Water Operator Class D Study Guide
A non-transient non-community water system (NTNCWS) is?
A public system that regularly serves at least 25 of the same persons more than 6 months of the year.
A "community" water system is described as?
A public water system that has a potential to serve at least 15 service connections on a year round basis or serves at least 25 individuals on a year round basis.
Definition of Confined Space Entry
A space that is large enough and so configured (designed) that an employee may enter and do work; it has limited or restricted means of entry or exit; it is not designed for continuous occupancy
Definition of Standpipe Storage
A tank resting on the ground with a height greater than its diameter and a total height that is higher than 80 feet above the highest service connection
EPA Chemical Risk Management Requirements apply to what entities
Any Private, municipal or industrial entity with 2500lbs or more of Chlorine
Reports by Surface water systems must be received by the TCEQ at this location
Austin
The federal agency that impacts the water industry
EPA
Coatings that contact potable water must be approved by 1 of these
EPA NSF FDA
Who needs to be involved in safety programs
Everyone
Wat are the three keys to good customer relations
Everything the utility does is PR; Customers are entitles to courteous treatment; Every employee is a PR person
Heavy Exposure to Chlorine can be
Fatal
Those who work in the public water industry have a responsibility to meet standards created by these types of government entities.
Federal and State
Gravel pack
Fine gravel placed around the well screen
How do you disinfect a faucet that you are going to collect a water sample from?
Flame it or Use a chemical
Fluorosilic acid, Sodium silicofluoride, sodium fluoride - purpose
Fluoride addition, prevents tooth decay
Chlorinator Rooms with more than 1 open 150lb cylinder must have
Forced air ventilation
Which is more reactive: Chloramine or Free Chlorine
Free Chlorine
Pumping rates are usually expressed as:
GPM (gallons per minute)
GPM
Gallons per minute
This type of Chlorination is typically used in large plants (water systems)
Gas Chlorination
this type of valve is used to turn off sections of a system / main
Gate
When a pump is installed this type of valve is installed at its discharge and sometimes at its suction
Gate Valve
Storage that is less than 80 feet above the highest service connection
Ground Storage
Types of systems that are not required to compile monthly reports
Ground Water & Surface Water that serve less than 100 connections
Fecal Coliform in a sample indicates that
Intestinal waste is in the sample
Water is essential to
Life and health
What 2 chemicals are used to adjust pH or alkalinity?
Lime and soda ash
Bacteriological Samples must be ___________________ of the system
Representative
Calcium Hypochlorite is normally used by this size of system
SMALL water systems
Sodium hypochlorite disinfection is normally used by this type of system
SMALL water systems
The most important federal law impacting the water utility industry is the
Safe Drinking Water Act
Raw Water
Surface water or ground water prior to treatment
The point of collection must be: (4 things)
Sanitary; no overhanging plants; no insect nests; no leaky faucets
TCEQ requires all storage tanks to have
Screened Vents; Locked Hatches; A dust proof cover; Overflows with hinged flaps and entry ports
Plant intakes must have
Screens & Grates to minimize the amount of debris entering the plant
SCBA
Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus
Maximum Allowable Slope
The degree of slope that overcomes collapsing pressure
Changes in water levels or the amount of water produced/pumped from a well can show
a drop in the water table; screen stoppage; damage to the pump
Changes in water levels or the amount of water produced/pumped from a well can show 3 things
a drop in the water table; screen stoppage; damage to the pump
As a pipe goes into the trench you need to swab it with
a hypochlorite solution
impervious layer
a layer of rock that water cannot enter
Pipe must be bedded with
a minimum of 4 inches or 1/4 the pipe diameter of tamped sand or gravel
Entities that are not required to follow OSHA have this
a moral obligation to proved a safe workplace
After evaluation, confined spaces are designated as
a permit required space or a non-permit required space
Define c-factor
a pipe's coefficient of roughness or rating for interior wall smoothness; (how smooth the interior of the pipe is)
A water system with ground storage is allowed to have
a pressure tank capacity of 20 gallons per connection, or elevated storage.
Grounds and Landscaping must have
a program to facilitate cleanliness and to improve the appearance of plant sites
Another word for Maximum allowable slope
angle of repose
angle of repose
another name for maximum allowable slope
if a potable ladder or stars are not used in an elevated space you must use an
anti-fall line
1000 feet
The distance that boat ramps, docks and fishing peirs must be away from a water intake
Friction Head
The force needed to overcome resistance in pipe and fittings
The preferred method of preventing cross connections is
an air gap
Cone of Depression
an area around a water table well that is dewatered by pumping
Sanitary control easement
an area around a well that is secured from property owners and recorded in the county courthouse deed records
Zone of pressure reduction
an area around an artesian well that is dewatered by pumping
Sanitary control easement
an area round a well that is secured from property owners and recorded in the county courthouse deed records
Where does Fecal coliform live?
The intestines of Humans and warm-blooded animals
if a sample container that is given to the lab is completely full what will happen?
The lab will reject it
The hydrologic cycle is?
The movement of water between the earth and atmosphere
fluoridation
The process of adding fluoride to water to help prevent cavities
The primary purpose of the Water Utility Industry
The production and delivery of safe drinking water to consumers
Common Intestinal disorders related to waterborne diseases (11 names)
Typhoid; Cholera; Paratyphoid; Legionnaires' disease; Bacillary dysentery; Polio; Amoebic dysentery; Giardiasis; Hepatitis; Cryptosporidiosis; Gastroenteritis; and others
You know: the number of gallons; You want to know: the weight of the water; What equation do you use?
Weight(lbs) = gallons * 8.34
PVC must be approve by and have
approved by the NSF and have an ASTM pressure rating of at least 150 psi or a standard dimension ratio of 26
A filter must be backwashed when head loss is
approximately 6 to 10 feet
Groundwater occurs below the earth's surface in water-bearing formations called:
aquifers
Grounds should be sloped
away from the tower or tank
Equipment that should be stored at the Service Center
backhoes; pumps; air compressors
Water from a new well should not be used until what analysis
bacteriological samples for three successive days show NO cloriforms
Water from a new well should not be used until what happens?
bacteriological samples for three successive days show NO coliform
Excessive nitrates in drinking water can cause
blue baby syndrome in infants
Typical cross connections include
bottom connections to stock tanks; lawn-sprinkling systems; faulty pump installations; piping from a private well connected to a house with city water; pump priming
When cave-ins occur they start from the
bottom of the hole
how is a cleanout designed to be used
by inserting a cleaning tool
water softening removes
calcium and magnesium
Hardness is caused by
calcium and magnesium and other minerals
operation of a curb stop or meter stop valve
can be operated from the meter box
Detention Time in Days =
capacity in gallons / flow rate gpd
Detention time in Hours =
capacity in gallons / flow rate gph
Detention time in Minutes =
capacity in gallons / flow rate in gpm
Where should sand traps be installed and inspects
car washes and other places where sand is likely to enter the sewer
Accidents can be avoided because they are
caused and do not just happen
For years, TX has more deaths due to this than any other state
cave-ins
The most common pump in the Water utility field
centrifugal pump
When we take a bacteriological sample we are primarily sampling for
coliform
Repeat samples are used to determine this type of compliance
coliform MCL compliance
A Positive Bacteriological Sample means that:
coliform was found
A Negative Bacteriological Sample means that:
coliform was not found
During pumping bubbles caused by cavitation do this
collapse and cause a mechanical chock
Quality water has low amounts of 5 things. What are they?
color, turbidity, solids, taste, odor
When filling out a sample collection form the form must be filled out
completely
Public wells must be provided with 4 things. What are they?
concrete sealing block; meter; screened vent; sampling faucet
Public wells must be provided with a
concrete sealing block; meter; screened vent; sampling faucet
The exterior and interior coating of storage tanks must be inspected for
corrosion protection
Screened vents are made of
corrosion resistant material
Exposure to Chlorine causes severe
coughing and Tissue damage
Customers are entitled to
courteous treatment & answers to questions about water
the result of a volume calculation is expressed in
cubic units
volume is expressed AS
cubic units
inspect shoring when
daily
Working in the water and wastewater field is
dangerous
As Head increases Pump capacity and efficiency
decreases
Artesian wells are
deep wells
Artesian wells are (depth)
deep wells
Suffers can be many things. Name 4.
departments to call for service; explanations of utility policy; a history of the utility; tips on water conservation
how do you convert from gpm to gpd
divide the gpm by 1440; gpm/1440
the chlorine institute's recommendation when using ammonia to locate chlorine leaks
do no use household ammonia
storage tank inspections must be
documented
dielectric
does not conduct electricity; does not allow electricity to flow
Hot Repair
doing a repair without turning off the water/valves
Name 2 problems that vacuums in wells can cause
drawing of contaminants into the well; restriction of the free flow of water to the well pump
the quality water standard of public water supplies is
drinking
Motor controls should be kept free of this
dust and corrosion
Ownership Signs must be at
each production, storage and treatment site
excavation practices for a leak
excavate below the pipe on both sides; dig one side deeper than the other; keep ditch water out of the line
ladders used as a trench exit must
extend at least 3 feet above the top of the excavation; be secured; be within 25 feet laterally (side to side) of anyone in the excavation
a positive displacement meter cannot over-register due to
external influence or internal wear
If everyone does not participate in a safety program, the program will
fail
Good treatment of employees includes 3 primary things
fair wages; benefits; safe working conditions
What are 2 problems caused by over-pumping include
falling water levels; subsidence
Total Coliform group(type) bacteria includes
fecal and non-fecal coliform
OSHA is a (federal, state) law?
federal
how do you convert from feet to inches
feet * 12
head units of measure
feet or psi
How do you convert from yards to feet
feet*3
How do you convert from feet to yards
feet/3
How do you convert from feet to miles
feet/5280
Completed wells must be protected by
fences or locked well houses
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) can be removed by
filtration
one of the most important purposes of a public water supply
fire fighting
important uses for fire hydrants
fire fighting, flushing, bleeding air from mains
Types of pipe joints may be
flanged, mechanical,push-on, welded, threaded, gasket material
Name7 factors that effect sedimentation
floc weight, floc size, floc shape, water temperature, detention time, water velocity, short circuiting
After disinfecting a line and before putting it into service you must
flush the line
The chain link fence around a site must be
flush to the ground (no gap between it and the ground)
After action is taken on a complaint the employee should do this to to make sure everything is satisfactory(OK).
follow up with a phone call, post card or e-mail
Name 3 things that can prevent a pump from turning backward
foot valve; check valve; ratchet
The flocculation process
forms larger particles that settle more readily
Flushing of dead end mains brings in
fresh chlorinated water
acidic on the pH scale is (number range)
from 0 to 7
basic on the pH scale is
from 7 to 14
Gas should be withdrawn from a cylinder from this location
from the top of the cylinder
The depth that a main is buried depends on
frost lines; surface load; obstructions
How do you convert from square feet to square inches
ft(2) = ft(2)* 12(2)
How do you convert cubic yards to cubic feet?
ft(3) = yd(3) * 27
gpd
gallons per day
gph
gallons per hour
Normal Pumping rate unit of measure
gallons per minute
gpm
gallons per minute
A Cylinder apparatus inlet valve allows
gas to enter the apparatus
The most common type of isolating valve
gate valve
Types of controlling valves
globe, diaphragm, rotary
An attractive work environment results in
good employee morale
The annual system water quality report can build what
goodwill and trust with the customer
How do you convert from gpd to gph
gpd / 24
How do you convert from gph to gpd
gph * 24
How do you convert from gph to gpm
gph / 60
pumping rates are usually expressed as
gpm
How do you convert from gpm to gpd
gpm * 1440
How do you convert from gpm to gph
gpm * 60
Flow velocity is effected by
grade, gpm, pip material (c-factor), Pipe diameter
Calcium Hypochlorite is used in these forms
granular and power
wastewater is moved through the collection system by using....
gravity and lift stations
Elevated storage must meet the same general requirements as
ground storage
MSDSs contain
hazardous product information
Artesian aquifers are overlaid by an
impervious layer of rock
Most work area accidents on streets and highways are caused by
improper warning signs or barricades
consecutive
in a row without interruption
successive
in a row without interruption
When does TCEQ allow backflow prevention devices
in certain situations; if properly located, maintained, & inspected
To be effective in drinking water chlorine must be
in it at all times
Chlorinator equipment and Chlorine Containers must be stored
in separate areas
Parallel water and sewer lines must be laid
in separate ditches
Disinfectant Residual must be in the water when the water is (where - 2)
in storage; being transported through the system
When a pump is installed A check valve is installed
in the discharge line
Where does non-fecal coliform primarily live?
in the soil
How do you convert from square inches to square feet
in(2) = in(2)/12(2)
Area is usually expressed in
inches, feet, yards, or miles
how do you convert from inches to feet
inches/12
The presence of these in a system should cause concern
indicator organisms
OSHA applies to these types of businesses
industrial, manufacturing, private businesses
Pathogens are present only if the person is
infected
Name 3 parts of a cylinder apparatus
inlet valve; rotameter; ejector
Cavitation occurs where in a pump
inside the pump volute or casing
Reports for Ground Water Systems must be kept for...
inspection or review but are not required to mail them in
Cavitation in a pump is caused by
insufficient pressure on the suction side of the pump
This protects operators from shock during pump operations or maintenance
insulating mats
Bends in lines must be braced or blocked against
internal thrust
Some bacteria live and grow in the _______.
intestines
Waterborne or water carried pathogens live and grow in the
intestines of infected people
Repeat samples that are removed from your record are not
invalidated
If the water is red but not corrosive the cause may be
iron bacteria
In a Galvanized storage tank walls that are above the waterline is or is not protected from corrosion
is not
A corporation stop operation
it cannot be operated from the ground's surface, because it is buried under ground
Calcium Hypochlorite will explode if any of these 3 things happens
it contacts oil; contacts organic material; gets too hot
Water is considered hard when
it exceeds 100 mg/L of calcium carbonate
Hot repairs are preferable because
it keeps the leak under pressure
The abbreviation for pound
lbs
lbs hypochlorite =
lbs pure CL2(chlorine) / decimal percentage hypochlorite
mg/L =
lbs/day / (mgd*8.34)
A rotameter measures gas in
lbs/day or grams/hour
What is the formula for the area of a rectangle?
length * width
Turbidity limits
less than or equal to .3 NTU
Dissolved solids limits
less than or equal to 1000 mg/L
Color level should be
less than or equal to 15 units
Taste and Color Limits
less than or equal to 15 units
Nitrates Limits
less than or equal to 20mg/L as nitrogen
Ground Water is located
located below the earth's surface (underground)
Storage fills when demand is
low
Factors that make water more corrosive
low Ph; dissolved oxygen; dissolved salts; free chlorine; low hardness; high velocity; high temperature; low alkalinity; sulfate reducing bacteria
TCEQ Special Precautions are required when the system experiences: (4 items)
low distribution pressure; Water outages; Repeated unacceptable microbiological samples; Failure to maintain adequate chlorine residuals
Items that must be disinfected before returning them to service
mains; service lines; meters; valves
The result of Reducing Agent reactions is
matter is destroyed/deactivated the disinfection power is reduced or destroyed
Organic matter includes
matter that is alive or once was alive
The results of a bacteriological sample from a newly filled tank is in if it is positive what is done
more samples are taken until 2 consecutive samples are negative; if this cannot be done the disinfection must be repeated
According to the TCEQ, future water supplies will be
more scarce
Elevated storage is required for systems with
more than 2500 service connections
Excessive amounts of fluoride may cause
mottling/staining of teeth
The quick way to convert from gpd to mgd
move the decimal to the left 6 spaces
the quick way to convert from mgd to gpd
move the decimal to the right 6 spaces
Common filter problem
mud balls
How do you convert form gpd to gpm
multiply the gpd by 1440/gpd*1440
Disinfection Equipment Capacity must be how much?
must be 50% greater than the highest expected demand dosage at any time
Springs
natural outcrops where an aquifer reaches the surface
Most bacteria are __________________ for life.
necessary
Prior to putting line into service you must have
negative bacteriological samples; 1 for each 1000 feet of main
If a storage tank does not have a 30" diameter access opening, you must provide one at this time
next major maintenance
Are Indicator Microorganisms pathogens?
no
Advantages of keeping a leak under pressure
no service interruption; reduced risk of contamination; reduces air in the main; ensures the repair holds under service
travel trailer spaces, Hotel and motel rooms, service stations are examples of this type of water systems
non-community water systems
mechanical retrieval devices allow for
non-entry rescue
Asbestos-cement pipes in Texas
not allowed for new construction in potable water systems
Lead limits for solders and flux
not more than 0.2% lead
Lead limits for pipe and fittings
not more than 8% lead
Disinfection destroys disease-causing microorganisms called
pathogens
Storage begins to empty during ____________ demand
peak
feet square is used to describe this geometric function
perimeter
a cleanout is not designed for
personnel entry
This is required whenever a water line changes direction
pipe bracing
Class 100 pipe
pipe that is pressure rated up to 100 psi
methods of controlling corrosion
pipe with protective linings or coatings in the inside; install anodes in storage tanks; eliminate different metals that cause galvanic corrosion; treat the water with chemicals
Corrosion damages
pipes and water tanks
Employees should be kept informed of utility...
plans and policies
PVC
polyvinyl chloride
types of water meters
propeller; compound; magnetic; positive displacement meter;
mud balls can be prevented by
proper backwashing
the purpose of the well casing and cementing is to
protect the well from collapse and surface contamination
An important part of public relations is to
provide courteous treatment to customers
You know: feet above ground(height); You want to know: psi; What is the calculation?
psi = height * .433
When an MCL is exceeded what is required by the Federal Safe Drinking Water Act?
public notification
after completing the repair the clean-up process is important to
public relations
Drawdown =
pumping level - static level; the difference between static level and pumping; always a positive number
Pure Chlorine at room-temperature has this odor
pungent odor
Water is never found in nature with this characteristic
pure
Trench exits can be
ramps or ladders
Pressure surges are caused by
rapid flow changes
Calcium Hypochlorite is produced by
reacting chlorine with LIME
Sodium hypochlorite is produced by
reacting chlorine with SODIUM HYDROXIDE and WATER
In order to be useful, a Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) must be 3 things. List them
readily available; Stored away from the Chlorinator room; inspected regularly
an example of apparent color
red water caused by oxidized iron
All public water systems are required to employ certified operators even if the system only
redistributes treated water bought from another source
The purpose of a well's gravel pack is to
reduce pumping sand
The purpose of the well screen is to
reduce/keep sand out of the well
Ground storage is generally constructed of
reinforced concrete or steel
Pressure surges can result in
severely damaged mains
If a tank is wholly or partially underground it cannot be near potential contaminants, including:
sewer lines, septic tank drain fields, animal lots areas that flood
Primary components of a collection system
sewer pipe, cleanouts, grease traps, sand traps, vent pipes, siphons, manholes, lift stations
Water table wells are usually (depth)
shallow
Primary parts of a fire hydrant
shoe, main valve, traffic coupling, barrel, bonnet or cap, operating nut, pumper nozzle; weep holes
Cave-in protection can be
shoring; shielding; sloping
clean motors prevent
short circuits
Maintenance crews can provide this to protect the public
signs and barriers
subsidence
sinking of the land
A screen's mesh size is determined by 3 things. What are they?
size of the aquifer material; size of the gravel in the gravel pack; type of well development
A pH of 7.8 is
slightly Basic
A pH of 6.5 is
slightly acidic
Flushing of dead end mains reduces
slime and scale build up; red water complaints
shoring is not necessary if the walls are
sloped to the maximum allowable slope
Coagulants cause
small particles in water to clot together forming floc
Hypochlorinators are typically used in this size of plant or water system
small plants (water systems)
Sample Containers contain
sodium thiosulfate
Sodium carbonate (soda ash) - purpose
softening, removal of heavy metals, aid to coagulation, pH and alkalinity adjustment
The Maximum Allowable slope is determined by
soil conditions
The maximum allowable slope is determined by
soil type
Three forms of water
solid(ice); liquid(water); water(vapor/gas)
Turbidity
the amount of suspended matter such as clay, silt, organic matter and microorganisms in water
head
the force the pump works against
Nature's way of recycling water
the hydrological cycle
The process of nature recycling water is called
the hydrological cycle
If a sample is not received by the lab within 30 hours
the lab rejects it
define outfall sewer
the line that carries the sewage to treatment
Trihalomethanes and Haloacetic Acids may cause problems with (4 health related items)
the liver; kidneys; central nervous systems; increase cancer risks
MSDSs are supplied by
the manufacturer
Hydrological cycle
the natural exchange of water between the earth and atmosphere
Chlorine is highly irritating to what parts of the body
the nose and throat
The number of repeat samples needed is determined by
the number of monthly samples normally required
Distances from mains are measured from
the outside of the pipe
Distances from water mains are measured from
the outside surface of the pipe
area is expressed AS
squared units
The most common type of pump motor
squirrel cage induction
define service line
starts at the property and extends to the property line where it joins a lateral
Who is not required to follow OSHA regulations?
state entities, municipal entities, public schools, most federal employers
When using trench boxes workers must
stay inside of the box
Elevated storage is usually made of
steel
Sample Containers must be
sterile
Bacteriological Samples must be collected in:
sterile containers.
Disinfection kills pathogens without
sterilization
If subsidence or soil cracks occur in your shoring you need to
stop work; correct the problem
Pipe selection is based on
strength, carrying capacity, durability, ease of installation, availability, soil conditions, cost
The most common type of deep well pumps (2)
submersible & vertical turbine
These must be prevented from entering storage tanks
sunlight, dust, birds, insects, rain
Turbidity can be a major problem in
surface water
Methods of developing a well
surging; overpumping; jetting; backwashing
Name for methods of developing a well
surging; overpumping; jetting; backwashing
Solids that can be removed by filtering
suspended
Apparent Color
suspended in water; can be filtered out
This type of public system is not required to compile monthly reports
systems that serve less than 100 connections OR purchase treated water
Delinquent payment notices should be (4 things)
tactful and tasteful; mailed in an envelope; businesslike
algae; bacteria; organic matter; gases; and chemicals give what to water
taste and color
Chloramine can cause this
taste and odor
Problems that are commonly solved by flushing
taste, odor, red water, dirty water
an example of true color
tea
Average water use depends on these 5 things
temperature; rainfall; cost; supply; economic level
Reports for Surface water systems must be received by the TCEQ by
the 15th of the following month
Ground water is tapped by
wells
static head
when there is no water flow or no pumping (the water is not moving through the pump)
Dynamic head
when there is water flow or pumping (the water is moving through the pump)
where are cleanouts installed
where there may be a stoppage such as between the house line and the city lateral
Results of required tests, measurements or analysis must be reported
within 10 days following its completion
When shields or trench boxes are use workers must stay
within the shield or box
OSHA regulates (makes rules for)
workplace safety
Elements of a safety program
written policy; supportive administration; trained employees; safety inspections; accident review; record keeping
How do you convert cubic feet to cubic yards?
yd(3) = ft(3)/27
The EPA requires community water systems to The water system must provide customers with a report on the system's water quality how often?
yearly
The exterior and interior of ground, elevated, standpipe and pressure tanks must be inspected how often?
yearly
Positive samples may be removed from your record (yes, no)
yes
Coupon
the piece of pipe material cut from a main when a tap is made.
The minimum number of bacteriological samples required is based on
the population served (number of people); State and federal Agencies
the process of Coagulation and flocculation is
the process of using chemicals to clot particles together
Chlorination is the most important process in
the production of potable water
who is responsible for installing a house service line?
the property owner
Circle of influence
the top area around a well that is dewatered by pumping
Where should the cylinder apparatus on a gas cylinder be?
the top of the tank
Safety programs must start with
the top official
Give 3 reasons that water plant facilities should be kept neat and clean
to indicate a professional attitude; to keep public support; to keep confidence in the water quality
Purpose of a check valve
to prevent water from flowing backwards
What are the three objectives of water treatment
to protect the public health, to supply an aesthetically pleasing product and to protect consumer property
Purpose of a sewer use ordinance
to protect the system from injurious industrial wastes.
Purpose of developing a well
to remove drilling mud and loose sand
When repairing a main, crews should be supplied with
tools; repair materials; maps of the distribution system; pipe location equipment; safety equipment; traffic control devices; first aid supplies
When collecting a water sample DO NOT:
touch the inside of the container or cap
Elevated storage is supported above ground on/by a
tower
Toxic gases are monitored with a
toxic sensor
When identifying gases check 3rd for
toxins
Confined space rescuers must be
trained in confined space rescue; available before an entry occurs; able to respond in an appropriate amount of time
These may be used instead of shoring or sloping
trench boxes
True or False, Ground Storage must be painted
true
True or False, Ground storage must be disinfected
true
Most ground water is relatively free of
turbidity
chemically water is made up of
two atoms hydrogen; one atom oxygen
coliforms are
types of organisms
Aquifer
underground water-bearing formation yielding useful quantities of water
9 out of 10 accidents are caused by
unsafe acts of the person injured or someone else
A pump turning backward can cause
unscrewing of the drive shaft coupling; damage to the pump or pump motor if the pump suddently starts
Jet pumps
used in shallow wells when the amount of water delivered is small
Distribution systems must meet standards for
water quality; quantity of water; pressure; fire protection
The exterior and interior of ground, elevated, standpipe and pressure tanks must be inspected by who?
water system personnel or a contracted service
Potable water
water that is free of disease-causing organisms, has a chlorine residual and is safe for human consumption
Operators should keep records of 5 types of things
water usage; system pressure; sample results; repairs; amount of chlorine used
Cavitation causes this to form
water vapor bubbles
When entering a permit required space personnel must
wear a harness and be attached to a retrieval line
Meter readers can be ambassadors of goodwill by doing these 5 things
wearing identifying clothing; being neat and courteous; Teaching customers how to read their meter; Explaining utility policies such as delinquent notices or disputed readings; Taking care or property
The taller the water column is the more of this
weight and thus pressure
Public water systems are either
"Community" or "Non-community" water systems
In the case of a Non-Acute Violation, the notification must include the words
"Possible Health Concern"
A sample must be received by the lab within:
30 hours
Backwashing should expand the filter by
30 to 50%
In texas the rule for main depth is
30 to 60 inches below the ground; the top of the pipe must have at least 24 inches of cover
A storage tanks access opening should measure
30" diameter
Sewage Pumping Stations must be this many feet away from a well
300
Sewage Wet Wells must be this many feet away from a well
300
Wastewater Drainage Ditches must be this many feet away from a well
300
Chlorine withdrawal Maximums for Ton Containers using pressure transmission
336 lbs/day (based on air temp of 70)
OSHA's maximum allowable slope for Type C soil
34 degrees or 1 1/2 : 1 horizontal run to vertical rise
OSHA's maximum allowable slope for Type A soil
34 degrees or 3/4:1 horizontal run to vertical rise
The states minimum normal operating pressure
35 psi
A well sample for physical and chemical analysis must be taken after
36 hours of pumping
Trench exits are required for a depth of
4 feet or more
A water system without ground storage must have a pressure tank capacity of
50 gallons per connection
Required Capacity for Disinfection of Potable (drinkable) water
50% greater than the highest expected dosage
Animal Feed Lots must be this many feet away from a well
500
Irrigation With Sewage Effluents must be this many feet away from a well
500
Sewage Treatment Plants must be this many feet away from a well
500
Solid Waste Disposal Sites must be this many feet away from a well
500
Dosage required to return a line to service, quickly.
500mg/L for 30 minutes
Dosage for new mains
50mg/L or more of chlorine for at least 24 hours
1 mile = ? feet
5280
How many feet are in a mile?
5280
Flock must be allowed to settle for a minimum of
6 hours
What is the minimum length of time that a well disinfection solution needs to remain in the well
6 hours
The smallest diameter pipe allowed for a city main
6 inches
the minimum size and grade of a gravity flow sewer line on city right-of-way
6 inches and 0.50 percent
A sample container cannot be any older than
6 months
neutral on the pH scales is
7
How many gallons are in a cubic foot?
7.48
1 cubic foot = ? gallons
7.48 gallons
In the case of an Acute Violation, the public should be notified within this amount of time
72 hours
Lead limit on pipe and fittings
8%
Steps 8 through 10 of the Bacteriological Sample Collection Process
8. Fill the sample container; 9. Fill out the form; 10. Send the sample and form to the laboratory
1 gallon = ? lbs (pounds)
8.34 pounds
A gallon of water weighs
8.34 pounds
How much does a gallon of water weigh?
8.34 pounds
Chlorine withdrawal Maximums for Ton Containers using vacuum transmission
8lbs/day per degree F
Mains must be this many feet away from sewers and manholes
9
Water mains must be no closer than this, in all directions, from sewers and manholes.
9 feet
OSHA's maximum allowable slope for Stable Rock
90 degrees or 0 horizontal run to vertical rise
Under the Surface Water Treatment Rules what NTU must be
<= 0.3 NTU in at least 95% of measurements taken each month; No sample can exceed 1 NTU;
general formula for Detention Time
= capacity in gallons / flow rate
formula for the volume of a rectangular box or cube
= length * width * depth
The volume of an object in gallons
= volume in cubic feet * 7.48
Cross Connection
A physical connection between a public water system and an unknown or questionable supply, a source that may contain contamination, water treated to a lesser degree.
If you encounter chlorine do these 4 things
1. keep your mouth closed; 2. avoid deep breathing; 3. keep your head high; 4. quickly leave the area
A water line ditch should be this wide
12 inches wider than the pipe
1 day (24 hours) = ? minutes
1440
How many minutes are in a day?
1440
Septic Drainage Fields must be this many feet away from a well
150
UNDERGROUND Fuel Storage Tanks must be this many feet away from a well
150
Size of Sanitary control easement
150 feet around the well
Name 3 Common Chlorine shipping containers
150lb Cylinders; Ton containers; 90-ton Railroad cars
The size of mesh on storage tank screened vents
16 or finer
Cylinder pressure Relief Plugs melt at
160 degrees
Pure Chlorine at room-temperature weighs
2 and 1/2 (2.5) times more than air
In the case of an Acute Violation, the notification must include the words
"Serious Health Concern"
formula for the area of a circle
"pi"R"squared" or 3.14*radius*radius
How do you convert decimal to %
% * 100; or shift the decimal point 2 places to the right
How do you convert % to decimal
%/100; or shift the decimal point 2 places to the left
What is the Action level for Lead? (by the Lead and Copper rule)
.015
Maximum Chlorine level when water is going from the water system to a ground source
.11 mg/l
Chlorine limit for water that is going on a watershed
.11 or less
Each foot of heighth on elevated storage produces this psi
.433
What is the psi for 1 foot of water column?
.433
1 foot of water column = ? psi
.433 psi
What is the acceptable Fluoride range in water?
.7 to 1.0 mg/L
The pH scale ranges from
0 to 14
What is the Copper sulfate dosage range for Algae Bloom control
0.1 to 0.5
Minimum Free Chlorine Residual
0.2 ml/L
Lead limit on solders and flux
0.2%
Minimum Chloramine Residual
0.5 mg/L
Repeat samples are taken at 3 different locations. Name them.
1 from the point where the positive sample was taken; 1 from within 5 connection upstream from the positive point; 1 from within 5 connection downstream from the positive point
Chlorine withdrawal Maximums for 150lb Cylinders using vacuum transmission
1 lb/day per degree F
1 mg/L of water equals
1 ppm by weight
Before entering a room that contains Chlorine Gas 5 the employee should...(there are 5)
1. Be trained and prepared; 2. Wear a fresh air supply; 3. have standby help; 4. Have repair Equipment; 5. Wear a safety harness and life line
The first 3 Bacteriological Sample Collection Process (there are a total of 10)
1. Determine the number of samples required; 2. Develop a written sample-siting plan; 3. Obtain Sample Containers
Acute Violation Notification Procedure (2 things)
1. Telephone TCEQ immediately; 2. Notify the public within 72 hours
What is the Action level for Copper? (by the Lead and Copper rule)
1.3 mg/L
the Gap on Storage Tank Overflow covers cannot be more than
1/16"
Percentage of public water systems that use surface water
1/4 or 25%
Chemical analysis records are kept for
10 years
Written documentation relating to sanitary surveys conducted are kept for
10 years after the survey is completed
When elevated storage is required it must have this minimum capacity
100 gallons per connection
Boat Ramps, Marinas, Docks, Fishing Piers must be this distance away from a water plant intake
1000 feet
What is the acceptable Oxygen Range for confined spaces?
19 to 22
optimum oxygen range
19.57 to 21.5
minimum flow velocity required to keep transported solids in suspension
2 feet per second (FPS)
A Class D Water Operator License is valid for how long?
2 years
the rim of the storage tank entry port must have a lid with this to prevent rain from entering
2" overlap
How many feet of water column produce 1 psi?
2.31
1 psi = ? feet of water column
2.31 feet
Low distribution levels occur when the pressure drops below:
20 psi
TCEQ pressure minimums for Distribution Systems
20 psi even in emergencies; 35 psi during normal operations
When planning a collection system you must consider what the population will be _____ years into the future.
20 to 25
All activities within this distance of a Plant intake are limited
200 ft.
Required storage capacity when storage types include more than ground storage
200 gallons per connection
Required storage capacity when the only type of storage is ground storage
200 gallons per connection
How many feet are in a cubic foot?
27
What is done if a sample has coliform in it?
3 repeat samples are taken
A Class C Water Operator License is valid for how long?
3 years
Records about action taken to correct violations of primary drinking water regulations are kept for
3 years after last action taken
Maximum Chloramine Residual
4 mg/L
Maximum Free Chlorine Residual
4 mg/L
The rim of the Storage Tank Entry port must extend at least
4" above the tank
Steps 4 through 7 of the Bacteriological Sample Collection Process (there are a total of 10)
4. Obtain Routine samples from designated; sites; 5. Flush the service line; 6. Test the chlorine residual; 7. Flame or disinfect the faucet
Chlorine withdrawal Maximums for 150lb Cylinders using pressure transmission
42lbs/day (based on air temp of 70)
OSHA's maximum allowable slope for Type B soil
45 degrees or 1:1 horizontal run to vertical rise
OSHA requires cave-in protection for excavation of this depth
5 feet or more
A copy of Consumer Confidence reports (EPA Required)must be kept for
5 years
Bacteriological analysis records are kept for
5 years
Documentation of a variance or exemption granted is kept for
5 years after its expiration
How do you calculate 5 to the 3rd power on a calculator
5*5*5
Livestock must be this many feet away from a well
50
Septic Tanks must be this many feet away from a well
50
Storm Sewers must be this many feet away from a well
50
Tile or Concrete Sewers must be this many feet away from a well
50
When planning a collection system you must consider capacity needed ________ years into the future.
50
Sewers must be kept at least this far from a well
50 feet
Zone of No Sewers
50 feet around a well
A NON-ACUTE Risk violation occurs when
A routine TOTAL Coliform sample is positive THEN A repeat TOTAL coliform sample is positive
Benching
A type of sloping done by cutting stair steps in the trench wall while maintaining the Maximum allowable slope
Distribution system components must meet these specifications
AWWA
Organization that covers backflow device standards
AWWA
The interior of storage tanks must meet these specifications
AWWA
Ground Storage must be maintained according to
AWWA Standards
The most effective treatment for taste and odor
Activated Carbon Adsorption
To obtain a license, an individual must the requirements of the TCEQ...
Administration of Occupational Licenses and Registrations.
Gases such as methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide are reduced by
Aeration
Polyelectrolytes - purpose
Aid to coagulation
The only method approved by the TCEQ for protection against a sewage cross connection is the:
Air Gap
A positive fecal coliform water sample is considered
Alarming
Risk of disease is
Alarming
What 3 chemicals can be used to disinfect a faucet?
Alcohol; Hydrogen peroxide; Bleach; Allow extra contact time
Do these things when storms are expected
Alert personnel; check communications; fill gasoline tanks; check emergency equipment; fill storage tanks; isolate elevated storage; restock repair clams; restock calcium hypochlorite; review emergency procedures
Sterilization kills what microorganisms?
All
Name 3 chemicals that are Coagulants
Alum, Ferrous sulfate, Ferric chloride
ASTM
American Society for Testing and Material
Job training for water utility operators is available through these 3 organizations
American Water Works Association, Texas Engineering Extension Service, Texas Water Utilities Association
Common Types of Reducing Agents
Ammonia; Iron; Manganese; Hydrogen Sulfide; Bacteria; Organic Compounds
How do you calculate the amount left after a percentage of the original amount is removed (Amount left)? For example: "10% of 30lbs is used, how much is left?"
Amount left = starting amount - (starting amount * (%/100); or Amount left = starting amount - How Much
Non-community water system
Any public water system that is not a community system
Reducing Agent
Matter that reacts with chlorine
Liquid Chlorine is
Pure, liquefied, gas chlorine
Lakes may be low in
Bacteria and Organic Matter
Rivers may be high in
Bacteria and Organic Matter
Aeration
Bringing Water into contact with air
pumping level
water level with the pump running
The chemical symbol for Chlorine is
CL2 (the 2 is a subscript)
Before notifying the public about a violation you
CONSULT WITH THE TCEQ FIRST
What protects a will from collapses and surface contamination?
Casing and Cementing
static level
water level without the pump running
When a pump is installed this type of valve is installed at its discharge
Check Valve
Free Chlorine
Chemically uncombined
How are suspended particles removed from the water during treatment?
Chemicals are mixed with the water in a rapid mix zone. The chemicals cause particles in the water to clot together or coagulate to form floc.
Combined Residual
Chloramine
This disinfectant is weaker than free chlorine, but less reactive and longer lasting
Chloramine
Which is stronger: Chloramine or Free Chlorine
Chloramine
Which last longer: Free Chlorine or Chloramine?
Chloramine
In Texas all public water systems must have
Chlorination facilities
Name 3 Alternative Disinfectants
Chlorine Dioxide; Ultraviolet Light; Ozone
Chloramine
Chlorine combined with Ammonia
Backwashing
Cleans the filter
Means of Protecting Storage Tanks from corrosion
Coatings; Cathodic protection; water conditioning; Galvanizing(but not for elevated tanks)
Chlorine Residuals are measured using this type of equipment (3)
Colorimeter; Bench top Spectrophotometer; Titration (multiple types)
When identifying gases check 2nd for
Combustibles
These two things are used to control Algae Blooms
Copper sulfate and approved algacides
Pure Chlorine when wet is (3 things)
Corrosive; a strong oxidizer; does not burn
Sloping
Cuts trench walls to the angle that overcomes collapsing pressure
type of pump used in water wells
Deep-well Turbine centrifugal pump
Artesian Aquifer
Deep aquifer
Galvanizing process
DC current travels through strips of aluminum or other metal suspended in the tank, then through the water. This electroplates the walls above the waterline
Hydrochloric (HCL) Acid AND Hyperchlorous(HOCL) Acid ARE
DISINFECTANTS
This chemical is added to water when testing Chlorine Residuals
DPD
Storage Facilities equalize _______________ on the water supply
Demand
another name for REDUCING AGENTS
Demand
Dosage =
Demand + Residual
Waterborne Diseases (definition)
Diseases transmitted by unsafe water
Residual =
Dosage - Demand
Demand =
Dosage - Residual
Dosage =
Dosage = Demand + Residual
Pipe Material may be made of
Ductile iron; cast iron; steel; (AC)asbestos-cement; Concrete; PVC; copper
The most specific indicator of intestinal contamination
E. Coli
Two major Auquifers in Texas
Edwards & Ogallala
The key requirement of the Texas Hazard Communications Act
Employees must have access to MSDSs
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency
You must have this when TCEQ Chemical Risk Management Requirements apply to you
Evacuation Procedures Established
Name 2 Chlorine resistant microorganisms
Giardia, Cryptosporidium
Pure Chlorine at room-temperature looks like
Greenish-Yellow gas
Clear Well
Ground storage at a surface water treatment plant receiving the treated water
A Class D water operator license/certificate is only valid for this type of system.
Ground water systems with less than 250 connections
The chemical symbol for water
H2O
Chemical Characteristics of water
Hardness; pH; Solids; Gases
Categories of Confined space hazards
Hazardous Atmospheres (bad air); engulfment; chemical; mechanical; electrical; biological; radiological
The Texas Hazard Communications Act requires employers to provide information about
Hazardous chemicals that are in the workplace
Chlorinator Rooms must have this kind of vents
High level and Low level screened vents
To detect a Chlorine leak
Hold an open bottle of 10% Ammonium Hydroxide (ammonia and water) under the suspect point (where you think the leak is)
How do you calculate a percentage of some known amount (How Much)?; for example 10% of 200mg/l
How much = known amount * (%/100)
HCL
Hydrochloric (HCL) Acid
Chlorine and Water makes these two acids
Hydrochloric (HCL) Acid; Hyperchlorous(HOCL) Acid
HOCL
Hyperchlorous(HOCL) Acid
What type of organisms do we test for?
Indicator Microorganisms
What happens when you add DPD to water
It reacts with Chlorine and turns the water pink
The common name for Sodium Hypochlorite
Liquid Bleach
Bleach is not
Liquid Chlorine
List 4 ways to reduce the pumping of sand
Lowering the gpm pump rate; Cycling the pump less; Installing sand separation devices; Correcting problems such as loss of gravel pack
Ways to reduce sand pumping
Lowering the gpm pump rate; Cycling the pump less; Installing sand separation devices; Correcting problems such as loss of gravel pack
In the case of a Non-Acute Violation, the public should be notified by these two types of media
Mail or Newspaper
MSDS
Material Safety Data Sheet
MCL
Maximum Contaminate Level
Customers have the most contact with
Meter Readers
Ground water usually contains less of these than surface water
Microorganisms
Surface water usually contains more of these than ground water
Microorganisms
Indicator Microorganisms
Microorganisms that indicate that the water may contain pathogens; The total coliform group of bacteria
Surface water is low in
Minerals, Gases & Dissolved Solids
Entities that are not required to follow OSHA may use
OSHA as guidelines for their safety program
Name 3 types of equipment used by Hypochlorinators
Mixing tank; Water; Chemical pump
submersible & vertical turbine
Most common type of deep well pumps
MUDs
Municipal Utility Districts
OSHA stands for
Occupational Safety and Health Act
Calcium Hypochlorite must be approved by this organization
NSF
The sodium hypochlorite must be approved by the
NSF
Turbidity is measured in this unit
NTUs
NSF
National Sanitation Foundation
Rules for reusing pipe
No pipe used for any purpose other than drinking water may be used in a potable supply
NTNCWS
Non-transient Non-community Water System
Contamination types allowed INSIDE/WITHIN 50 feet of a well
None
Non-Acute Violation Notification Procedure
Notify the public within 14 days
You know: cubic feet; you want to know: how many gallons are in it; What equation do you use?
Number of gallons = cubic feet * 7.48
Federal law that regulates workplace safety
OSHA
To flush the service line you:
Open the faucet fully
When identifying gases check 1st for
Oxygen content
PPM
Parts per million
The Safe Drinking Water Act establishes these 4 national safety and quality standards
Physical, Chemical, Bacteriological, Radiological
This type of meter is normally used for low flows
Positive Displacement Meter
Name the three types of Test Results
Positive Negative Unsuitable for Analysis
psi
Pounds per Square Inch
The most important responsibility of Water Utility personnel is to
Provide water that is safe for all purposes
PR
Public Relations
The relationship between you and the customer
Public Relations
cities, municipal utility districts,rural water supply corporations mobile home parks, campgrounds are examples of:
Public Water Systems
Static Level =
Pumping Level - Drawdown Level
When cleaning up after an installation or repair you need to
REPLACE (paving, sidewalks & driveways); RESTORE (lawns, trees, shrubs); NEVER (promise residents what is not utility policy)
In the case of an Acute Violation, the public should be notified by these two types of media
Radio & TV
Common Filter
Rapid Sand Filter
Pure Chlorine in liquid form looks like
Reddish-yellow (amber) color
MUDs; Rural Water Supply Corporations; Drainage Districts; Ground Water Conservation Districts; Subsidence Districts and River Authorities -- These are what type of agencies and what do they impact?
Regional and local agencies that impact the water utility industry
Description of a public water system
Regularly serves at least 25 individuals daily at least 60 days out of the year.Services at least 15 service connections.
The Safe Drinking Water Act does this
Sets MCLs for drinking water
Two chemicals that are used by Hypochlorinators
Sodium hypochlorite OR Calcium hypochlorite
Polyphosphates (calgon)- purpose
Stabilization, prevents red water
Examples of entities that are ruled by the Texas Hazard Communication Act
State, county, municipal
Pumping level =
Static level + Drawdown
This type of pump motor is used when 100HP or more is required
Synchronous motor
Administers water operator licensing
TCEQ
The state agency that regulated drinking water in Texas and administers the Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
TCEQ
Taste and Odor Units
TONs
Pure Chlorine at room-temperature is __________ to living things
TOXIC
Repeat Sample Procedure
Take a total of 3 samples all on the same day; repeat the process for 4 consecutive days
Name the 5 physical characteristics of water
Temperature; Turbidity; Color; Taste and Odor
TCEQ
Texas Commission on Environmental Quality
Where to get information about setting up a safety program
Texas Department of Health; Texas Municipal League; Libraries
The Texas Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices is from the
Texas Department of Transportation in Austin
The Texas State law that governs employers who are not bound to OSHA
Texas Hazard Communication Act
The official name of the Right to Know law
Texas Hazard Communication Act
Workers should be trained in traffic control from the
Texas Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices
The Texas Hazard Communication Act defines the rules for
Texas employers who are not bound to OSHA
Dosage
The amount of chemical applied in mg/l or ppm
Residual
The amount of chemical remaining after reacting with demand
Demand
The amount of chemical used up by reducing agents
Watershed
The area of runoff of a surface water source
Discharge Head
The vertical distance between the water supply and the free discharge
Suction Head
The vertical distance that the water supply is above the pump's centerline
Suction Lift
The vertical distance that water is raised from a supply to the pump's centerline
How do you know when you are finished flushing the service line?
The water temperature changes - indicating that the water is from the main line
percolation
water moving through the soil
This must not happen to bacteriological samples during the sampling process.
They must not be contaminated.
Total Dynamic Head (equation)
Total Dynamic Head = Total Static Head - Friction Head
Chloramine is measured as
Total Residual
Total Residual Calculation
Total Residual = Free Chlorine Residual + Chloramine (combined chlorine) residual
The Parts of the hydrologic cycle
Transpiration; precipitation; evaporation; infiltration (percolation); condensation
byproducts of chlorination
Trihalomethanes THMs; Haloacetic Acids HAAs
To much Chlorine residual results in the production of these 2 cancer causing chemicals
Trihalomethanes or Haloacetic Acids
5 things that effect Coagulation
Turbidity, pH, Temperature, Alkalinity, Chemical dosage
FDA
U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Storage provides for these three things
Uniform pumping rates (control pressure on flow surges); supplies water for fire fighting (adequate pressure); provides time for disinfection (effective chlorination)
How long do you flush the service line?
Until the water coming out is from the main line
Surface water
Water above ground, but not in the air
How a positive displacement meter works
Water flows through the meter chamber which cases a disk inside to wobble. The wobbling disk causes a spindle and magnet to rotate. The rotation of the magnet is transmitted through the wall of the meter to a second meter. That operates the register.
TCEQ definition of Elevated Storage
Water stored at least 80 feet above the highest service connection that provides the state minimum normal operating pressure of 35 psi
Components of the Texas Hazard Communication Act
Written Program; Posted "Notice to Employees"; Personal Protection Equipment; Hazardous material training; MSDSs; Employee rights protection; State notification of chemical injuries
An ACUTE Risk violation occurs when any of these 3 things occur
You submit greater than or equal to 40 samples a month and > 5% are positive; You submit less than 40 samples a month and > 1 sample are positive; OR A positive FECAL coliform sample is followed by either a positive FECAL or TOTAL coliform sample
TCEQ Chemical Risk Management Requirements apply to this type of container
a 1 Ton Container (or more)of Chlorine or Ammonia is within a 1/4 mile of a residential or higher development
This must be done after a storage tank is filled (after construction or maintenance)
a bacteriological sample is taken (sample for coliform)
scale
a build up of minerals on a surface; caused when water repeated comes in contact with the surface
tuberculation
a buildup of oxidized iron, calcium carbonate or other chemicals in mains
Alum
a coagulant used in water treatment
Calcium Hypochlorite must be stored in this type of place(environment)
a cool place
In small water systems the operator is often
a meter reader, repair crew and pump operator; the highest paid employee; a college graduate
In small water systems the operator is often (3 job titles, and 2 characteristics)
a meter reader, the repair crew, the pump operator, the highest paid employee, a college graduate.
When fecal coliform is found in a sample there is ______________ of disease
a risk
Repeat Samples are taken when
a routine sample is positive
Pumps are lubricated with
water or oil
coliforms are
a type of organism
A mechanical retrieval device must be attached to the retrieval line when entering
a vertical entry of 5 feet or more
Close laid pipe with
a watertight plug
Chlorinator Rooms -- Housing must be
above ground
Water bills should be 4 things
accurate; itemized; neat; legible
To disinfect after making a water tap
add 1 teaspoon(t)of Sodium Hypochlorite at the TAP end and at the METER at the end marked "IN"
To soften hard water
add lime; this reacts with the hard water to remove calcium and magnesium, causing the water to "soften"
We soften water by
adding lime or by exchanging ions (an atom or group of atoms)
Two techniques used to remove calcium and magnesium
adding lime; exchanging ions
Used to remove calcium and magnesium
adding lime; exchanging ions
Pressure requirements are important because
adequate pressure prevents contaminated water from being drawn into the system
Corrosiveness is reduce by
adjusting the pH
Corrosiveness is reduced by
adjusting the pH
Water treatment processes may include:
aeration, screening, chemical oxidation, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection
the only method approved by the TCEQ for protection against cross connections with sewage
air gap
the preferred method of preventing a cross connection
air gap
Copper sulfate (blue stone)- purpose
algae control
Safety programs must extend to
all employees
A cylinder ejector allows this
allows chlorine to pass into the water supply
How much thrust is there against a closed 6 inch valve at 60 psi
almost 1700 lbs (pounds)
If the appropriate solution is held under a chlorine leak this happens
ammonium chloride will appear as white smoke
factors that impact centrifugal pump selection
amount of water to be pumped; Force (head) that the pump works against; type of material to be pumped; cost; availability; pump efficiency
public notification is required by the Federal Safe Drinking Water Act when
an MCL is exceeded
Most Microorganisms ___________ pathogens. (are, are not)
are not
Valves or check valves (are or are not) safe between a potable and unknown water supply
are not
square feet is used to describe this type of geometric calculation
area
Area of a rectangle
area = Length * width * height
area of a circle
area = pi*r(2)
Deep wells are usually
artesian aquifers
How should customer complaints be treated?
as legitimate and investigated as soon as possible
chlorine leaks should be repaired in this amount of time
as soon as possible
How much water goes into a sample container?
at least 100 ml but not completely full
Trenches for a 6-inch or larger pipe must be
at least 18 inches wide; 12 inches wider than the pipe diameter
Spoil banks must be this far from an excavation
at least 2 feet
storage tank inspection documentation must be kept for how long?
at least 5 years
What dosage is required to disinfect a well
at least 50 mg/l of chlorine
Under the Surface Water Treatment Rules what percent of Giardia cysts must be inactivated or removed?
at least 99.9%
Under the Surface Water Treatment Rules what percent of viruses must be inactivated or removed?
at least 99.99%
Water is supplied to a centrifugal pump by
atmospheric pressure (suction lift) or Weight of the water (suction head)
AWWA backflow prevention device standards cover devices such as
atmospheric vacuum breaker; double check valve assemblies; reduced pressure devices
when a vertical entry of 5 feet or more is made the retrieval line must be
attached to a mechanical retrieval device
employees can avoid accidents with the right
attitude & training
The annual system water quality report should be
attractive; easy to understand
Storage's place in the treatment and distribution process is
before distribution and after production
define later line
belongs to the city and is tapped into a submain or main
Chlorine storage temperature
between 50 and 140 degrees
To maintain pump efficiency you should
check the pumps efficiency periodically by measuring the pumps performance against the manufacturer's specifications
Water department employees are exposed to these types of safety hazards
chemicals; high voltage; traffic; excavations; deep water; animal bites; confined spaces
A mechanical chock caused by pump cavitation does this
chips metal away from the impeller or casing
List 4 chemicals commonly used in disinfection
chloramine, ozone, chlorine dioxide, chlorine
Sodium thiosulfate neutralizes the
chlorine residual
Critical safeguards for distribution systems
chlorine residual; adequate pressure; bacteriological sampling; cross connection control
Flushing of dead end mains removes
chlorine-reducing materials
Examples of community water systems
cities, municipal utility districts,rural water supply corporations, mobile home parks, campgrounds
Pump rooms should be kept
clean
Pressure surges can be caused by
closing a hydrant valve too fast
Aluminum sulfate (alum)- purpose
coagulant
Ferric Chloride - purpose
coagulant
Ferrous sulfate - purpose
coagulant
Sodium aluminate - purpose
coagulant
Hazards that are especially dangerous to water utility operators
confined space entry; excavation and trenching; chemical handling; traffic
Traffic control must not do this to motorists
confuse them
Do not lay suction lines in
contaminated areas
Adequate water pressure in the system prevents this
contaminated water from being drawn into the system.
Pump sanitation protects pumps from
contamination
Employees should guard the water supply and facilities from these three things.
contamination, vandalism and terrorism
how do you convert from gpm to mgd
convert gpm to gpd then convert gpd to mgd
how do you convert from mgd to gpm
convert mgd to gpd then convert gpd to gpm1440;
How are samples cared for during transport?
cooled using ice
How do you convert from gpd to gpm
dgp/1440
Galvanic corrosion occurs when
different metals such as copper and steel are connected
When identifying gases use a
direct reading instrument
Potable water is free of
disease causing organisms
The purpose of well disinfection is to
disinfect the pump gravel and screen
After construction or maintenance tanks must be:
disinfected
basic federal and state standards state that Water must be:
disinfected, delivered at adequate pressure, and be ample in quantity.
Public water systems are required to compile a monthly report showing
disinfection
The most important treatment process is
disinfection
the treatment process which destroys disease-causing organisms
disinfection
Solids that cannot be removed by filtering
dissolved
True color
dissolved in water; cannot be removed by filtering
Ground water usually contains more of these than surface water
dissolved minerals and gases
Surface water usually contains less of these than ground water
dissolved minerals and gases
Define "Circumference"
distance around a circle
Most water pumps use this type of power
electric (electric motors)
Always put on a self-contained breathing apparatus before
entering a room with a known chlorine leak
How often should ground water be sampled for chemical analysis?
every 3 years
When planning construction to the following:
guard excavations with barricades and warning signs; notify public of any traffic disruptions;
Corrosion may cause water to contain
harmful amounts of lead, copper or other metals
Rapid Sand Filter media
has several layers of different sized media
If EPA Chemical Risk Management Requirements apply you must
have a Chemical Risk Management Program
Define "Radius"
have the diameter of a circle
List 5 characteristics of Hydrogen Sulfide
heavier than air; colorless; flammable; toxic; has a rotten egg odor
You know: psi; You want to know: height; What is the calculation?
height(ft) = pressure(psi) * 2.31
Jar Tests
help the operator determine which chemical and how much to apply
Pump efficiency is affected by:
high suction lift; worn impellers; clogged impellers; high discharge head
Tuberculation cleaning methods
high-pressure water; pigs or swabs; chemicals
Name 3 Common gases found in water
hydrogen sulfide; carbon dioxide; methane
Gases that are toxic (poisonous) long before being combustible
hydrogen sulfide; carbon monoxide
pressure tank storage
hydropneumatic tanks; cylindrical and horizontal to the ground; Air mechanically compressed against the water surface provides pressure
Employers are responsible for evaluating confined spaces. They must...
identify confined spaces then determine their hazards
Where should grease traps should be installed and inspected
kitchens, garages and restaurants...
The number 1 cause of death in a confined space is
lack of oxygen
parallel lines of water ansd sewer must be
laid in separate ditches
Name 5 methods of controlling taste and odor problems
lake destratification, algae control, aeration, chemical oxidation, activated carbon
Pretreatment includes 7 processes. What are they?
lake destratification, control of algae, debris removal, presedimentation, aeration, chemical oxidation, activated carbon adsorption
A rotameter does this
measures the gas moving through the cylinder apparatus
Combustible (explosive) gases
methane, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, oxygen
DPD unit of measure
mg/L
chemicals in water are measured in
mg/L
Dosage unit of measure
mg/L or ppm
lbs/day =
mgd * 8.34 * mg/L
How do to convert from miles to feet
miles*5280
mg/L
milligrams per liter
Pumping rate unit of measure in very large pumps
million gallons per day
mgd
million gallons per day
Color in water can result from
mineral or organic matter
length of time for well disinfection solution to remain in well
minimum of 6 hours
Common pump problems
misalignment of pump and motor; foreign matter in the impeller; air leaks in the suction; the pump turning backward; water hammer
How often are ground water systems are required to compile reports?
monthly
When a pump is installed Gate Valves must be installed
on the pump's discharge and if there is a positive suction head on the pump suction
Confined space rescuers do no have to be
on-site
How often do dead end mains need to be flushed?
once a month
How often should surface water be sampled for chemical analysis?
once a year
Under the Surface Water Treatment Rules systems serving less than 500 persons my reduce turbidity sampling to?
once per day
Never leave laid pipe with an
open end.
What kind of matter is a reducing agent?
organic or inorganic (all types)
cloriforms are
organisms
coliforms are
organisms
A Chlorinator room's fan switch must be located
outside the room
Sodium hydroxide or soda ash is used to adjust
pH
Calcium hydroxide (lime) - purpose
pH adjustment, softening, aid to coagulation
Ground Storage: No lead is allowed in the
paint, coatings, wax
Pump room walls, floors and equipment should be
painted
ppm
part per million
Most common meter for residential use
positive displacement meter
This type of meter is very accurate at low flow
positive displacement meter
this type is meter is usually used in low flow situations
positive displacement meter
maintain this on a pump whenever possible to prevent a vacuum from occurring
positive suction head
Valves or check valves are not safe between
potable and unknown water supplies
psi
pounds per square inch
Calcium Hypochlorite is a
powerful Oxidizer
Head
pressure
Water Hammer is caused when
pressure surges (closing a hydrant or valve to fast, turning off a pump to fast)
controlling valves regulate
pressure, flow rate, direction
Name the 8 treatment required by the TCEQ for all surface water.
pretreatment, pre-disinfection, taste and odor control, coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, covered storage, and terminal disinfection
Shields and trench boxes do not
prevent a cave-in
Gasket material should be treated to
prevent bacterial growth
It is important that the utility have a sense of this (attitude)
pride and professionalism
If a storage tank does not have a 30" diameter access opening, it must have
primary roof access of at lease 30" diameter
Developing a well
process of flushing out a well
MSDSs state/describe
product hazards; precautions
Activated carbon - purpose
removal of tastes, odor, organics
The purpose of developing a well is to
remove drilling mud and loose sand
Flocculation helps to
remove impurities in the water
Filtering is the final step in
removing suspended matter and chlorine resistant microorganisms
A positive sample may be removed from your record when
repeat samples are negative AND the system(you) explains why the positive sample was not representative
Monitoring is required when
required routine or repeat samples are not submitted
Name the three places that surface water comes from.
rivers; lakes; reservoirs
Corrosion effects on water quality
rust color; taste problems
The plant operator is responsible for making the water
safe to drink and use
A sample-siting plan assures that
samples are taken from active Representative services
An abandoned well must be
sealed
floc must be allowed to settle in
sedimentation basins
When identifying gases do not rely on
sense of smell; sense of sight; cockroaches
Stuffers are
sent to customers in billing statements
Galvanic corrosion can be prevented by
separating different types of metal with an dielectric (non-conducting)material
Maintenance crews can warn customers of
service interruptions
Before construction, the utility must submit engineering plans to
the AWWA
When an MCL is exceeded public notification is required by
the Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
another name for the Texas Hazard Communication Act
the Right to Know Law
The best source of help for a Chlorine Leak
the Supplier
Formula for the volume of a cylinder
the area of the circle * the depth/height/length of the cylinder
Volute
the casing that encloses the impeller on a centrifugal pump
The quantity of water that a formation yields depends on
the depth, thickness, drawdown and permeability of the formation
Corrosion
the dissolving of metal
Define "Diameter"
the distance through the center of a circle
Distribution systems are composed of
water mains; service lines; meters; valves; hydrants; pressure booster stations
the most important feature of the well screen is
the size of the openings (mesh size)
Cave-ins are likely when
the soil is wet; spoil banks are too close to the trench; traffic or machinery vibrations loosen the soil
The results of a bacteriological sample from a newly filled tank is in if it is negative what is done
the tank is put into service
Distribution system components should not affect
the taste, odor or quality of water
Ownership signs must include
the utility name and an emergency phone number
Corporation stop
the valve that connects the service line to the main. It is buried when the hole is backfilled.
Curb Stop or Meter Stop
the valve that connects the service line to the meter
Before starting a water lubricated pump make sure
the water line is on
Employees should guard what
the water supply and facilities
The water system must notify the TCEQ when (5 items)
there is a change or alteration of the system; a new facility to be build; water supply health hazards; change in water quality; change in water source
A water system is required to have ground storage if
they have 50 or more connections
When filling a sample container you open the faucet how far?
to a pencil-sized stream of water
The Purpose of a well vent
to allow the casing to breathe as water levels change when the pump cycles
purpose of well disinfection
to disinfect the pump gravel and screen
purpose of vent pipes
to improve gravity flow and dissipate gases in sewer lines.
purpose of inverted siphons
used where the sewer must cross under an obstruction (below the hydraulic gradient); stream, highway, railroad tracks...
Shoring
uses timbers or hydraulic wedges and sheeting to prevent cave-ins
shoring
using timber, plywood or commercial devices to support an excavation
The employee should listen to special requests and look for ways to oblige the customer within
utility policy
Cavitation creates a
vacuum
Well Vent
vacuum breaker
This prevents a pump motor from overheating
ventilation
Name two parts of forced air ventilation equipment
vents; fan
the life/service of a pump can be increased by careful attention to
voltage; connections; bearings; motor ventilation; short cycling; overload prevention
Volume of a cylinder (tower, anything long and with a circular end)
volume = Area of the circle (end) * Length(height,depth...); volume = (pi*r(2))* heighth
volume of a square or rectangle
volume = length * width * height;
water meters measure...
water flow into and out of treatment plants, into the distribution system; to customers
closing a hydrant valve (or any valve for that matter) causes a
water hammer
The purpose of well disinfection is not to disinfect the
water in the aquifer
pumping level
water level with the pump ringing