Vertebrate Zoology 3

Most reptiles posses a single____in their heart, which is incompletely partitioned into multiple chambers.

ventricle

From the list below, choose all that describe modifications of the basic tetrapod limb plan in the bird wing.

The number of bones is reduced some bones are fused together.

Using the diagram, match the letters to the specific part of the pennaceous feather they are pointing at.

A-- quill, or calamus B-- shaft, or rachis C-- Barb D-- Vane

Where are the salt glands of marine birds typically located?

Above each eye.

The vertebral column of a modern bird is highly rigid, because most of the____, except those in the neck, are fused together.

Vertebrae

Venemous snakes belonging to what family have well developed, movable, tubular fangs at the front of the mouth that are erected only during strikes by a muscle and bone lever system?

Viperidae

Reptilian optic lobes are increased in size compared to those found in amphibians due to the increased sense of vision.

Vision

Which statement accurately describes typical migratory routes used by birds?

Well-established routes that usually run north and south.

Can the beak of a bird reveal information about its food habits?

Yes, bird beaks are very strongly adapted to their food habits.

Amniotes have several adaptations for____which include impervious skin and enlarged lungs.

terrestrialism

at the junction of a small intestine and the colon, herbivorous birds have paired___, which serve as small fermentation chambers that process vegetation.

ceca

When reptiles reabsorb water through the bladder or cloacal membranes their primary metabolic waster, ____acid, is stored in a paste-like form.

uric

Clutch size of number of chicks produced

varies

Nonavian reptiles use external sources of heat in order to regulate their temperature, therefore, they are____.

ectothermic

The main sense used by birds to navigate during migration is____.

vision

The pit organ of pit vipers is a depression lined with sensory____.

epithelium

What is a single, unique feature that distinguishes birds from all other living animals?

feathers

Fossils of theropods suggest that____predate flight and may have functioned to provide insulation and water repellency.

feathers.

The largest, strongest musicles of most birds are the____muscles.

flight

The evolution of the shelled egg allowed reptiles to become fully independent from the aquatic environment because____.

A shelled egg encloses a small aquatic environment, where development of the embryo can occur.

Select features of the amniote egg shell.

Allow water evaporation Allow gas exchange

Choose the two sister clades within the Reptilia, as defined by modern cladistics.

Arcosaurs Lepidosaurs

Birds possess loose, delicate feathers called____which cover the external ear opening.

Auriculars

Birds typically scan their visual field by turning their heads in different directions. Why?

Because bird eyes are almost immobile.

Which of the following comparisons between birds and nonavian reptiles is correct?

Both birds and other reptiles have a single middle ear bone Both birds and nonavian reptiles share nesting characteristics Both birds and other reptiles have a single occipital condyle

Choose the two ways in which a wing can generate lift.

By deflecting air downwards By having higher pressure below the wing than above the wing.

Initially, the rachis, and the barbs of a developing contour feather are soft. How are they transformed into hard structures?

By keratin deposition

Select all of the birds in which the senses of smell and taste are relatively well developed.

Carnivorous birds waterfowl flightless birds oceanic birds

What area of the bird brain coordinates muscle position, equilibrium, and visual information used in movement and balance?

Cerebellum

Which creature in the list below moves each of its eyes independently as it searches for prey?

Chameleons

Select all of the components of the excretory system in birds.

Cloaca Kidney Ureter

When a vipers mouth is____the fangs fold back to lie along the upper jaw.

Closed

The group of eggs laid and chicks produced by a female is called a____.

Clutch

Choose all features of the jaw in modern birds.

Completely toothless Flexible attachment between upper jaw and skull (kinetic skull)

Place the steps in the production of an egg by a female bird in the correct order, starting at the top with the first step.

Egg is discharged from the ovary into the oviduct. Fertilization occurs Albumin (the egg white) is added to the egg The shell membrane, shell and shell pigments are added

In crocodilians, low nest temperatures produce only____offspring, while high nest termperatures produce only____offspring.

Female/male

Which statement best describes how crocodilians care for their offspring?

Females guard the eggs, and care for the young after they hatch.

Which of the following best describes how a reptile exhales?

Forward movement of ribs and body wall elastic recoil of the lungs

What is the function of the keel in flying birds?

Serves as an attachment site for the flight muscles

Order the following items to reflect the passage of air through a bird's respiratory system. Start at the top with fresh air entering the respiratory system.

Fresh air enters the respiratory system Air flows into the abdominal air sacs and air in lungs moves into thoracic air sacs Air in the thoracic sacs moves out of the system and air in abdominal sacs moves into parabronchi Air moves into the thoracic sacs and is expelled during the next expiration

Name the group of lizards whose members are small, nocturnal forms with adhesive toe pads that enable them to walk upside down and on vertical surfaces.

Geckos

Select the two compartments of a bird's stomach.

Gizzard Proventriculus

Which of the following are mechanisms bird's use to dissipate heat?

Gular flutter evaporation of water panting

Which circumstances given below are discussed as challenges to the eastern diamond back population?

Habitat loss Hunting for hides and rattles rattlesnake roundups

Select two important specializations in snakes?

Highly specialized skulls for swallowing large prey. Specialized joints between vertebrae allowing for great flexibility

Select two important specializations in snakes.

Highly specialized skulls for swallowing large prey. Specialized joints between vertebrae allowing for great flexibility.

What part of a bird's wing mainly acts in generating lift?

Inner part

All modern flying birds have a sternum with a large, thin____, to which the flight____are attached.

Keel/muscles

Select all of the components of the excretory system in birds.

Kidney Cloaca Ureter

Which of the following adaptations are associated with terrestrialism?

Kidneys that conserve water enlarged lungs impervious skin

Smaller birds have____hearts and____heart rates when compared to larger birds.

Larger/faster

Choose all features of the regarded ancient bird, Archaeopteryx

Long, bony tail flat sternum poorly developed pectoral muscles

Select all shared derived characters that unite birds and nonavian reptiles as a monophyletic group.

Lower jaw structure Single ear ossicle Single occipital condyle

From the list below, choose all that are shared between birds and all nonavian reptiles.

Lower jaw structure presence of a single middle ear bone nucleated red blood cells

The____of early amniotes allowed those animals to fully live on land because it provided an enclosed aquatic environment, in which an embryo could develop.

Shelled egg

A small song-bird has a keeled sternum and is a very good flier. This bird is called as a 'modern flying bird' and therefore belongs to the...

Neognathae

Which features describe reptilian skin?

No respiratory functions thick, dry surface for pheromone secretion

Select all the components of a typical female bird's reproductive systm.

Non-functioning vestigial right oviduct well-developed, functioning left ovary and oviduct

Consider the following birds: a cardinal, a duck, and a bald eagle. What bird would have the slowest heartbeat rate?

Ostrich

What sense is most important to birds as they navigate familiar landmarks along their well established migratory routes?

Sight

What is the name of the type of feathers that have a prominent shaft, with branching barbs and barbules? They are flattened and create aerodynamic surfaces.

Pennaceous feathers

The two types of mating systems in animals are____, in which an individual mates with multiple individuals of the opposite sex during the same breeding period, and____, in which an individual has only one mate.

Polygamy Monogamy

Which statements describe adaptations of the reptile skeleton that distinguish it from the amphibian skeleton?

Presence of the secondary palate offers greater support longer skulls

Choose all functions of the crop in birds.

Produces a nutritious liquid used to feed hatchlings stores food

From the list below, choose all features that are shared by ALL birds.

Production of eggs forelimbs modified as wings feathers

Choose all features that distinguish bird eyes from those of other vertebrates.

Relatively larger eyes have double focusing mechanism eyes are somewhat flattened

Choose all the features that distinguish the reptile skin from that of amphibians.

Reptile skin is less permeable to water Reptile skin contains keratin

During flight as low speeds, birds can prevent stalling by having wing____, which direct rapidly flowing air above the wing.

Slots

What group of nonavian reptiles is characterized by an extreme elongation of the body and highly moveable skulls that allow the swallowing of very large prey?

Snakes

Crocodilians have the codont dentition, which means that their teeth are set in____.

Sockets

Select all of the following that accurately describe the timing of migration in birds.

Some birds can fly non-stop during migrations, sometimes for thousands of kilometers. Duration of bird migration can range from very short (days) to very long (months).

The eye in snakes is covered by a transparent membrane called a____.

Spectacle

Select all of the cues that birds can use to navigate during migration.

Stars Specific visual landmarks Earth's magnetic field sun

Why are snake bit fatalities rare in the United States?

The availability of emergency health care

Regarding the wings of birds, choose all that are important for the generation of thrust during the downstroke of flapping flight.

The leading edge is below the trailing edge The primary feathers displace air backwards.

Which of the following descriptions best explains how most reptiles focus their eyes?

The normally elliptical lens is made more spherical

A female crocodilian typically guards her young for how long?

Up to two years after hatching

What part of the amniotic egg provides mechanical support and can, in certain animals, act as a semipermeable barrier that allows gases in and out, but keep the egg from drying out?

The shell

Which statement describes the flow of blood in the ventricle of most reptiles?

The ventricle is incompletely partitioned and muscle associated with the pulmonary artery helps direct flow.

Scientists believed that the first feathers could have evolved to serve what functions?

Thermoregulation camouflage courtship displays

How do modern turtles grip their food?

They have a tough keratinized beak

Most reptiles possess a single____in their heart, which is incompletely partitioned into multiple chambers.

Ventricle

Bird kidneys are not very efficient in removing salts, especially sodium, potassium, and chloride. How do birds, and more specifically, marine birds, excrete excess salts gained from their food or their environment?

They have specialized salt glands.

Which statement most logically explains why New Zealand tuataras are particularly vulnerable to non-native animals, such as rats, cats, and dogs?

They have very slow growth and reproductive rates.

In a vaned feather, how are the barbules of two adjacent barbs oriented?

They overlap in a herringbone pattern

Select all of the characteristics of tuataras.

Two rows of upper teeth and one row of lower teeth. Akinetic skull with the lower jaw firmly attached to the upper skull.

Tuataras are unique in that their skulls are____.

akinetic

The developmental state of newly hatched birds can vary greatly between bird species. On this diagram, the hatchling denoted by the letter A is____, while the hatchling denoted by the letter B is____.

altricial precocial

The two kinds of wing slots found in bird wings are the____, which provides a midwing slot, and the gaps between the____, which act as wing-tip slots.

alula/feathers

Choose all the features of high-lift wings.

alulas wing slots

The amnion, chorion, allantois, and the yolk sac are the four extraembryonic membranes found in____eggs.

amniotic.

Compare the efficiency of avian gas exchange to other tetrapods.

avian gas exchange is more efficient.

The archosaurian lineage diverged about 200 million years ago. This divergence gave rise to two flying groups, the pterosaurs and the____.

birds

Because the secondary palate in crocodilians separates the mouth passageways from the nasal passageways what are members of this group likely to able to do?

breathe even when their mouth is full of water

When observed in cross section, the lower surface of a bird's wing is slightly____, or cambered.

concave

The retina of diurnal birds contain predominantly____, while the retina of nocturnal birds has more____.

cones/rods

Birds excrete uric acid to achieve which of the following?

conserve water promote embryo development in terrestrial habitats

A robust, elongated skull which is often used to capture food with sideways sweeps of the head is typical of reptiles in the order____.

crocodilians

Many birds have a(n)____ an enlargement at the lower end of their esophagus that functions as a food storage compartment.

crop

A____skull has two temporal openings that are separated by a bony arch.

diapsid

Because reptiles are typically larger than amphibians the reptile circulatory system must generate____pressure.

higher

The clavicles of modern birds are fused to form an elastic____.

furcula

In order to maintain balance, birds replace their flight and tail feathers

in exact pairs

Reptiles exchange respiratory gases across____respiratory surfaces.

internal

The shell of a turtle is composed of two layers that are covered with____.

keratin

Most lizards and snakes have skulls that are modified from the ancestral diapsid condition. This has allowed the evolution in those animals of a(n)____skull that has movable joints.

kinetic

When an individual bird only has one partner during a breeding season, the bird is said to be...

monogamous

What is the most common mating system found in birds?

monogamy

Nonavian reptiles have metaneprhic kidneys with blood filtering units called____.

nephrons

The____ ____, or roof of the midbrain, plays a role in integrating sensory functions.

optic tectum

In general, the____of a bird wing (where primary feathers are attached) is responsible for providing thrust to propel the bird forward. The____ of a wing, where secondary feathers are attached, generates lift.

outer part/inner part

In most female birds, only the left____and____develop and function in reproduction.

ovary/oviduct

All crocodiles are____.

oviparous

A unique feature of bird lungs is the presence of tubelike____instead of the sac-like alveoli found in the lungs of mammals.

parabronchi

In most birds, males lack a____. For that reason, copulation must occur by bringing the cloacal surfaces together.

penis

If a bird is plucked, small, wispy feathers can be see; they are made of a short shaft with a tuft of barbs at the tip. These feathers are called____feathers.

plumulaceous

The two compartments of a bird's stomach are the____, which secretes gastric juice, and the____, which grinds food.

proventriculus gizzard

The hides and____of the eastern diamond back rattlesnake, along with its venomous bites, make it a target for rattlesnake roundups where the snakes are killed in large numbers.

rattles

Choose all the features of archaeopteryx lithographica.

reptilian tail feathers clawed fingers

The retina of a bird's eye contains____.

rods and cones.

Feathers are homologous to what reptilian structure?

scales

Reptile brains are more complex than amphibian brains because of their greater dependence on the senses of____.

smell and vision

Snakes do not have a middle ear cavity, an auditory tube or a____membrane.

tympanic