Vitamins and minerals

potassium deficiency

(hypokalemia) is greater than that of sodium deficiency. Risk factors include excessive sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, and kidney diseases that increase potassium excretion. Signs and symptoms include loss of appetite, muscle cramps, confusion, and increased urinary calcium excretion.

Thiamin deficienct diet results in

Beriberi

part of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter

choline

food sources of potassium

fruits and veggies

Diets high in sodium

increase risk for hypertension

Vitamin b-12 function

is needed for homocysteine metabolism and DNA synthesis. Vitamin B-12 helps maintain myelin sheaths. Without vitamin B-12, the sheaths undergo destruction that can lead to paralysis.

Is vitamin D essential

not considered an essential nutrient because the body can make the vitamin when skin cells are exposed to the sun's ultraviolet radiation. The vitamin is referred to as the "sunshine vitamin

vtamin c deficiency

scurvy Vitamin C deficiency is called scurvy. Signs and symptoms of scurvy include petechiae, bruising, spongy gums that bleed easily, swollen and sore joints, and tooth loss. Without treatment, people with scurvy die, most likely from infection.

What can be converted into a retionoid

Carotenoids are yellow-orange pigments found in plant foods. Only alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin can be converted into a biologically active retinoid.

treatment of hypertension because of sodium intake?

DASH diet that is low in sodium, total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol, and high in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy foods.

food sources of phosphorous

Dairy foods, meat, and cereal grains are the primary sources of phosphorus in the typical American diet. Phytate (a source of organic phosphorus) inhibits the absorption of phosphorus from plant foods.Inorganic phosphorus in animal foods is more bioavailable than organic phosphorus

too little and too much chloride

Deficiencies of chloride are unlikely due to high intakes of sodium chloride by most Americans. deficiency in cases of extreme vomiting, diarrhea, and/or sweating, as well as with diuretic use. Fatigue and loss of appetite are common signs and symptoms of the deficiency. Elevated blood chloride levels can occur from excessive sodium chloride intake and severe dehydration. Too much chloride contributes to hypertension.

Diets that lack iodine?

Goitter- enlarged thyroid or graves disease- too much iodine

major regulator of the body's water content and ion concentrations.

Kidneys

Food sources of folate

Leafy vegetables, liver, legumes, and orange juice are good sources of natural folate. **Enriched grain products are among the richest sources of folic acid in the American diet.

b-6 food sources

Liver, meat, fish, and poultry are among the best dietary sources During cooking, excessive heat can destroy the vitamin.

Food sources of Riboflavin

Milk, yogurt and other milk products, enriched cereals, and liver are among the best sources of riboflavin. Riboflavin's chemical structure is destroyed by exposure to light.

Sulfer intakes

No AI, RDA, or UL

absorption in humans for magneseum

Normally, humans absorb 40 to 60% of the magnesium in foods, but absorption efficiency may increase to 80% in people who lack the mineral.

What can only synthesize vitamin b-12

Only bacteria, fungi, and algae can synthesize vitamin B-12. Plants don't make the vitamin, so people rely almost entirely on animal sources of food to provide the vitamin naturally.

Why is PLP needed with b-6

PLP is needed to convert tryptophan to niacin, for tranamination reactions that form nonessential amino acids, and to convert homocysteine to cysteine. Homocysteine may contribute to CVD also plays a role in heme and neurotransmitter synthesis.

Food sources of niacin

TUNA, enriched cereals, beef liver

Mega doses of niacin can cause

The UL for niacin is 35 mg/d. Megadoses of niacin-containing supplements can cause skin flushing, GI tract upset, and liver damage

Choline in food

The phospholipid phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) is in egg yolk and is added to foods for its emulsifying properties. P

enhances vitamin K absorption

The presence of dietary fat, bile, and pancreatic juice enhances vitamin K absorption. After absorption, some vitamin K is stored in the liver and some is incorporated into lipoproteins for transport in the bloodstream. 1. The liver can breakdown vitamin K and eliminate its byproducts in bile

degenerative brain disease associated with thiamin deficiency. occurs primarily in alcoholics because alcohol reduces thiamins absorption ad increases its excreting of it

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (thiamin toxicity is rare)

resistant hypertension

blood pressure that remains uncontrolled while taking three medications or is controlled only by the continued use of four medications.

Deficiency of phosphorous

bone loss and poor bone mineralization result when people lack the mineral.

Selenium toxicity sign and symptom

brittle fingernails, loss of hair and nails, garlicky body odor****, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue

primary negatively-charged ion in extracellular fluid.

chloride

Certain foods and cancer

Alcohol is a carcinogen and increases the risk of mouth, throat, esophagus, larynx, liver, breast, colon, and rectal cancers. Foods contaminated with aflatoxin risk of liver cancer. Consuming large amounts of processed/and or red meat risk of colon cancers. Fried, grilled, and broiled meats risk of colorectal and pancreatic cancer- production of heterocyclic amines when the foods are cooked at high temperatures. Charred portions of food should be avoided. Dietary factors that may reduce risk of cancer include eating high amounts of fruits and vegetables that are rich sources of vitamin C and phytochemicals.

Consumption of calcium

American women consume less than the RDA for calcium, whereas men generally consume amounts that are about the RDA.

riboflavin deficiency disorder but the condition is rare in the United States.

Ariboflavinosis Glossitis and cheilosis are signs of the deficiency

Rich selenium sources

Brazil nuts organ meats seafood

the most plentiful mineral in human body.

Calcium

How is calcium absorbed in the duodenum

Calcium-binding protein is needed for the active transport of calcium in the duodenum. Vitamin D stimulates the synthesis of this protein. Dietary supplements or antacids that contain calcium are also reliable sources of the mineral.

Calcium rich diet effects

Calcium-rich diets have beneficial effects on heart disease risk factors, but dietary supplements that contain calcium have been associated with an increased risk of CVD.

transports fatty acids into mitochondria. The vitamin-like compound is a conditionally essential nutrient for premature infants and people recovering from serious injuries or diseases

Carnitine

What can folic acid do

Folic acid can cure anemia that occurs with B-12 deficiency, but it doesn't prevent the serious nervous system damage that occurs in a B-12 deficiency.

Folate function

Folic acid is the synthetic form; the vitamin is converted to a group of coenzymes called tetrahydrofolic acid (THFA). THFA accepts a single-carbon group (e.g., CH3) from one compound and transfers it to another compound. As cells prepare to divide, they need THFA to make DNA

Toxicity of potassium

Food consumption of potassium doesn't lead to toxicity Excessive potassium supplementation can lead hyperkalemia. If kidneys cannot excrete the excess potassium, heart failure can occur.

Low calcium intake

Osteoporosis is a chronic disease characterized by low bone mass and reduced bone structure, leading to fractures. Refer to Figure 11.14. a. Low bone mass and reduced bone structure, leading to fractures. b. Half of American women and one-fourth of American men who are over age 50 will have an osteoporosis-related fracture at some point. i. Fractures often occur in the vertebrae, hip, wrist, or ankle bones. "Widow's hump" is the result of upper vertebral fractures that heal in a curved shape. c. About 25% of older adults who experience a hip fracture die within 1 year.

RDA of iodine

The adult RDA is 150 µg/d. Most Americans have adequate iodine intakes, but many young women have intakes that are marginally adequate.

What amino acid can be converted to niacin

The amino acid tryptophan can be converted to niacin. Sixty milligrams of tryptophan yield about 1 mg niacin.

Does the digestive system absorb MINERALs

The digestive tract, however, doesn't absorb 100% of the minerals in foods or dietary supplements. 1. Minerals in animal foods tend to be more bioavailable than the minerals in plant foods. Plants may contain substances that interfere with mineral absorption. 2. Tap water and dietary supplements are other sources of minerals.

Major dietary source of chloride

The major is table salt (NaCl) in processed food. Salt substitutes (KCl) are also sources of the mineral. Seaweed, rye, tomatoes, celery, and olives are rich sources of chloride

What minerals are need more?

The major minerals are needed in larger amounts than trace minerals, and larger amounts are stored in the body.

When is vitamin c unstable

The vitamin is unstable in the presence of heat, oxygen, light, alkaline conditions, and the minerals copper and iron.

Typical intake of magnesium

Typical American diets are low in magnesium, especially the diets of older adults. Magnesium deficiency rarely occurs among healthy adults, but alcoholics, people with poorly controlled diabetes, older adults, and persons who use certain medications (i.e., diuretics) are at risk.

megadoses of b6

Unlike most B vitamins, megadoses of vitamin B-6 are toxic, causing severe sensory nerve damage (peripheral neuropathy). The damage resolves when the affected person stops ingesting megadoses of the vitamin.

Exists in one of eight forms- Only alpha-tocopherol is maintained in plasma and used by the body

Vitamin E

family of three compounds: pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. Cells can convert these substances to the primary coenzyme, pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)

Vitamin b-6 PLPs function: facilitating enzymatic reactions involved in amino acid metabolism.

the AI for potassium

We do not meet it The AI (adults) is 4700 mg/d; on average, Americans consume only 2640 mg/d.

Food sources of thiamin

Whole-grain products, pork, legumes, and orange juice are good sources of thiamin. Overheating food destroys the vitamin

participates in chemical reactions that add carbon dioxide to other compounds. The coenzyme is essential for regenerating oxaloacetate in the citric acid cycle

biotin

What can inhibit iron absorption nonheme absorption?

calcium Oxalic acid, phytic acid or phytates, soy protein and polyphenols (present in tea, coffee, wine, and some fruits and vegetables) also inhibit nonheme iron absorption.

Hypercalcemia

cause kidney stones, bone pain, muscle weakness and hypertension. Treatment includes avoiding vitamin D and calcium supplements to reduce calcium absorption.

What is magneseum a component of

chlorophyll, so plant foods such as spinach and other leafy greens, whole grains, and chocolate are among the richest sources of the mineral Hard water and dietary supplements that contain the mineral are also sources

vitamin like compounds

choline, carnitine, taurine, inositol, and lipoic acid

Most water soluable vitamins function is

coenzyme

Molybdenum i

cofactor for four enzymes, including aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidase.

Whats a poor source of iron? rich source

dairy beef fish poultry (contain more heme iron than plant foods)

In high doses of vitamin C

dangerous acts as prooxidant

Chronic excess fluoride ingestion can cause

dental flourosis Children under the age of 8 years have high risk of dental fluorosis, because they routinely swallow toothpaste and dental rinses.

Signs and symptoms of bb-6 deficency

dermatitis, anemia, convulsions, depression, and confusion. Deficiencies may contribute to seizures in adults and children with epilepsy

Vitamin C function

doesn't function as part of a coenzyme, but serves as a nutrient cofactor that facilitates certain chemical reactions. variety of roles including collagen synthesis, antioxidant activity, and immune function necessary for the synthesis of important substances including bile, certain neurotransmitters, and thyroxin.

Greatest calcium absorption

duodenum

sodium deficiency

endurance physical activities may need to consume sports drinks to avoid dehydration and sodium depletion. Hyponatremia can also result from severe diarrhea or vomiting, especially in infants.

What is iron needed for

energy metabolism growth reproduction wound healing immune function

Sulfers function

essential for the activity of many enzymes, and the mineral is part of antioxidant molecules such as glutathione.

excess vitamin A

excess vitamin A is teratogenic

Excess of most water soluble vitamins are

excreted by the kidneys --> Such vitamins generally need to be consumed on a regular basis because they are easily excreted.

What is the storage form of iron that the body makes to make sure it doesnt have excessive amounts

ferratin

sources of iodine

fish, seafood, SEAWEED, certain plants, milk, eggs, iodized salt

Excessive choline

fishy body odor and low blood pressure.

Folates synthetic form

folic acid

Calcium function

form bones and teeth, muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and cellular metabolism The body maintains calcium homeostasis

Thiamins function

functions as part of the coenzyme thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP). TPP participates in chemical reactions that remove a carbon dioxide molecule from a larger compound. needed for catabolism of carbohydrate to release energy, metabolism of branched-chain amino acids, and synthesis of neurotransmitters.

food sources of vitamin k

green leafy vegetables, and canola and soybean oils.

What is folate destroyed by

heat, oxidation, and UV light

chloride function

helps maintain proper fluid and acid-base balance and is needed for transmission of nerve impulses, production of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach, and immune function.

excess phosphorous

hyperphosphatemia, which causes calcium-phosphate deposits to form in body tissues, including blood vessels. People with chronic kidney disease often have abnormal blood levels of phosphorus, calcium, or both. Avoidance of rich dietary sources of phosphorus is often necessary to treat the condition

Chromium deficiency

impaired glucose tolerance, which often precedes the development of type 2 diabetes. The deficiency also causes elevated blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels.

Zinc functions

important for the functioning of over 300 enzymes. needed for growth and development, wound healing, the senses of taste and smell, DNA synthesis, and proper functioning of the nervous and immune systems.

risk factors for cancer

including advancing age, family history, tobacco use, and radiation exposure. Nutrition-related risk factors include alcohol consumption and having excess body fat.

The risk of folate deficiency

increases during periods of growth (e.g., pregnancy). Alcohol consumption and use of certain medications increase the risk of deficiency. --> Red blood cell (RBC) formation requires rapid cell division of RBC precursor cells. If folate is deficient, these cells cannot divide normally, and some abnormal RBCs (megaloblasts) enter the bloodstream, resulting in megaloblastic anemia. Folate deficiencies are associated with increased blood homocysteine. Folic acid supplementation may reduce risk of stroke.

Iodine deficiency during pregnancy

increases the risk of stillbirth or having a low-birth-weight newborn. The deficiency can also cause the fetus to be born with cretinism, which is characterized by permanent brain damage, reduced intellectual function, and growth retardation. Worldwide, iodine deficiency is the most common cause of preventable intellectual disability.

What does chromium enhance?

insulin's action on cell membranes, which allows glucose to enter cells. Chromium supplements may improve blood glucose regulation among people with diabetes.

Copper is used for

iron metabolism

What are the trace minerals

iron, iodine, zinc, selenium, flouride, chromium, copper, maganese, molybdenum, "possible essential minerals"

magneseum deficiency

irritability, weakness, and loss of appetite, muscle twitching, rapid heartbeat, and inability to relax

water intoxication risk

kidney disorders and marathon runners who drink excessive amounts of plain water during competition are at risk. excess water dilutes sodium concentration

food sources of maganese

leafy vegetables, whole grains, nuts, and tea

How much does the body require of trace minerals per day?

less than 100mg/day (relatively small)

involved in certain metabolic processes that remove carbon dioxide from compounds.

lipoic acid

Where is vitamin b12 stored

liver Liver is one of the richest sources of the vitamin

Food sources of biotin

liver, eggs, and peanuts.

Storage sites for iron

liver, spleen, bone marrow

What is chromium necessary for

maintaining proper carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.

Sodiums functions

maintenance of fluid balance. The mineral is also necessary for normal functioning of muscles, transmitting impulses by nerves, and transporting of glucose and amino acids into cells.

Selenium deficiency

male infertility, reduce thyroid gland activity, depressed immune system function, and may contribute to specific forms of osteoarthritis (Kashin-Beck disease), heart disease, (Keshan disease) and cancer

chromium food sources

meat, whole-grain products, **yeast, ***spices, and fruits and vegetables (depending on the chromium content of the soil where they are grown).

Magnesium function

metabolic and physiological activities, including muscle contraction and relaxation, enzyme function, energy generation, and DNA and protein synthesis. The mineral participates in more than 300 chemical reactions in the body

What provides calcium

milk provides 75% of calcium in American diets; the calcium in such foods is highly bioavailable. Not all milk products are rich sources of calcium. Milk loses about half of its calcium content when processed to make cottage cheese Good plant sources= broccoli and leafy greens. calcium in plant foods is generally not as bioavailable as the calcium in milk. Many foods are fortified with calcium, including fortified orange juice, margarine, soy milk, cereals, and breakfast bars. Soy products made with calcium sulfate are also good sources of the mineral. (Adults absorb about 30% of the calcium in food)

vitamin D function

necessary for the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus, and the production and maintenance of healthy bones.

Vitamin A function

needed for the production, maturation, and maintenance of epithelial cells that comprise protective tissues such as skin and the linings of the GI, respiratory, and reproductive tracts necessary for proper functioning of rod cells and cone cells in the retina of the eye role in the production and activity of white blood cells that have immune system functions. People who are deficient in vitamin A are more prone to develop infections than people who have adequate levels of the vitamin. Normal bone growth and development also depend on the vitamin.

Folate deficiency during pregnancy

neural tube defects in embryo

What are Niacins 2 forms

nicotinic acid and nicotinamide.

Niacins function

nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. These form the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). participate in at least 200 chemical reaction, including pathways involved in energy metabolism.

Early sign of vitamin A deficiency

night blindness Epithelial cells are among the first to become affected by a deficiency of vitamin A The A-deficient cells produce too much keratin. Keratin formation in the cornea of the eye damages the normally clear structure. Xerophthalmia is a condition characterized by underproduction of mucus by the epithelial cells of the eye. Xerophthalmia is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. During pregnancy, vitamin A deficiency can result in birth defects.

Is flouride essential?

no because it isn't required for growth or to sustain life. However, regular fluoride intake helps mineralize bones and teeth, and can prevent tooth decay.

all of the iron in plant foods, fortified, enriched is

nonheme iron

Is it easy to get trace minerals?

obtaining adequate amounts can be difficult

Abnormal inositol metabolism

occurs in diabetes, MS, kidney failure, and certain cancers.

At risk for dehydration

older adults, because aging negatively affects the thirst mechanism and the older person's kidneys are not as efficient at conserving water as a younger person's kidneys. i. Athletes and other people who exercise or work outdoors, especially in hot conditions, are also at risk. ii. People who are sick, especially children with fever, vomiting, diarrhea,

People with magneseum deficiency have an increased risk for what

osteoporosis

manganese prevents

osteoporosis, diabetes, and epilepsy

component of coenzyme A, the coenzyme that helps release energy from macronutrients and is needed for fatty acid synthesis

panthothenic acid

vitamin c functionnn

participates in reactions that form and maintain collagen. Also, the vitamin donates electrons to radicals or to vitamin E (antioxidant activity).

second most abundant mineral in the body

phosphorous Most of the phosphorus is combined with calcium in bones and teeth.

Food sources of vitamin c

plant sources are best

vitamin E function

polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes from damage by free radicals. Other roles include maintaining nervous tissue and immune system function.

Copper deficiency

premature infants, infants who are fed cow's milk, and people with malabsorption disorders are at risk of the condition. Signs and symptoms include anemia, poor bone health, abnormal skin pigmentation, impaired neurological and immune system functioning, and poor growth.

vitamin k function

production of blood-clotting factors and platelets.role in blood clotting. also needed to for normal bone mineralization.

excess vitamin c

raise risk for kidney stones Taking large doses of vitamin C doesn't prevent the common cold, but the practice may shorten a cold's duration by a day or so. may also reduce the severity of cold symptoms because the micronutrient acts as an antihistamine when taken in large amounts.

Deficiency of vitamin k

rare among adults, but can occur in people with liver diseases and conditions that impair fat absorption, such as cystic fibrosis- an inherited disease caused by a defective gene that leads to the overproduction of thick and sticky mucus. The mucus negatively affects many tissues, but respiratory and digestive problems are common in cases of the disease. 1. Cystic fibrosis is the most common inherited respiratory disease in the Western world with an incidence of 1 per 3000 live births Inability to form blood clots is a sign of vitamin K deficiency

Deficency of sulfer

rare only occur if protein deficient

Magneseum toxicity

rarely occurs as a result of eating food, but is mostly the result of misuse of laxatives, antacids, or dietary supplements that contain the mineral. Diarrhea is a result of excessive magnesium intake. In cases of kidney failure, hypermagnesemia causes weakness, nausea, slowed breathing, coma, and death.

Zincs foods

red meat and poultry *Enhanced when eaten with proteins

Vitamin A is part of family called most active form of vitamin A

retinoids retinoids that include retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid. Retinol is the most active form of vitamin A in the body. Retinoids are only in animal foods and are referred to as "preformed vitamin A."

component of several organic compounds, including the amino acids methionine and cysteine, the vitamins biotin and thiamin, and the vitamin-like substance lipoic acid

sulfer

Phosphorous function

synthesize ATP phospholipids, and DNA. participates in acid-base balance and the activation of several enzymes and hormones involved in energy metabolism.

bile component, and the substance is involved in many important functions, including central nervous system function and insulin action

taurine

Is iodine absorbed?

the body absorbs nearly all of the iodine in food

vitamin like compounds (choline, carnitine, taurine, inositol, and lipoic acid)

the need for these substances generally increases during periods of rapid tissue growth, such as in premature infants

excessive intake of vitamin E

uncontrolled bleeding, due to interference with vitamin K's clotting functions

Deficiency of b12

vegans need to be concerned Food-cobalamin malabsorption is caused by the inability to release cobalamin from food protein. Reduced stomach acid contributes to the malabsorption -causes of reduced stomach acid: aging, gastritis, and medications, people can take synthetic forms of the vitamin that don't need to be separated from animal protein. People with pernicious anemia don't synthesize intrinsic factor in their stomach. Injections of vitamin B-12 are needed to treat this disorder. Vitamin B-12 is also needed for neural tube formation in embryos, and the vitamin may be helpful for improving psychological health.

What enhances iron absorption

vitamin C

is needed to activate folate after it is absorbed in the small intestine.

vitamin b-12

How to determine hydration status

volume of urine color of urine (not always predictable because of medications and food)

have relatively high amounts of vitamin C

white blood cells

Condition with copper

(Menkes syndrome) can absorb copper, but their cells are unable to metabolize the trace mineral properly. This condition is fatal in early childhood. && Wilson's disease is a rare inherited disorder characterized by the accumulation of toxic amounts of copper in the body, because of insufficient amounts of ceruloplasmin.

How much body weight does water compose

50-70% Lean tissue contains more water than fat tissue, and the percentage of body water declines from birth to old age.

RDA for zinc

8-11mg/day

What enhances the intestional tracts absorption of nonheme iron

Adding a source of heme iron and MFP factor (in meat, fish, and poultry)

RDA chromium

Adult AIs are 25 µg/d (women) and 35 µg/d (men). On average, American diets meet or exceed AI for chromium.

What does vitamin c enhance

absorption of iron from plants

adequate intake for water

11 cups/day for young women and 15.5 cups/day for young men

Molybdenum food sources

beans, peas, lentils; grains and nuts are good sources.

food sources of b 12

. Meat, milk and milk products, poultry, fish, shellfish, and eggs are major sources of vitamin B-12 in the typical American diet

iron RDA

. The RDA for adult men is 8 mg/d; the RDA for adult women, under age 50, is 18 mg/d. On average, diets of American men exceed the RDA whereas diets of women fall short of the RDA

most americans do NOT meet vitamin E RDA, but deficiency is rare

People who have diseases that interfere with fat absorption are at risk of vitamin E deficiency. Consequences include nerve cell damage, loss of neuromuscular control, blindness, and impaired immune function.

associated with lower blood pressure values

Potassium

component of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). These coenzymes play key roles in energy, fatty acid, and folate metabolism.

Riboflavin

Panthothenic acid

Rich food sources include fortified cereals, beef and chicken liver** and sunflower seeds**

Vitamin D deficiency disease in kids and adults

Ricketts a disease that affected children, was treated by exposing the children to sunlight or giving them fish oil.that shows bowed legs, a typical sign of rickets. at risk for deficiency- People living north of the 37th parallel cannot make sufficient vitamin D adults- osteomalacia- a condition characterized by bones that have less-than-normal amounts of calcium. Such bones are weak and bend or break easily. Muscle weakness is a sign of osteomalacia. Lack of sunlight exposure and older age increase the risk of osteomalacia.

food sources for vitamin E

Seeds, almonds, and plant oils are generally rich sources of vitamin E. Fish, whole grains, and certain vegetables are also good sources.

biotin deficiencies

Severe biotin deficiencies are rare because intestinal bacteria synthesize the vitamin and it is widespread in foods. 1. Avidin is a protein in raw egg white that binds biotin, inhibiting its absorption

Food sources for sulfer

Some foods and beverages contain sulfites, but the best sources of sulfur are protein-rich foods

Manganese function

activator of many enzymes in the body. These enzymes play roles in wound healing, metabolism, bone and cartilage** formation, and antioxidant function.

Hypertension because of sodium intake

affects ~30% of adult Americans. The condition is often called the "silent killer," because high blood pressure generally doesn't cause

Zinc dificency risks

alcoholics are at risk because alcohol reduces zinc absorption and increases zinc excretion People with chronic diarrhea or digestive tract diseases are also at risk. Vegetarians may develop zinc deficiency because of the decreased bioavailability of the mineral from plant foods.

Niacin deficiency

alcoholism, anorexia nervosa, and those with rare disorders that disrupt tryptophan metabolism are at risk of niacin deficiency If the deficiency state continues, the condition becomes pellagra. The classic signs and symptoms of pellagra are dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and death—the "4 Ds of pellagra."

SS of zinc deficincy

appetite, diarrhea, hair loss, skin rash, poor wound healing, impaired sense of taste**, and mental slowness.

possible essential minerals

arsenic and boron

Whats related to folate

b-12 certain functions are interrelated