulatory system; other internal organs

7 enduring themes in CD

nature and nurture; the active child; continuity or discontinuity; mechanisms of developmental change; sociocultural context; individual differences; research and children's well-being

6 things ectoderm becomes

nervous system; nails; teeth; inner ear; eye lens; outer skin surface

What develop inside neural tube?

neurons

trophoblast

outer layer of blastocyst that provide embryo nutrients and develop into large part of placenta

Some form of labor and delivery med is used in how many N Am births?

over 80%

What is head like at 9 weeks?

overwhelms body and forehead bulges because of rapid brain growth

How did Rousseau think children should be raised?

parents and society should give children maximum freedom from the beginning

2 things placenta does in terms of nourishment

permits food and O2 to reach organism; permits waste to be carried away

2 things that provide nourishment in uterus

placenta; umbilical cord

2 directions and what they mean

positive (increase together); negative (one increases as one decreases)

When is naturalistic observation used?

primary research goal to describe behavior in usual environment

What is apoptosis?

programmed cell death

chorion

protective membrane that surrounds amnion

4 parts of scientific method

question; hypothesis; test; conclusion

clinical interview; more ____; more ____; what does it do?

questions adjusted in accordance with answers; flexible; nuanced; follows natural convo

2 advantages of cross-sectional

quick; easy

3 reasons to study child development

raising children; social policies; understanding human nature

experiments rely on ____

random assignment

Chapter 2 conclusion: Development is ____

really complex

4 developments starting at 4 weeks

round area at top of head will be eye; round area near back will be inner ear; primitive heart beats and circulates blood; arm and leg buds

5 things about fetus at 9 weeks

rudimentary eyes and ears; internal organs present; sex differentiation started; ribs, fingers, toes, and nails visible; starting to make spontaneous movements

What is the method for studying CD?

scientific method

When does the rest-activity cycle become stable? What else is apparent then?

second half of pregnancy; circadian rhythm

Many agents only cause damage if exposure occurs during _____, which are _____.

sensitive period; mostly early on

What plays vital role in fetal development and learning?

sensory structures present early in prenatal development

What did observations of early prenatal growth demonstrate?

similarities in many species

What context exerts particularly large influence on CD?

socioeconomic

3 things to know about ethical issues and kids

super important with kids; benefits must outweigh potential harm; must anticipate and minimize potential risks

How did John Locke see the child?

tabula rosa

Three sensory stimulation experiences fetuses have

tactile (due to own activity); taste (amniotic fluid); smell (amniotic fluid)

What is the critical factor in severity of effects of potentially harmful agents?

timing

Examples of environmental pollutants americans are exposed to (3)

toxic metals; synthetic hormones; plastic ingredients

Example of how child development research helps parents and teachers

turtle technique

neural tube

u-shaped groove formed from ectoderm cells (2 ends fold and curve) that becomes the brain and spinal cord

conception results from ____

union of 2 gametes

What is the better position for birthing?

vertical

3 ways you can test hypothesis

test one theory against another; test prediction of one theory; start with question if no theory

What are the sleep and wake states like near the end of pregnancy?

that of newborn

What sensory experience is negligible in fetus?

visual

How did Charles Darwin affect child development field?

work on evolution inspired research on CD to gain insight on human nature

At what point in gestation do most movements present at birth appear?

12 weeks

How do you get fraternal twins?

2 eggs released and both fertilized

When does the top of the neural tube swell to form brain?

2-5 weeks

Babies born to moms younger than 15 are how much more likely to die before first birthday compared to moms 23-29 years old?

3 to 4 times

What % of zygotes don't make it to implantation?

30

What can you see in the embryo at 4 weeks?

4 folds in the front of head that will move, stretch, fuse, and separate to form the face

Approximately _____ women in U.S. use illegal drugs during pregnancy

4%

How many conceptions result in early miscarriage?

45%

4 measurements for psychophysiological methods

EEG; ERP; MRI; PET

Who was the stage theory first attributed to?

Rousseau

Two famous early CD psychologists

Sigmund Freud; John Watson

experimental control

ability to determine experiences kids have during experiment

Chapter 2 conclusion: Nature and nurture ____

combine forces throughout all developmental periods

What does crying gradually become?

communicative act

Example of a CD stage

concept of conservation

stage

development happens in series of discontinuous age-related changes

What do stage theories propose?

development occurs in progression of age related, qualitative shifts

What does swallowing amniotic fluid promote?

development of palate and digestive system

What 2 things are assoc with FASD?

developmental delays; facial deformity

2 practical benefits of CD research

diagnoses; helps kids overcome problems

What did the social reform movement aim to do?

improve kids' lives

Example of nature and nurture

impulsive kids with strict parents vs permissive parents

What is a microgenetic design?

in depth depiction of processes that produce change to understand how

2 things about fetus at 16 weeks

intense kicks; external genitalia substantially developed

advantage of microgenetic

intensive observation

What generally determines what and when changes occur?

interaction of genes and environment

2 types validity

internal; external

2 types reliability

interrater; test-retest

4 methods for gathering info about kids

interviews; naturalistic observation; structured observation; psychophysiological methods

Example of how child development provides insights into human nature

investigations about kids adopted from Romanian orphanages

Behaviorism; its founder

kid behavior arises from rewards and punishment that follow behaviors; Watson

How do you do micro genetic design?

kids on verge of developmental change get heightened exposure to experience believed to produce change

2 other parts of Locke's philosophy

many courses of development possible; child can change when older due to experiences

psychophysiological methods

measures of ANS activity, HR, BP, respiration, pupils, stress hormones, etc

What's happening in embryo at 5-6 weeks?

nose, mouth, palate start differentiating into different structures

What have almost fully formed in embryo at 9 weeks? (2)

nose; mouth

magnitude

number between 0 and 1 where closer to 1 is stronger

What did Locke believe in?

power of environment to shape child

What has been discovered about fetal behavior?

pre-post natal continuity

Example of practical benefits of CD research

preferential looking as diagnostic tool

structured observation

presenting identical situation to kids and recording each's behavior

Why do vaginally delivered babies have misshapen heads?

pressure on head can cause separate skull plates to overlap

3 reasons choosing appropriate measurement is important

relevance to hypotheses; reliability; validity

2 components of research strategy

research method; research design

Example of how child development research permits informed decisions about social policy

research on kids' responses to leading questions helps courts obtain more accurate testimony

What is the important behavioral cycle as fetus then baby?

rest-activity cycle

Why is identifying teratogens difficult?

sleeper effects

How do you get identical twins?

splitting in half of inner cell mass

How do researchers record observations in naturalistic observation?

standardized manner

What inspired the first studies of child development? Where did these studies take place?

studies of how working in poor labor conditions affected kids' development; UK

vernigo

waxy substance coating skin

When do you mostly use nat obs?

when you can't recreate situation (ex: peer relations)

One way active child exhibited

who the kid is shapes how people respond to that child

What happens on the 4th day of development?

zygote arranges to hollow sphere of cells called blastocyst