Vocab History 12

Robert Lafollette

"Battling Bob" / "Fighting Bob." Progressive Governor of Wisconsin who fought against the big corporations and who introduced many state-level reform in his state. He became a major leader of the Progressives. Tried to run for President in 1912, but he was replaced on the Progressive Party ticket by Theodore Roosevelt.

Herbert Spencer

(1820-1903)-English philosopher who argued that in the difflcuit economic struggle for existence, only the

Ida Tarbell

(1857-1944) Investigative journalist (one of the lead muckrakers); she wrote a report condemning the corrupt business practices of John D. Rockefeller in McClure's magazine. These articles became the basis for her book, The History of the Standard Oil Company.

Crittenden compromise (Civil War)

(1860) attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves defeated by Republicans

Confederate States of America (Civil War)

(1860-61) A group of 11 Southern states (Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas) that seceded from the Union, beginning with South Carolina. The Confederacy was led by Jefferson Davis; He eventually attacked the federally controlled Fort Sumter on April 12th 1861, marking the first battle of the Civil War. The Confederacy struggled economically during the war, lagging behind the Union's industrialization. This desperately contribute to their defeat.

Frederick Jackson Turner

(1861 - 1932) He was an American historian in the early 20th century. He is best known for The Significance of the Frontier in American History, where he stated that the spirit and success of the United States is directly tied to the country's westward expansion. According to Turner, the forging of the unique and rugged American identity occurred at the juncture between the civilization of settlement and the savagery of wilderness.

Freedman's Bureau

(1865-72), during the Reconstruction period after the American Civil War, popular name for the U.S. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, established by Congress to provide practical aid to 4,000,000 newly freed black Americans in their transition from slavery to freedom

WCTU

(Women's Christian Temperance Union) group organized in 1874 that worked to ban the sale of liquor in the U.S.

Temperance

(n) moderation, self-control, esp. regarding alcohol or other desires or pleasures; total abstinence from alcohol

"Men of Dartmouth"

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Industrialization (Header)

..., Process of industrial development in which countries evolve economically, from producing basic, primary goods to using modern factories for mass-producing goods. At the highest levels of development, national economies are geared mainly toward the delivery of services and exchange of information.

Haymarket Riot

100,000 workers rioted in Chicago. After the police fired into the crowd, the workers met and rallied in Haymarket Square to protest police brutality. A bomb exploded, killing or injuring many of the police. The Chicago workers and the man who set the bomb were immigrants, so the incident promoted anti-immigrant feelings.

Lincoln Douglas debates (Civil War)

1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate

Theodore Roosevelt

1858-1919. 26th President. Increased size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". Added Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. "Big Stick" policy. Received Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France.

Jane Addams

1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom. HULL HOUSE.

American Federation of Labor

1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.

Oklahoma Land Rush

1889; former Indian lands;opened up for settlement, resulting in a race to lay claim for a homestead (Boomers and Sooners)

Coxey's Army

1893 - Group of unemployed workers led by Jacob Coxey who marched from Ohio to Washington to draw attention to the plight of workers and to ask for government relief. Government arrested the leaders and broke up the march in Washington.

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history

Grover Cleveland

22nd and 24th president, Democrat, Honest and hardworking, fought corruption, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes Cleveland is considered by historians to have been one of America's better presidents. During his time in office, he helped usher in the beginning of federal regulation of commerce. Further, he fought against what he saw as private abuses of federal money. He was known for acting upon his own conscience despite opposition within his party.

William McKinley

25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist 1897-1901, Republican, supported gold standard, protective tariff, and Hawaiian Islands, against William Bryan (The Great Commoner), assassinated

Thaddeus Stevens

A Radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the Radical Republicans in Congress.

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

Credit Mobilier

A joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes.

Trust

A legal relationship under which title to property is transferred to a person, called a trustee, who has control over the property, and must manage it for some other person -- called a beneficiary.

Gold standard

A monetary system in which paper money and coins are equal to the value of a certain amount of gold Grover Cleveland was a strong believer in the gold standard. He called Congress into session to repeal the Sherman Silver Purchase Act. According to this act, silver was purchased by the government and was redeemable in notes for either silver or gold. Cleveland's belief that this was responsible for reducing the gold reserves was not popular with many in the Democratic Party.

Social Gospel

A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation, taught religion and human dignity would help the middle class over come problems of industrialization

Imperialism (Header)

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically.

"Square Deal"

A progressive concept by Roosevelt that would help capital, labor, and the public. It called for control of corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources. It denounced special treatment for the large capitalists and is the essential element to his trust-busting attitude. This deal embodied the belief that all corporations must serve the general public good.

Bleeding Kansas

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

Civil Religion

A set of sacred beliefs so commonly accepted by most people that it becomes part of the national culture.

Referendum

A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment.

"Bossism"

A system of political control (during the Gilded age) centering about a single powerful figure (the boss) and a complex organization of lesser figures (the political machine) bound together by reciprocity in promoting financial and social self-interest. Bossism was a very large issue in the late 19th century and the early 20th century, where machines such as Tammany Hall controlled politics in their regions through influencing financing of campaigns and influence via owing of favours to arrange patronage public appointments.

Monopoly Capitalism

A term introduced by Lenin that suggested that competitive capitalism had been replaced by large corporations that control the market in specific sectors.

"Neurasthenia"

A term that was first used at least as early as 1829 to label a mechanical weakness of the actual nerves, rather than the more metaphorical "nerves" referred to by George Miller Beard later.

Standard Time

A time system adopted in 1918 that divided the US into four time zones (Pacific, Mountain, Central, and Eastern. Given to us because of the Railroad system.

Settlement Houses

A welfare agency for needy immigrant families, combated juvenile delinquency, and assisted recent immigrants in learning the English language and in becoming citizens. Jane Addams of the Hull House Settlement in Chicago.

NY Gold Conspiracy

AKA Black Friday Black Friday, September 24, 1869 was caused by two speculators' efforts, Jay Gould and James Fisk, to corner the gold market on the New York Gold Exchange. It was one of several scandals that rocked the presidency of Ulysses S. Grant. Gould began buying large amounts of gold. He never sold this gold. This caused prices to rise and stocks to plummet. Grant made federal government sell $4 million in gold. Gould and Fisk buy and hoard gold, driving the price higher. The gold was 30 percent higher than when Grant took office. But when the government gold hit the market, the premium plummeted within minutes. Investors scrambled to sell their holdings leaving many ruined. Fisk and Gould escaped significant financial harm.

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality. Washington and Dubois were nemeses.

Ku Klux Klan

After the Civil War ended in 1866 a secret society (The KKK) was created by white southerners. They used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights

Philippines

After the war with Spain, the United States paid 20 million dollars to Spain for the annexation of this land.

Initiative

Allowed all citizens to introduce a bill into the legislative and required members to take a vote on it

The People's Party

Also known as the Populist Party. Among western farmers, based largely on its opposition to the gold standard. The very term "populist" has since become a generic term in U.S. politics for politics which appeals to the common man in opposition to established interests. Was a relatively short-lived political party in the United States in the late 19th century.

19th Amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.

Hawaii

America attained Hawaii by forcing the Hawaiian King to sign a constitution and reduced his power. The Queen Liliuokalani gave up her country because she didn't want to go to war with America. Hawaii became the 50th State

Industrial Capitalism

An economic system based on industrial production or manufacturing

"Cross of Gold"

An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Deomcratic Convention, in which he attacked the

Transcontinental Railroad

Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, railroads that linked the eastern US with the western US, revolutionizing transportation in the west.

Samuel Tilden

Democratic candidate for the U.S. presidency in the disputed election of 1876, the most controversial American election of the 19th century. A political reformer, he was a Bourbon Democrat who worked closely with the New York City business community, led the fight against the corruption of Tammany Hall, and fought to keep taxes low

Mass production (Reconstruction)

During Reconstruction the United States was able to manufacture more items at a faster rate than they had before. This created a higher output then was necessary.

Tom Watson

Georgia's Best-Known Populist. He was the first native southern politician concerned about African American Farmers. Introduces Rural Free Delivery Bill. In 1905 he returned to the Democratic party and becomes a white-supremist

Tramp culture

Emerged in 1880's and 1890s. Working class began to get tired of treatment at factories so many hit the road and took odd jobs

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river

Monitor and the Merrimac (Civil War)

First engagement ever between two iron-clad naval vessels. The two ships battled in a portion of the Cheasepeake Bay known as Hampton Roads for five hours on March 9, 1862, ending in a draw. Monitor Union. Merrimac Confederacy. Historians use the name of the original ship Merrimac on whose hull the Southern ironclad was constructed, even though the official Confederate name for their ship was the CSS Virginia.

George Washington Plunkitt

He was head of Tammany Hall and believed in "Honest Graft". A minor boss in Tammany Hall and a member of the New York State Assembly, he was skilled in winning numerous votes for party candidates by associating with and being kind to the people in New York. He was paid by these candidates, and he received generous rewards.

Samuel Gompers

He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers.

George M. Beard

He was the first to diagnose neurasthenia. He was a brain doctor who was a critic of Spiritualism which he wrote was one of history's greatest delusions. He published articles on anomalistic psychology such as The Psychology of Spiritism (1879) exposing the fraud of mediumship and describing its psychological basis.

Henry Cabot Lodge

Henry Cabot Lodge was a Republican who disagreed with the Versailles Treaty, and who was the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He mostly disagreed with the section that called for the League to protect a member who was being threatened.

Kosher Food Riot

In 1902 Jewish citizens in the Lower East Side of NY, protested the growing cost of meat. They stole and burned them.

Pullman strike

In Chicago Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town". Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars. Initially the newspapers and general public had the interest of the strikers at heart. But attitudes shifted and the federal government stepped in to stop the strike. Debs was thrown in jail after being sued. The strike had achieved nothing.

Horatio Alger

Popular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote "rags to riches" books praising the values of hard work.

Emancipation Proclamation (Civil War)

Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

Homestead Strike

It was one of the most violent strikes in U.S. history. It was against the Homestead Steel Works, which was part of the Carnegie Steel Company, in Pennsylvania in retaliation against wage cuts. The riot was ultimately put down by Pinkerton Police and the state militia, and the violence further damaged the image of unions.

"Muckrakers"

Journalists who searched for and publicized real or alleged acts of corruption of public officials, businessmen, etc. Name coined by Teddy Roosevelt in 1906.

Eugene V. Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901.

Women's suffrage

National American Woman Suffrage Association formed in 1910 carried the cause of women's suffrage to victory, granted suffrage in the 19th amendment, women also began to replace men in industries during the war.

National Farmer's Alliance

One of the largest reform movements in American history in 1889. It sought to organize farmers in the South and the West to fight for reforms that would improve their lives. By overcoming low crop prices, burdensome mortgages, and high railroad rates

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages.

Depression of 1893

Profits dwindled, businesses went bankrupt and slid into debt. Caused loss of business confidence. 20% of the workforce unemployed. Let to the Pullman strike.

Lynching

Public events held to demonstrating white supremacy. The victims were most often blacks, but other minorities were also lynched. Lynching postcards were also circulated by these supremacists.

Radical Republicans (Reconstruction)

Republicans in Congress led by Thaddeus Stevens, took charge of Reconstruction, wanted extreme measures in South Northern representatives who were abolitionists, ADVOCATED EQUAL RIGHTS FOR FREED SLAVES BUT TOUGHER STANCES TOWARDS THE SOUTHERNERS

Hull House

Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. It provided social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood as well as improving some of the conditions caused by poverty.

National Railroad Strike

Strike on railroad because of low wages (Panic of 1873); strike spread across nation, violence erupted; during Hayes' presidency

Crop Lien/ sharecropping

System that allowed farmers to get more credit. They used harvested crops to pay back their loans. A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.

Andrew Johnson

The 17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

Rough Riders

The First United States Volunteer Calvary, a mixure of Ivy League athletes and western frontiermen, volunteered to fight in the Spanish-American War. Enlisted and led by Theodore Roosevelt, they won many battles in Florida and enlisted in the invasion army of Cuba.

The Grange

The Grange, officially referred to as The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, is a fraternal organization in the United States which encourages families to band together to promote the economic and political well-being of the community and agriculture. The Grange, founded after the Civil War in 1867, is the oldest American agricultural advocacy group with a national scope. Major accomplishments credited to Grange advocacy include passage of the Granger Laws and the establishment of rural free mail delivery.

Total war (Reconstruction)

The Union used this Total War Tactic as a way to defeat the South. This consisted of tactics such as destroying southern crops, plantations, and entire cities. They also emancipated hundreds of thousands of slaves in the process.

Jim Crow laws/ black codes

The idea of "separate but equal" is introduced in the court case Brown v. Board of Education in 1954. It segregates whites and blacks.

Knights of Labor

The largest and one of the most important American labor organizations of the 1880s. Its most important leader was Terence V. Powderly. The Knights of Labor had a mixed history of inclusiveness and exclusiveness, accepting women and blacks (after 1878) and their employers as members, and advocating the admission of blacks into local assemblies, but tolerating the segregation of assemblies in the South. Bankers, doctors, lawyers, stockholders, and liquor manufacturers were excluded because they were considered unproductive members of society. Asians were also excluded Membership declined: 1) autocratic structure, mismanagement, and unsuccessful strikes 2) Disputes between skilled trade unionists and the industrial unionists 3) bad leadership 4) failed infrastructure to organize and coordinate the hundreds of strikes, walkouts, and job actions. The Knights failed in the highly visible Missouri Pacific strike in 1886. The Haymarket Riot of May 1886 came during a strike by the Knights in Chicago, and although violence was not planned, the Knights were very badly tarnished nationwide with the image of violence and anarchy. Though often overlooked, the Knights of Labor contributed to the tradition of labor protest songs in America.

Progressivism (Header)

The movement in the late 1800s to increase democracy in America by curbing the power of the corporation. It fought to end corruption in government and business, and worked to bring equal rights of women and other groups that had been left behind during the industrial revolution. A combination of small social movements like woman's suffrage, child labor, education, alcohol, or the power of large corporations. McKinley, Taft, Roosevelt, and Wilson were thought to be leaders in this kind of federal legislation.

"The New South"

The rise of a South after the Civil War which would no longer be dependent on now-outlawed slave labor or predominantly upon the raising of cotton, but rather a South which was also industrialized and part of a modern national economy

"40 acres and a mule" (Reconstruction)

This slogan was created in 1864 and 1865 when the federal government settled nearly 10000 black families on abandoned plantation land often times receiving a single mule for their property. It was an attempt to give the black families a new start.

"Gospel of Wealth"

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy. (438) 1901 book by Andrew Carnegie saying people of wealth should consider all revenues in excess of their own needs "trust funds" to be used for good of community. Industrialists devoted large parts of fortunes to philanthropic works. (private wealth = public blessing)

Salvation Army

This welfare organization came to the US from England in 1880 and sought to provide food, shelter, and employment to the urban poor while preaching temperance and morality.

Jay Gould

United States financier who gained control of the Erie Canal and who caused a financial panic in 1869 when he attempted to corner the gold market (1836-1892)

Lincoln Steffens

United States journalist who exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936), Writing for McClure's Magazine, he criticized the trend of urbanization with a series of articles under the title Shame of the Cities.

William Jennings Bryan

United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)

"Race Suicide"

a belief that "mixing" of natives with immigrants was negative. "Less desirable" immigrants would take over U.S. based on numbers.

"Yellow Press"

also called yellow journalism, a term used to describe the sensationalist newspaper writings of the time of the Spanish American war. They were written on cheap yellow paper. The most famous yellow journalist was William Randolph Hearst. Yellow journalism was considered tainted journalism - omissions and half-truths.

Admiral George Dewey

admiral of the US navy, and best known for his victory at the battle of manila bay (in the Philippines) and attained highest rank in navy possible.

Spanish American War

an 1898 conflict between the united states and spain, in which the united states supported cubans' fight for indepedence. started because of yellow journalism (Hearsts NY and Pulitzer's NYW) and the explosion of U.S.S. maine

Republican Party (Civil War)

formed in 1854 made of former Whigs, Free-Soilers, and some Democrats who were against slavery

Charles Schwab

founder and pres. of the US Steel Corporation. considered 1st pres. of the American Iron & Steel Institute in 1901. also involved in the US stock market

Anti-Imperialist League

group of antiimperialists that advocated for isolationism. objected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case; the Philippines were annexed in 1900

cotton (Civil War)

raw cotton was essential for the economy of Europe. the nation's largest cotton-producing area was the south. the Confederacy was able to use cotton as a bartering tool to fund the purchase of weapons, ammunition, and ships from British manufacturers.

Confidence man

the guy who will do anything to get ahead. break the rules, betray, opposite of self-made man. someone who gains another person's trust for some underhanded purpose, usually for financial gain.

Scientific Racism

the use of scientific theories to support or validate racist attitudes or worldviews; also, to support classification of human beings into distinct biological races