VTNE prep section one book
The ovaries of the mare are largely inactive until sexual maturity, which occurs at what age
1-2 years
how much are the occlusal surfaces worn down every year in the horse
1-2mm
what is the avager length of the esophagus in the average sized horse
1.5 m
What percentage of blood pumped from the heart travels to the kidneys
10%
In the average horse, how many liters of ingesta can the colon hold
100 L
How many types of cranial nerves exists
12
How long does the diestrus phase of the mare last
14-16 days
How long does the typical estrous cycle last in the mare
17-21 days
How many ribs does the horse have
18
at what age do wolf teeth develop in a horse
18 months to 5 year
An animal's body consists of how many main body cavities
2
During the respiration process of birds, air circulates continuously and passes through the lungs__________times
2
The mandibular symphysis joins which of the following bones
2 halves of the mandible
At what age do the male testicle of the horse reach their full adult size
2 years
At what age do permanent teeth begin to erupt in the horse
2.5 years
At what level of "fullness" does the horse's stomach empty
2/3 full
How many mL of urine does an equine patient produce per day of body weight
20ml/kg/day
what is the normal heart rate for a horse at rest
25-42 bpm
Most birds have _____toes pointing forward
3
how many different cell shapes are found in the epithelial cells
3
Monosaccharides contain how many carbon atoms in a chain
3-7
In the average horse, how many liters of ingesta can the cecum hold
35 L
How long does food remain in the colon of the horse
36-65 hourse
The animal body is made up of _________different tissues
4
how many chambers does the avian heart contain
4
how many permanent teeth does the adult male horse contain
40
Very strained heart rate of a small bird a Proxima 25 grams and body weight is
400 - 600 beats per minute
how many grams does the average equine kidney weigh?
400-600 g
In the angle of lift of a bird's wing is greater than________-, the lift is reduced
45 degrees
The tarsus of the horse is composed of how many bones
6
Approx. how much of the weight do the forelimbs of the house carry
60%
Oxygen is an element that makes up approximately ______of the body mass
65%
What is the pH of distilled water
7
Blood makes up approximately what percentage of body weight
7%
what is the volume that the adult horse's stomach can hold
7-14 L
How many air sacs do most birds contain
9
How long does it take of a horn to grow down from the coronet to the tip of the toe of a horse
9-12 months
Plasma is composed of what percentage of water
92%
Which cavity lies immediately caudal to the thoracic cavity
Abdominal cavity
which of the following is considered a range of movements that can occur in synovial joint
Abduction adduction retraction and protraction
Which of the following are examples of inorganic compounds
Acids
Cholesterol is used by which of the following organs for the creation of steroid hormones
Adrenal glands testes ovaries
Which of the following structures is the first digit in birds
Alula
The mammary gland that contains which type of connective tissue
Alveolar multiple
Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs
Alveolus
What structure is located immediately caudal to the cornea
Anterior chamber
Which hormone is responsible for regulating urine volume
Antidiuretic hormone aldosterone mineralocorticoid hormone
Which type of blood vessel carries blood away from the heart
Arteries
What is the formation called when one bone connects to another bone by articulation
Arthrosis
The vestibular sense is responsible for
Balance and head potions
Which of the following structures of the horse's hoof allows for expansion and provides strength
Bars
Which of the following is NOT an example of an organic compound
Bases
As feathers mature in birds, what happens to the rachis
Become hallow
Predator birds have what type of vision
Binocular
Prostaglandins provide all the following functions except
Block the COX-2 pathway
Which of the following connective tissues contains the highest density
Bone
Which of the following is the first main branch of the aorta
Brachiocephalic trunk
What is considered the most primitive part of the brain
Brainsteam
For a bird to land, the tail is used as a__________, and the wings are extended into a small postion
Brake
What structure can cause the male dog to become stuck or Tied to the female during breeding
Bulb of the glans
Which of the following species does not contain seminal vesicles
Bull and. Dog
the hormone primarily responsible for preventing hypocalcemia is
Calcitonin
Lipids are made of all of the following components except
Calcium
Which of the following bone tissue contain an internal mesh work of trabeculae with interconnected spaces that are filled with red bone marrow
Cancellous bone Spongy bone
Which of the following is an example of a buffer
Carbonic acid
Food passes from the esophagus into the stomach via what structure in the horse
Cardiac sphincter
What regulates the size opening of the esophagus into the stomach
Cardiac sphincter
Which of the species contains short spines that cover the end of the glans of the penis
Cats
Which of the following animals do not have upper incisors teeth
Cattle
Which species does not have smooth outer surface of the kidneys
Cattle
What is the largest most rostral part of the brain
Cerebrum
Which potion of the spinal cord is located at the cranial cord
Cervical
After food leaves the stomach, it is referred to as which of the following terms
Chyme
epithelial cells that contain tiny hair-like projections that remove foreign particles along epithelial surface are known as
Ciliated epithelium
The prostate gland is responsible for which of the following
Cleans the urethra before ejaculation of sperm Neutralizes acidity of any remaining urine before ejaculation Secreates clear fluid
The pyogostyle found in birds is located distal to which of the following
Coccygeal vertebrae
Which of the following is part of the inner ear
Cochlea
Which is the the longest segment of the large intestine
Colon
Which type of feathers cover the outermost layer of the body
Contour feathers
Secretions from which gland keeps feathers waterproof
Coracoid
The clear window on the rostral portion of the eye is known as
Cornea
Which of the following are considered as types of chemical bonds
Covalent Ionic Hydrogen
What is the main purpose of the epithelial tissue
Covers body surface
Bulbourethral glands are also known as
Cowper's glands
A horse's shoulder is located in which anatomical direction to its hip
Cranial
The thoracic cavity is cavity is considered to be in what anatomical direction from the abdomen
Cranial
what does "buffering the solution" refer to
Creating a neutral solution with the pH close to 7
Which muscle is responsible for adjusting the testes to regulate temp
Cremaster muscle
Which structure of the male reproductive system is responsible for adjusting the location of the testes based on temperature
Cremaster muscle
Which of the following molecules molecules are nucleic acids
DNA RNA Adenosine triphosphate
Which of the following is the first indication that the heart is starting to fail
Decrease in cardiac output
When water is extracted from saccharides, it is known as
Dehydrated synthesis
What makes up bulk of the tooth
Dentin
Which layer of skin contains the hair follicles sebaceous glands and sweat glands
Dermis
The visceral layer of the peritoneum covers which organ
Digestive Urinary Reproductive
Which digit of the bird carries the primary feathers
Digit 3
Which of the following is responsible for the perching reflex in birds
Digital flexor tendon
The femoral condyle is located __________to the head of the femur in a horse
Distal
Which species contains a bone within the penis that is known as the os penis
Dogs
Which side of the wing is does air pass over more quickly
Dorsal
Which surface of the wing is longer and convex? And which surface is shorter and more concave
Dorsal/ventral
the accessory reproductive gland produce alkaline fluid that contains which of the following substances
Electrolytes prostaglandins fructose
All of the following are a type of white blood cells except
Eosinophil
which layer of the skin is composed of multiple layers of cells that are continually renewed
Epidermis
which layer of the skin is the most superficial
Epidermis
What is the store site for sperm after they detach from steroli cells
Epididymis
The secreting units of sweat glands, salivary glands, and mammary glands are all composed of what type of cellular tissue
Epithelial tissue
Where does fertilization normally occur in the horse
Fallopian tubes
Which of the following joint lies between the cannon bone and the long pastern
Fetlock joint
Which of the following joints are immovable and are connected by dense fibrous connective tissue
Fibrous joints
The kidneys performs a waste removal function by which of the following actions
Filtration reabsorption secretion
squamous cells describe cells that contains what shape
Flattened in shape
The 9 different air sacs within birds are responsible for all of the following, except
Gaseous exchange
which portion of the digestive system in Birds is responsible for grinding food products
Gizzard
Functional proteins are also known as
Globular proteins
What is the normal pH of equine urine
Greater than 9 pH
Which nucleotide occurs in both DNA and RNA
Guanine
Systems of folds located within the cerebrum are known as which of the following
Gyri
What structure do birds move to view an image
Head
Which of the following are considered to be major structure within the thoracic cavity
Heart lungs Esophagus
Which protein gives erythrocytes their red color
Hemoglobin
Which tissue is responsible for forming bone marrow within the long bones and the formation of blood cells
Hemopoietic tissue
The coxal tuber is located in which of the following bones of the horse
Hip bone
The glenoid cavity is located immediately proximal which of the following bones of the horse
Humerus
Which of the following bones is located immediately distal to the scapula of a horse
Humerus
Visceral sensations include which of the following
Hunger and thirst
Where does digestion and absorption of food take place within the horse
Ileocecal junction
Which of the following is the largest bone of the pelvis of the horse
Ilium
Which muscle type is responsible for moving lips checks nostrils eyelids and external ears
Intrinsic muscle
What type of muscle contraction occurs when a muscle actually moves or shortens
Isotonic contractions
Which of the following is true about thoracic cavity
It contains negative pressure
Words containing hero Bible or pain glands located on the dorsal surface of the upper base of the tail for what is the structure responsible
It secretes an oily fatty substance that spreads throughout the feathers to clean and waterproof them
Which is the longest segment of the small intestine
Jejunum
Before birth the testes begin to develop in the abdominal cavity near what organ
Kidneys
Which of the following is responsible for draining tears from the eye
Lacrimal puncta
Metatarsal IV in the horse is also known as
Lateral split bone
The aorta originates from which structre
Left ventricle
Which gland is located caudal to the diaphragm and is the largest gland in the body
Liver
the thorax is divided into right and left sides by a connective tissue Septum known as the
Mediastinum
Which of the following bones is also refers to as the cannon bone of the horse
Metacarpals
Which of the following is the basic functional unit of the kidneys
Nephron
Which of the following are considered major elements found in the body
Nitrogen
Which of the following elements is the component of all proteins and nucleic acids
Nitrogen
Which of the following are considered the largest molecules in the body
Nucleic acids
The molecular building blocks of nucleic acids are known as
Nucleotides
What area is known as the blind spot of the eye
Optic disc
Which of the following contains receptor cells for hearing
Organ of Corti
cells that are responsible for laying down new bone are known as
Osteoblasts
Which of the following is derived from the testicular veins surrounds the testicular artery and are described as multiple tiny veins
Pampiniform plexus
Spinal nerves from the sacral region carry which type of nerve fiber
Parasympathetic nerve fibers
The tick outer layer that surrounds the testes in the scrotum and the spermatic cord is known as the
Parietal vaginal tunic
Which of the following bones sis encased in the hoof
Pedal bone
A sugar with 5 carbons is known as________sugar
Pentose
What's substance covers the outer surface of all types of bone
Periosteum
Which of the following is a cartilaginous funnel that collects sound waves and directs them medially into the external auditory canal
Pinna
Which of the following is a type of synovial joint
Plane/ gliding condylar ball and socket
Many of the larger bones of the bird are filed with air that is contained in membranous sacs that connect with the respiratory system and are referred to as which type of bones
Pneumatic
which type of Bones contain air-filled sacs known as sinus that reduce the weight of the bone
Pneumatic bones
The calcaneus bone in a horse forms which of the following
Point of hock
Which vein carries nutrient-rich blood from the intestines to the liver
Portal vein
Which of the following are considered electrolytes
Potassium sodium calcium
What is the function of the cheek ligaments in horses
Prevent strain and over extension of the joint
Which hormone is responsible for triggering and maintaining lactation
Prolactin hormone
Which of the following is NOT considered a part of the special senses
Proprioception
Which molecule is considered the most abundant organic molecule in the body
Proteins
Which bone forms the floor of the pelvis of the horse
Pubis
Nucleic acids consist of the following classes
RNA Ribose
The central shaft of a bird's feather is also refered to as
Rachis
The interosseous space is located between which two bones on the limb of a horse
Radius/ulna
What types of cells carry oxygen throughout the body
Red blood cells
Which blood cell is the most numerous blood cell in the body
Red blood cells
The scrotum is responsible for which of the following
Regulating temp and housing testes
Flight feathers withing the wings of birds are known as
Remiges
In which layer of the eye are the rods and cons located
Retina
Where are visual images found within the eye
Retina
The kidneys are located in which cavity
Retroperitoneal cavity
Of the following molecules, which is not a lipid
Ribose
The duodenum exits the stomach on which side of the animal's abdomen
Right
The anatomical plane that runs the length of the body and divides it's right and left parts is known as
Sagittarius plan
Which of the following structures reinforces the large circumference of the eye in birds
Sclerotic ring
All of the following muscles of the horse extend the hock except
Semimembranosus
Which of the following glands is a pair of smooth surfaced, pear-shaped glands located on either side of the male bladder, and also are considered an accessory glad for the production of seminal fluid
Seminal vesicles
What characteristic of protein molecule directly determines its function
Shape
Muscles that form a circular ring and serve to control the entrance or exit to a structure are knows as
Sphincter muscles
The mare is considered a/an_________ ovulator, which means she will ovulate the stimulus of mating
Spontaneous
All of the following are characteristics of structural proteins except
Steroid properties
which types of lipids take the form of four interlocking hydrocarbon rings
Steroids
Which of the following is an example of a hinge joint
Stifle
What is the primary function of triglycerides
Store energy
The iris of a bird's eye is formed by which the muscle, which enables the bird to control the size of the pupil voluntarily
Striated
Which of the following is NOT a type of muscle tissue
Striated
Which of the following is and example of a carbohydrate
Sugar Starch Cellulose
Waste excretion is a requirement for maintaining homeostasis and can be achieved through which route of excretion
Sweat glands
When two monosaccharides are joined together what type of reaction occurs
Synthesis reaction
Which type if chemical reaction occurs in the body when the simple molecules absorbed during the digestive process are joined into larger molecules needed by cells for life processes
Synthesis reaction
At what level of vertebrae are the withers of a horse located
T4-T9
Which of the following correctly describes the joint movement of circumduction
Th movement of an extremity of one end of a bone in a circular motion
The diencephalon of the brain consists of which of the following structures
Thalamus Hypothalamus
Which of the following forms the tail of a horse
The coccygeal vertebrae
The vane is which part of the feather
The flattened web like Parr of each side of the rachis
Which of the following substances which of the following substances Which hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
The movement of an extremity of one end of a bone in a circular pattern the movement The flattened Webb Lake part of which Theory regions Follicle-stimulating hormone
What occurs ti unfertilized ova
They are reabsorbed
All of the following are nucleotides, except
Thiamine
for what is the ciliary body within the eye responsible
To change the shape of the lens
What are lipoproteins used for within the body
To transport fats within the body
Which cranial nerve is responsible for balance and hearing
Tongue movement, swallowing, salvation, and taste
All of the following special senses of birds are well developed for survival except
Touch
Which structure is composed of several C-shaped incomplete rings of hay line cartilage
Trachea
below the tunics a heavy fibrous connective tissue capsule surrounds each testis what is this known as
Tunica albuginea
The vas deferens is responsible for which of the following actions
Two profiles for my de Sela in the fluid from the epididymis to the urethra during ejaculation
Which nucleotide occurs only in DNA
Uracil
The prostate gland completely surrounds which structure
Urethra
Smooth muscle is found in which internal organ
Urinary bladder Digestive tract
Which types of blood vessels contain one-way valves
Veins
Which of the following body cavities is the largest
Ventral
Which of the following cranial nerves is sensory nerve
Vestibulocohlear
which of the following forms the ventral margin of each nostril of a horse
alar fold
on a ECG, the P wave is most closely associatd with
atrial depolarization
Which area is the blind spot for a horse
behind the ears
Which muscle is responsible for movement of the head and neck of the horse
brachinocephalicus
The dorsal body cavity contains which of the following structures
brain spinal cord
Which element of the periodic table is required for muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and blood clotting
calcium
The left kidney of the horse lies______to the rights kidney, is located ventral to the last rib, and is near the first two or three lumbar transverse processes
caudal
All of the following are part of the small intestine, except
cecum
what structure in horses provides additional shading for the retina to limit entry of light
corpora nigra
The air in the _____ air sac passes straight through the lungs and out
cranial
which of the following tendons flexes the toe in horses
deep digital flexor tendon
What division are birds missing that is normally seen between the thorax and abdomen of other animals?
diaphragm
the section between the k-9 teeth and the 1st premolar of the horse is termed
diastema
What provides nourishment to the digital cushion and functions with the frog in the horse's hoof
frog corium
which sinus lies in the dorsal part of the skull medial to the orbit
frontal sinus
the sequence in which a horse lifts its feet from the ground is described as what
gait
During which gait are there never more than two legs on the ground are the same time
gallop
In which type of gait does the floating phase occur
gallop
The pericardial sac covers which of the following structures within the bird
heart
A protective external capsule, called the _________, surrounds the internal structures of the foot on a horse
hoof
Which of the following bones is considered one of the strongest bones in the horse
humerous
The deltoid tuberosity is located on which of the following bones of the horse
humerus
What are chemicals that dissolve or mix in water called
hydrophilic
Which of the following structures suspends the larynx from the skull
hyoid apparatus
Where is the columella bone located
in the ear
Which of the following are the most rostral teeth in the mouth of small animals
incisors
The sternum of birds is extended into a laterally flattened___________, which provides a large surface area for the attachment of the major flight muscles
keel
where does the microbial digestion of cellulose take place within the horse
large intestine
which muscle of the horse supports the rider's weight
longissimus dorsi
Where are the free spaces within the bird located
major bones
where is the insertion of the sternocephalicus muscle of the horse
mandibule
The carpus of the horse is located proximal to which of the following bones
metacarpus
Which of the following bones is located distal to the tarsal bone in the horse
metatarsal
a horse;s vision is primarily which type
monocular
Tendons attach____________to bone
muscles
Which type of vision do photoreceptor cells, known as rods, provide in birds
night vision
Which avian species contain ear pinnae
none, there are no external ear pinnae in any avian species
How often do go birds go through a molting process
once a year
During the estrus phase of the mare, which of the following occurs
ovulation
The vitreous humor in the posterior chamber of the eye contains a ribbon like structure attached to the retina and it is known as what
pecten
there is a large blood suppl to the flight muscles and wings of birds, via the artery
pectoral artery Bronchial artery
the ________forms the outer layer to protect the hoof and maintain moisture levels
perople
Which of the following is not part of the lower respiratory tract
pharynx
The back of the hing leg distal to the tarsus is known
plantar
All of the organs in the thoracic cavity are covered by a thin membrane known as
pleura
lymph nodes hound on the caudal aspect of the leg at the level of the patella are the
popliteal nodes
Which hormones are produced by the corpus luteum and are necessary to maintain pregnancy
progesterone
Which blood vessel carries CO2-rich blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs
pulmonary artery
Which of the following levels is considered the most acidic of the pH scale
scale is 1-10
which of the following muscles insert at the distal femur and tibia of a horse
semimembranosus
Where does spermatogenesis take place
seminiferous tubules
which animal has cotyledonary placenta
sheep
which of the following muscles originates behind the poll of the horse
splenius
which of the following allows the horse to rest and sleep in a standing postions
stay apparatus
where is the point of origin of the pectoral muscle of horses
sternum
What is the typical breeding season of a mare
summer-fall
The point of origin of which muscle of the horse is at tuber coxae of the pelvis
superficial gluteals
the combined effect of air passing through the larynx and what other structure produces the characteristics sounds associated with the bird species
syrinx
What does the term hypsodontic in the horse represent
the lack of enamel over the occlusal surface
What happens to the iris of the eye in dim light
the muscles relax allowing the pupil to dilate
Which of the following muscles of the horse is responsible for extending the elbow
triceps
Secondary feathers are attached to which structure in birds
ulna
Which of the following terms correctly describes the mare's parity
uniparous
Which of the fallowing cranial nerves is the longest cranial nerve that innervates many organs in the body
vagus
The lift force must equal which of the following parameters for flight to occur in a bird
weight of the bird
The caudal end of the sternum is referred to as the
xiphoid process
