Vertebral Column

With reference to the mid sagittal plane, how do cervical intervertebral foramina open?

45 degree angle directed anteriorly

With reference to the midsagittal plane, how many degrees and in which direction do SI joints open?

45 degrees

With reference to the midsagittal plane, how do zygapophyseal articulations of the thoracic vertebrae open?

70-75 degrees open anteriorly to MSP of the body

With reference to the midsagittal plane, how do zygapophyseal articulations of the cervical vertebrae open?

90 degree right angles laterally

In early life the vertebral column usually consists of how many bones?

33 vertebrae irregular shaped bones

Anterior view of the vertebral column

Cervical 7, Thoracic 12, Lumbar 5, Sacrum, Coccyx

Lateral View of Vertebral Column

Cervical Lordotic curve, Thoracic Kyphotic curve, Lumbar Lordotic curve, Pelvic Kyphotic Curve

Name the five groups of the vertebrae?

Cervical vertebrae - 7 Thoracic vertebrae - 12 lumbar vertebrae- 5 sacral vertebrae- 5 coccygeal vertebrae - 3-5

AP Axial Projection Cervical Vertebrae

Collimation: 10 inches lengthwise - 1 inch beyond skin/sides Position: Center MSP of Pts body to midline of the grid Extend chin - occlusal plane that is perpendicular to the table top Center IR @ level C4 CR: directed through C4 @ 15-20 degree cephalad angle, entering inferior of "Adams Apple"

vertebral notches

Depressions located on the superior and inferior surfaces of the pedicle

EAM, HNP, OML, IOML

External acoustic meatus, Herniated nucleus pulposus, orbitomeatal line, Infraorbitomeatal line

the other lower regions in the sacral and coccyx fuse as an adult grows and are called what?

False or fixed

herniated nucleus pulposus

HNP is when the pulpy nucleus ruptures or protrudes into the vertebral canal impinging on a spinal nerve also called slipped disk

Costal facet (for tubercle of rib)

Identify C

what account for one fourth of the length of the vertebral column?

Intervertebral column

Scheuermann disease or adolescent kyphosis

Kyphosis with onset in adolescence

The lumbar and pelvic curves join at an obtuse angle termed?

Lumbosacral angle

Lumber Spine L1-L5

The lower part of the back, formed by the lowest five nonfused vertebrae; also called the dorsal spine.

laminae

The supporting landmark of the neural arch that connects the transverse processes to the spinal process.

What are primary Curves?

The thoracic and pelvic curves that are present at birth

The upper 24 segments regions of the spine are termed what because they are moveable?

True

True or False: a slight lateral curve is sometimes present in the upper thoracic region to the right in right handed people and to the left in left handed people?

True

superior articular process

Name this specific part of the thoracic vertebra.

Which cervical vertebrae term refers to the dens?

Odontoid process, C2

The superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral bodies are flattened and covered by a think plate of:

articular cartilage

Anterior arch of the atlas rotates around the dens of the axis to form:

atlantoaxial joint (synovial pivot) gliding

sometime when surgeons evaluate the spine from the posterior aspect of the body what happens?

convex and concave terminology can be the exact opposite

the tubercles of the ribs and the transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae articulate:

costotransverse joints (synovial gliding)

articular cartilage

covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints

body of vertebrae

cylindric in shape composed of cancellous bony tissue covered by a layer of compact tissue

nucleus pulposus

each disk has a central mass of soft, pulpy, semi gelatinous material

dens (odontoid process)

located on the axis vertebra, which is received into the anterior portion of the atlantal ring to act as the pivot or body for the atlas.

Superior costal facet of thoracic vertebra

location: thoracic vertebral body (lateral aspect), at junction with pedicle description: smooth area comment: each rib articulates with vertebral column at superior and inferior articular costal facets on adjoining thoracic vertebrae

intervertebral disks

made of cartilage, separate and cushion the vertebrae from each other

transverse process

two lateral and slightly posteriorly from the junction of the pedicels and laminae

List 4 functions of the vertebral column?

- encloses and protects spinal cord -acts as support for the trunk -supports the skull superiorly -provides attachment for deep muscles of the back of ribs laterally

What two typical vertebral parts are missing from the first cervical vertebra?

-no body -no spinous process

Intervertebral foramina

Above and below the pedicles of each vertebra a notch is carved out that allows for the passage of a spinal nerve.

intervertebral foramina

Above and below the pedicles of each vertebra a notch is carved out that allows for the passage of a spinal nerve.

cervical spine labeled

Also known as the neck, is comprised of seven vertebral bodies (C1-C7) that make up the upper most part of the spine. These vertebrae connect the spine to the skull.

Atlas

C1 vertebrae, atypical to join the skull,the first cervical vertebra ring like structure with no body and very short spinous process. Holds the Cranium up

Axis

C2 vertebrae, atypical to join the skull, the second cervical vertebra has a strong conical process arising from the upper surface of its body called the dens (odontoid process)

seventh vertebra

C7, atypical, the seventh cervical vertebra termed the vertebra prominens, has a long prominent spinous process that projects almost horizontally to the posterior which is easliy palpable.

Lateral Cervicothoracic (Swimmer's)

Collimation: 10 x 12 inches Position: Center MCP of body to midline of grid place arm closest to IR above the head to move position arm away form IR depressed to side of body Adjust head and body into True Lateral Position Center IR at level C7-T1 intervertebral disk space, 2 inches above jugular notch CR: directed to C7-T1 interv. disk space perpendicularly or a caudal 3-5 angle of tube if arm is immobile Moda CR: 5 -15 degrees cephalad Breathing technique or suspended breathe

PA Axial Cervical Intervertebral Foramina Oblique Projection RAO and LAO Positions

Collimation: 10 x12 inches Position: Place patient in 45 degree angle facing the IR Center Cervical spine to the grid Center the IR @ C5 1 inch caudal to thyroid cartilage CR: directed @ C4 (15 - 20 degrees caudal angle)

AP Axial Cervical Intervertebral Foramina Oblique Projection RPO and LPO Positions

Collimation: 10 x12 inches Position: supine upright 45 degrees angle centering cervical spine to grid Center IR to C3 1 inch superior to prominent part of the thyroid cartilage CR: directed @ C4 (15 - 20 degrees cephalic angle)

Lateral Projection Grandy Method Right or Left Position

Collimation: 10 x12 inches lengthwise Position: True Lateral position, long axis cervical spine parallel to IR MCP midline to the grid Elevate chin, rotate shoulders forward, Top of IR 1 inch above EAM IR centered to C4 CR: Horizontal and perpendicular to C4

Lateral Cervical Vertebrae Flexion or Extension

Collimation: 10 x12 lengthwise Flexion - light EAC - C7 spinous process Extension- light at mandible - C7 spinous process Position: True Lateral Flexion - drop head forward Extension: elevate chin extending backwards Center IR @ C4 Top of IR is 2 inches above EAM MCP of body centered to IR CR: Horizontal and perpendicular to C4

AP projection open mouth

Collimation: 5 x5 inches Position: Center MSP of body to grid light field open from top of ear to bottom of chin to see Dens and lateral mass of atlas Center IR @ level of Axis open mouth say Ah CR: Perpendicular to the center of the IR and entering the midpoint of the open mouth

AP Projection Fuchs

Collimation: 5x5 Position: Center body to grid, lift chin so it's vertical with mastoid process Center IR: to the level of the tips of the mastoid process CR: Perpendicular to the midpoint of the IR enters the neck on the MSP just distal to the tip of the chin

annulus fibrosus

Composed of fibrocartilage, it is the outer portion of the intervertebral disc.

vertebral arch

Posterior ringlike portion of the vertebra

Thoracic Spine (T1-T12)

The 12 vertebrae that lie between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. One pair of ribs is attached to each of the thoracic vertebrae.

zygapophyseal joints

The articulations between the articular processes of the vertebral arches (synovial gliding) free movement

zygapophyseal joints

The joints between articular processes of vertebra are termed:

body of thoracic vertebrae

What is the indicated part and vertebrae?

Lamina of Cervical Vertebra

What is this?

inferior costal facet of thoracic vertebrae

Where superior articular facet of rib articulates

spina bifida

a congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it

Scoliosis

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

Kyphosis curve

an abnormal increase in the anterior concavity (or posterior convexity) of the thoracic curve

lordotic curve

an abnormal increase in the anterior convexity (or posterior concavity) of the lumbar or cervical curve

intervertebral joints

between adjacent vertebral bodies of spinal column - (cartilaginous symphyses) slight movement

vertebral foramen

canal through which spinal cord passes

The body of the vertebrae is cylindric in shape and is largely composed of:

cancellous body tissue covered by compact tissue

facets on vertebral bodies

flat articular surfaces covered with hyaline cartilage

articulation of the head of the ribs and the thoracic vertebrae

form costovertebral joints (synovial gliding)

costal facets (demifacets) Thoracic

gliding joints where ribs meet thoracic vertebrae

With reference to the midsagittal plane, how do zygapophyseal articulations of the lumbar vertebrae open?

inclined posteriorly from the coronal plane forming an average angle (open posteriorly) of 30 - 60 degrees to MSP

With reference to the midsagittal plane, how do thoracic intervertebral foramina open?

perpendicular to the MSP of the body

spinous process

projects posteriorly and inferiorly from the junction of the laminae in the posterior midline of the vertebrae

Which bones articulate with thoracic facets and demifacets?

ribs

With reference to the midsagittal plane, how do lumbar intervertebral foramina open?

right angles to the MSP

What structure of the vertebral column articulates with both ilia?

sacrum

Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12)

second set of 12 vertebrae; they articulate with the 12 pairs of ribs to form the outward curve of the spine

articulations between atlas and occipital bone

synovial ellipsoidal (atlantooccipital articulations)

facets

the articulating surfaces of the pedicles, processes are covered with fibrocartilage

The vertebral column or spine forms

the central axis of the skeleton and is centered in the midsagittal plane of the posterior part of the trunk

What are secondary curves?

the cervical and lumbar spine forms these curves after birth because they are developed over time like when a baby learns to hold their head up

How are the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae significantly different from those of other typical vertebrae?

they contain transverse foramen which hold the veins and arteries for passing spinal nerves

Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5)

third set of 5 larger vertebrae, which forms the inward curve of the spine

cervical vertebrae

typical cervical vertebrae (C3-C6) are the only vertebrae that had transverse foramen on their transverse processes and bifid tips on their spinous processes.

What other name refers to C7?

vertebra prominens

pedicles

walls of the vertebral arch