VCU HSEP 101

Officials in both the Clinton and Bush administrations regarded a full U.S. invasion of Afghanistan as ______________ before 9/11. Page #349

practically inconceivable

The first homeland security strategy document issued by the Bush Administration was, ______________________________________ which was revised in 2007. Page #

the 2003 National Strategy for Homeland Security

The concern about the FBI is that it has long favored its ______ mission over its _______ mission. Page #441

1. Criminal Justice 2. National Security

Our national defense at home is the responsibility, first, of the _________ and, second, of the ________. They must have clear delineations of responsibility and authority. Page #445

1. Department of Defense 2. Department of Homeland Security

What organizations are the members of the U.S Intelligence Community? Page #425

1. Office of the Director of Central Intelligence 2. CIA 3. National Intelligence Agencies - EX. NSA 4. Departmental Intelligence Agencies EX. Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)

What are the responsibilities for a National Intelligence Director?

1. Oversee national intelligence centers on specific subjects of interest across the U.S. government 2. Manage the national intelligence program and oversee the agencies that contribute to it

The need to restructure the intelligence community grows out of six problems made apparent before and after 9/11. What are they? Page #426

1. Structural barriers to performing joint intelligence work 2. Lack of common standards and practices across the foreign-domestic divide 3. Divided management of national intelligence capabilities 4. Weak capacity to set priorities and move resources 5. Too many jobs 6. Too complex and secret

What were the four methods to forestalling a surprise attack? Page #346

1. Think about how surprise attacks might be launched 2. Identify telltale indicators connected to the most dangerous possibilities 3. Where feasible, collect intelligence on these indicators 4. Adopt defenses to deflect the most dangerous possibilities or at least trigger an earlier warning

What are the three reasons for joint action? Page #419

1. Virtue of joint planning 2. Advantage of having someone in charge 3. No shortage of skilled experts

What does the "U.S. Commission on National Security/21st Century (Hart-Rodman Commission)," do?

1. to analyze the emerging international security environment 2. to develop a US national security strategy appropriate to that environment 3. to assess the various security institutions for their current relevance to the effective and efficient implementation of that strategy, and to recommend adjustments as necessary

What is NEADS?

Northeast Air Defense Sector, counter all air threats through detection, rapid warning and tactical control.

Homeland security, regardless of the definition or strategic document, is a combination of _________________________________________________ issues. Page #

law enforcement, disaster, immigration, and terrorism

_________ days after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, President George W. Bush announced that he would create an Office of Homeland Security in the White House and appoint Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge as the director. Page #4

11

The ____ did not develop a management strategy for a war against Islamist terrorism before 9/11. Page #358

Director of Central Intelligence

What is the DCI?

Director of Central Intelligence, is the head of the United States Intelligence Community. They serve as a principal adviser to the president related to national security.

For covert action, the White House depended on the Counterterrorist Center and the CIA's _____ led by James Pavitt. Page #351

Directorate of Operations

The most serious weaknesses in agency capabilities were in the ______ arena. Page #352

Domestic

What did the "Homeland Security Act of 2002," do?

Established the cabinet-level Department of Homeland Security

What is NORAD?

North American Aerospace Defense Command, is a combination of the U.S. and Canada in which provides warning, air sovereignty, and protection for North America.

Al Qaeda was formed in _____, at the end of the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan. A National Intelligence Estimate distributed in July 1995 predicted future terrorist attacks against and in the U.S. It specified possible targets including the White House, the Capitol and symbols of capitalism such as Wall Street. Page #341

1988

Two examples of US domestic terrorist attacks are__________________________________________________________. Page #

1993 World Trade Center (WTC) & 1995 Alfred Murrah Federal Building bombings

There are _______________________ that receive annual homeland security funding excluding the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) estimates that 48% of annual homeland security funding is appropriated to these federal entities, with the Department of Defense (DOD) receiving approximately 26% of total federal homeland security funding. DHS receives approximately 52%. Page #

30 federal entities

Before the establishment of the Department of Homeland Security, homeland security activities were spread across more than _______________and an estimated 2,000 separate Congressional appropriations accounts. Page #3

40 Federal Agencies

Before 9/11, al Qaeda and its affiliates had killed fewer than ___ Americans. Page #340

50

On 9/11, the NEADS air defenders had _________ notice on the first hijacked plane, no advance notice on the second, no advance notice on the third, and no advance notice on the fourth. Page #31

9 minute

The Implementing Recommendations of the _____________________________ (Public Law 110-53) was enacted on August 7, 2007. Page #30

9/11 Commission Act of 2007

On 9/11, the President was seated in _________ when, at 9:05, Andrew Card whispered to him: "A second plane hit the second tower. America is under attack." Page(s) # 35 & 38

A classroom at Emma E. Booker Elementary School

Who is Mohand al-Shehri?

A college dropout in Saudi Arabia, who would later fight in Chechnya, but was probably diverted by aL-Qaeda. He received a U.S. student visa. He was one of the five hijackers on United Airlines Flight 175.

What happened to American 11?

A hijacked Boeing 767, carrying 11 crew members and 81 passengers. The first plane to be hijacked on this day was flown into the North Tower of the World Trade Center.

What is a "lone wolf?"

A person suspected of engaging in terrorism-related activities but without any ties to terrorist groups.

What is the "Church Committee?"

A series of investigations into intelligence abuses in 1975

What is the "Defense Against Weapons of Mass Destruction Act of 1996?"

Addressed the threats posed by biological, chemical, and nuclear weapons.

What is the "USA PATRIOT Act?"

Allows federal officials greater authority in tracking and intercepting communications, both for purposes of law enforcement and foreign intelligence gathering.

What are "sneak and peek searches?"

Allows law enforcement to break and enter a premises without the owner's consent and stealthily search the premises. Law enforcement can notify the receiver of the warrant after the fact.

On 9/11, the following transmission came from _________: "We have some planes. Just stay quiet, and you'll be okay. We are returning to the airport." Page #19

American Airlines Flight 11

Which airport did Atta and Omari depart from, who boarded the flight with them and which flight was it? Page #1-2

American Airlines Flight 11 was boarded by Atta, Omari, Suqami, and both Shehri brothers, leaving from Logan International Airport in Boston.

Who is Wail al-Shehri?

An elementary school teacher from Saudi Arabia who was seeking treatment for mental problems. He would fight alongside his brother, Waleed, in Chechnya. He was one of the five hijackers on American Airlines Flight 11.

What does the Terrorism Threat Integration Center (TTIC) do?

Assess, analyze, and disseminate threat information from domestic and foreign agencies

Who is Ahmed al-Ghamdi?

Born in Saudi Arabia, he was a dropout and would also fight in Chechnya, and would also be diverted by al-Qaeda. Chosen to participate in the attacks by Osama Bin Laden, he obtained a tourist visa. He was one of the five hijackers on United Airlines Flight 175.

The _____ should retain responsibility for the direction and execution of clandestine and covert operations, as assigned by the relevant national intelligence center and authorized by the National Intelligence Director and the president. Page #433

CIA

The post 9/11 Afghanistan precedent of using joint _______ for covert and clandestine operations was a good one. Page #434

CIA-military teams

When American 11 struck the WTC at 8:46am, no one in the White House or traveling with the President knew it had been hijacked. On 9/11, most federal agencies learned about the crash in New York from ________. Page #35

CNN

What is CAP?

Combat Air Patrol, intercepts and destroys any hostile aircraft before they reach their target.

What is CAPPS?

Computer-Assisted Passenger Prescreening System, is a counter- terrorism system in which it assesses the risk level of passengers before they're allowed to board an aircraft.

What is the CTC?

Counterterrorist Center, responsible for national and international counterterrorism efforts.

NORAD perceived the dominant threat to be from ________. The main concern was the use of aircraft to deliver WMDS, not have aircraft used as weapons themselves. Page #17

Cruise Missiles

What is the "Office of Homeland Security?"

Develop and coordinate the implementation of a comprehensive national strategy to secure the United States from terrorist threats or attacks

Homeland security as a concept suggested a ___________________ to security, and differed from homeland defense. Page #

Different approach

What is the "Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act?"

Establishes procedures for the physical and electronic surveillance and collection of "foreign intelligence information" between "foreign powers" and "agents of foreign powers" suspected of espionage or terrorism.

What did "Executive Order 13228," do?

Establishes the Office of Homeland Security

The 2006 Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act transferred to ______ all functions of the Preparedness Directorate, including the Office of Grants and Training, the United States Fire Administration (USFA), and the Office of National Capital Region Coordination. The Office of Infrastructure Protection, the National Communications System, the National Cybersecurity Division, and the Office of the Chief Medical Officer remained in the Preparedness Directorate. Page #23

FEMA

Without a ____________________on the physical and philosophical definition and missions of homeland security, achieved through a strategic process, some believe that there will continue to be the potential for disjointed and disparate approaches to securing the nation. Page #

General consensus

What company was responsible for the security checkpoints of American Airlines? Page #2

Globe Security was contracted by American Airlines.

As a result of the TWA Flight 800 crash, President Clinton created a commission under Vice President Gore to report on shortcomings in aviation security in the U.S. The ___________ did not mention suicide hijackings or the use of an aircraft as a weapon. Page #

Gore Commissions' Report

The 9/11 Commission report believed that a lack of information sharing and lack of pooling analysis were symptoms of what? Page #353

Government's broader inability to adapt how it manages problems to the new challenges of the 21st century.

The 9/11 Commission Report proposes that information be shared ______, across new networks that transcend individual agencies. Page #436

Horizontally

What four failures were revealed after the 9/11 attacks? Page #339

Imagination, policy, capabilities, and management

What are "Homeland Security Presidential Directives (HSPDs)?"

Implement policies and procedures constituting the homeland security enterprise.

A "smart" government would _____ all sources of information to see the enemy as a whole. Integrated all-source analysis should also inform and shape strategies to collect more intelligence. Page #419

Integrate

In order for stronger congressional oversight of intelligence and homeland security, the goal should be a structure codified by resolution with powers expressly granted and carefully limited- allowing a relatively small group of members of Congress to conduct oversight of the _________ and be clearly accountable for their work. Page #438

Intelligence establishment

The U.S. emerged as the world's eminent military power after the Cold War. This created instability. George H.W. Bush dealt with such issues in 1991 when he led an international coalition to reverse the _______ invasion in Kuwait. Page #340

Iraq's

The U.S. government must find a way of pooling intelligence and using it to guide the planning and assignment of responsibilities for _______ involving organizations as disparate as the CIA, the FBI, the State Department, the military and the agencies involved in homeland security. Page #357

Joint Operations

When agencies cooperate, one defines the problem and seeks help with it. When they act _______, the problem and options for action are defined differently from the start. Page #418

Jointly

In most of the hijacking instances, the hijackers threatened to use what three things? Page(s) #5, 7, 8, & 13

Knives/boxcutters, mace/pepper spray, and bombs.

The proposed NCTC would be given the authority of planning the activities of other agencies. _____ or ____ must define the scope of such line authority. Page #406

Law or Executive Order

Who is Fayez Banihammad?

Left his family in order to pursue relief work, in which he was accepted for the Visa Express Program, obtaining a U.S. tourist visa. He was one of the five hijackers on United Airlines Flight 175.

Like Betty Ong, many flight attendants involved in the hijackings took action outside the scope of their training. What did they do? Page(s) #5, 6, 7, 8, & 13

Many flight attendants (not stabbed or killed) would make calls to officials on the ground informing them of their current situation in the air.

__________________ marks the official inception date of the Department of Homeland Security. On that date, the majority of the previously existing agencies, such as the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), the Coast Guard, the Customs Service, and the United States Secret Service transferred to the new department. Page #13

March 1, 2003

Secretary of Homeland Security, _________________________ took office on February 15, 2005, and launched the Second Stage Review, or 2SR, a systematic evaluation of the department's operations, policies, and structures. Page #16

Michael Chertoff

On January 8, 2008, President Bush issued Homeland Security Presidential Directive 23 (HSPD-23), creating________________________________, which is responsible for coordinating cybersecurity efforts and improving situational awareness and information sharing across the federal government. Page #32

NCSC

The National Intelligence Director should oversee _______ to provide all-source analysis and plan intelligence operations for the whole government on major problems. Page #429

National Intelligence Centers

The lack of consensus about the inclusion of some policy areas in a definition of homeland security may have a __________________________________ for national homeland security operations. Page #

Negative or unproductive consequences

On 9/11, the first indication that the NORAD air defenders had of the second hijacked aircraft, United 175, came in a phone call from ________ to NEADS at 9:03. Page #23

New York Center

On June 24, 2002, Representative Dick Armey (R-TX) introduced the President's proposed legislation for the Department to the House of Representatives as H.R. 5005. After amendments in Committee, the bill passed the House by recorded vote (295 to 132) on July 26, 2002. The Senate passed the bill with amendments on November 19, 2002, by a vote of 90 to 9. President George W. Bush signed the Homeland Security Act of 2002 into law on_____________________. Page #7

November 25, 2002

In the period between December 1999 and early January 2000, information about terrorism from the FBI flowed widely and abundantly. This was particularly remarkable because the FBI at other times shared almost no information. What was the cause of this information sharing from the FBI? Page #359

On edge with the millennium and possible computer programming glitches (Y2K) that might obliterate records, shut down power and communication lines, or otherwise disrupt daily life.

Who is Mohamed Atta?

One of the ringleaders of the 9/11 attacks. He was one of the five hijackers on American Airlines Flight 11. He served as the pilot.

The 911 Commission Report recommended significant changes in the _________ of the government. Page #417

Organization

What is the "Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court?"

Oversee requests for surveillance warrants against foreign spies inside the United States by federal law enforcement and intelligence agencies

In most cases, the chain of command authorizing the use of force runs from the president to the _________ and from the ________ to the combatant commander. Page #43

President --> Sec. of Defense Sec. --> Combatant Commander

What is the "Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996?"

Provided new definitions and enhanced penalties for terrorist crimes, revised immigration procedures to streamline deportation of criminals, and authorized increased funding for law enforcement to fight terrorism.

What is the "USA FREEDOM Act?"

Reauthorizes parts of the USA Patriot Act but dissolves its notorious bulk data collection of Americans' phone records and Internet metadata.

What does the National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC) do?

Responsible for national and international counterterrorism efforts.

On October 13, 2006, Congress passed the _______________________________________ (Public Law 109-347). The act authorized the Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO) and completed the reorganization of FEMA, transferring the Radiological Preparedness Program and the Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program to FEMA. Page #25

Security Accountability for Every Port Act or SAFE Port Act

What is the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) do?

Serve as the head of the U.S. Intelligence Community. Acts as a principal adviser to the president during matters of national security.

While the definitions and missions embodied in DHS strategic documents have commonalities, there are___________________. Page #

Significant differences

It is hard to break down _______ when there are so many stoves that are legally and politically entitled to have cast iron pipes of their own. Rumsfeld has said that "the executive branch is stove piped pretty much like the four services were nearly 20 years ago." Page #421

Stovepipes

What did the "Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act," do?

The Act established new leadership positions within the Department, brought additional functions into the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), and created and reallocated functions within the Department.

On 9/11, the defense of U.S. airspace depended on close interaction between two federal agencies: What are the two federal agencies? Page #14

The Federal Aviation Administration and the North American Aerospace Defense Command.

What is the FAA?

The Federal Aviation Administration, regulates all aspects of aviation in the U.S.

What happened to United 93?

The fourth and final plane to be hijacked (Boeing 757), carrying 7 crew and 37 passengers. This flight did not go intended for the terrorist when an unsuspected passenger revolt occurred. The plane was designated to crash into an American symbol such as the White House or the U.S. Capitol Building, but instead crashed into a field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania.

What happened to United 175?

The second hijacked plane (Boeing 767), carrying 9 crew and 56 passengers. The plane was flown into the South Tower of the World Trade Center.

What happened to American 77?

The third plane hijacked (Boeing 757), carrying 6 crew and 58 passengers. The plane was flown into the Pentagon.

What does foresight mean?

To predict what will happen or needs to happen in the future

What does hindsight mean?

Understanding of a situation after is has already occurred

On 9/11, at some time between 10:10 and 10:15, a military aide told the __________ and others that the aircraft was 80 miles out. The _________ was asked for authority to engage the aircraft. Page #41

Vice President Cheney

Who is Satam al-Suquami?

Was a law students in Saudi Arabia. He was recruited into al-Qaeda and would be chosen to participate in the 9/11 attacks. He was one of the five hijackers on American Airlines Flight 11.

Who is Waleed al-Shehri?

Was a student in Saudi Arabia until he had to accompany his older brother Wail to Medina for his mental problems. He would later fight alongside his brother in Chechnya, but was later placed into Afghanistan. This is where he would be recruited by al-Qaeda. He was one of the five hijackers on American Airlines Flight 11.

Who is Abdulaziz al-Omari?

Was an airport security guard in Saudi Arabia. He was one of the five hijackers on American Airlines Flight 11 during 9/11.

Who is Hamza al-Ghamdi?

Younger brother of Ahmed al-Ghamdi, left his family to fight in Chechnya and diverted by al-Qaeda. He was also granted a tourist visa. He was one of the five hijackers on United Airlines Flight 175.