Website Cards: Section 17-25

Roman Catholic

All of the Irish and many of the Germans were _____.

Andrew Jackson

Future President _____ seized the day by defeating the British at the Battle of New Orleans in January, 1815. Unfortunately, neither army had learned that the War of 1812 ended on Christmas Eve, 2 weeks earlier.

Farewell Address

George Washington's handwritten copy of his famous _____. Alexander Hamilton helped Washington edit his first draft.

Popularity

Adams steadfastly refused to campaign for his own re-election because he felt that political office should be a matter of service and not a _____ contest.

Meriwether Lewis; William Clark

In May 1804, a group of 50 Americans led by_____, Jefferson's personal secretary, and _____, an army officer, headed northwest along the Missouri River from St. Louis.

Old Hickory

In the campaign of 1828, Jackson, known as "_____," triumphed over the aristocratic, reclusive and unpopular incumbent President John Quincy Adams.

Veto;

Jackson took the view that only the President could be trusted to stand for the will of the people against the aristocratic Congress. Jackson's weapon was the _____. "Andy Veto" used this power more often than all six previous Presidents combined.

Central Government

Jefferson also felt that the _____ should be "rigorously frugal and simple."

New York; Philadelphia; Washington D.C.

President Washington first took office in _____ City, but, when reelected in 1792, the capital had already moved to _____ where it would remain for a decade. Fittingly, Jefferson was the first president to be inaugurated in the new and lasting capital of ______ in March 1801.

Spinning Jenny

The _____ was one of several major technological innovations that made British textiles such an economic force.

Eli Whitney

The cotton gin was not _____'s only contribution to the Industrial Revolution in America. He also started the first factory which used interchangeable parts in manufacturing.

John H.B. Latrobe

One of the first colored illustrations to be put into print, _____'s "The Balise: Mississippi River" captures the haunting image of a navigation station under a full moon at the mouth of the Mississippi River.

Adams

Rather than continue to use the exigencies of war to build his own popularity and to justify the need for strong federal authority, _____ opened negotiations with France when the opportunity arose to work toward peace.

Ohio Valley-New England; State

Rather than see the nation's top office go to a man he detested, the Kentuckian Clay forged an _____ coalition that secured the White House for John Quincy Adams. In return Adams named Clay as his secretary of _____, a position that had been the stepping-stone to the presidency for the previous four executives.

Congress

Regular Democratic-Republican majorities in _____ supported their long rule.

Lie

Relatively little information about George Washington's early childhood survives, but it's clear that the story of the cherry tree and that young Washington never telling a _____ is itself a fabrication.

John Adams

Second President

Massachusetts; Conneticut; New Jersey; Delaware; Georgia

Starting in the north, they were New England (New Hampshire, _____, Rhode Island, and _____); the Mid-Atlantic (New York, _____, and Pennsylvania); the Chesapeake (_____, Maryland, and Virginia); and the Lower South (the Carolinas and _____).

War of 1812

The _____ is often times called "the Second War for American Independence"

Louisiana Purchase

The _____ of 1803 intensified American migration to the west that was already well underway.

Opposition

The _____ party adopted the name Democratic-Republicans, which suggested that they were more fully committed to extending the Revolution to ordinary people.

Whig

The _____ party soon arose to challenge the Democrats with a different policy platform and vision for the nation.

Ash Lawn-Highland

_____ was James Monroe's estate. He originally obtained the property so he could live near his friend and mentor Thomas Jefferson.

Henry Clay

_____, a leading congressman, played a crucial role in brokering a two-part solution known as the Missouri Compromise.

Federalists

The justices were all strong _____. As a result, Madison and Jefferson directed their opposition to the new laws to state legislatures.

Georgia

The new taxes debilitated this crucial economic resource for many frontier settlers from New York to _____.

Schools; Hospitals

The public institutions — _____, _____, orphanages, almshouses, and prisons — were expected to handle these problems, but were overwhelmed. Somewhere there must be safe haven from the hubbub and confusion of business and industry, a private refuge. That place was the home.

Death or Liberty

The purpose of the rebels was clearly expressed in a banner under which they planned to march, which eloquently stated "_____."

Great Britain

The railroad was first developed in _____.

Foreign

The remainder of the Address, delivered at Congress Hall in Philadelphia, examined what Washington saw as the two major threats to the nation, one domestic and the other _____, which in the mid-1790s increasingly seemed likely to combine.

War of 1812

The republic's expansion to the west and renewed military conflict with Indian nations and Great Britain each posed a fundamental challenge to the fragile new republic. All three of these factors played a role in the coming of the _____.

Male

The republican emphasis on equality and independence as fundamental principles of the United States challenged traditional concepts of family life where the _____ patriarch ruled commandingly over his wife and children.

King Cotton; Trans-Atlantic Trade

The rise of "_____" as the defining feature of southern life revitalized slavery. The promise of cotton profits encouraged a spectacular rise in the direct importation of African slaves in the years before the _____ was made illegal in 1808.

Jefferson

The slave-owning gentleman _____ successfully campaigned as a defender of the common man.

John C. Calhoun

The southerners looked to Vice President _____ from South Carolina for leadership against what they labeled the "Tariff of Abominations."

Thomas Jefferson

Unfortunately for Washington, events in his second term somewhat clouded his extraordinary success. For one, his own cabinet split apart as _____ increasingly dissented from the economic policies proposed by Alexander Hamilton, most of which Washington supported.

Death of Washington

_____ captures the first president on his death bed with Martha Washington by his side.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

_____ followed in the footsteps of the French in abolishing slavery when he became leader of the Haitian Revolution in 1792.

Royal Proclamation

Although King George III's _____ of 1763 set the boundaries between the English colonies and Indian territory, the new United States looked to expand well beyond these lines.

Andrew Jackson; New Orleans

Although the peace treaty had already been signed, news of it had not yet arrived on the battlefront where General _____ led a decisive victory resulting in 700 British casualties versus only 13 American deaths. Of course, the Battle of _____ had no military or diplomatic significance, but it did allow Americans to swagger with the claim of a great win.

Thomas Cole

American artist _____'s Niagara Falls, received rave reviews by the British audience to which it was displayed in 1829.

French

Americans widely celebrated the _____ Revolution in its glorious opening in 1789, as it struck at the very heart of absolutist power.

Francis Scott Key

Fort McHenry is considered the "Home of the National Anthem" because it was here, during a battle in the War of 1812, that _____ was inspired to write his famous poem.

Elders; Children

Furthermore, the severity of slave life encouraged the development of extended kin relations. Since young adults were especially likely to be sold, parents and children were frequently separated leading most slave communities to act collectively by respecting all _____ and nurturing all _____ like one large family.

Constitution; Articles of Confederation

The _____ provided a bare structural outline for the federal government, but how it would actually come together was unclear. The precedent established by the first president would be enormous. Washington generally proceeded with great caution. For the most part he continued precedents that had been established under the _____. For instance, he carried over the three departments of the government that had existed before the Constitution.

Pennsylvania Turnpike

The _____ started out as a 62-mile long log-paved road in the 1790s. The establishment of roads and canals, and later, railroads, was a critical factor in the settlement of the West.

Virginian

James Madison continued the line of _____ presidents by succeeding Thomas Jefferson.

Whiskey

New taxes placed on _____ were used to increase federal revenue cut deeply into ordinary people's livelihood.

George Washington; Continental Congresses

Perhaps the most eminent of this group, and almost certainly the single most important for the success of the Revolution and the stability of the new nation, was George Washington. As an able delegate from Virginia, he participated in the First and Second _____.

Bladensburg; Dolley

So weak was American military opposition that the British sashayed into Washington D.C. after winning the Battle of _____ and burned most of the public buildings including the White House. President Madison had to flee the city. His wife _____ gathered invaluable national objects and escaped with them at the last minute. It was the nadir of the war.

Literacy; boats

Some of the advantages that slaves like Gabriel possessed were made illegal. For instance, _____ and allowing slaves to "hire out" for work in varied settings became illegal. Similarly, the Virginia legislature attempted to prevent enslaved people from piloting _____, a position from which they could travel too freely and learn about changes in the outside world that threatened white masters.

Accommodationists; Traditionalists

The American invasion from the east deeply disrupted native groups and generally caused a sharp division within Indian nations between "_____" who chose to adopt some Euro-American ways versus "_____" who called for native purity by rejecting contact with whites. Both sides were authentically Native American, but they each chose different routes to deal with a terrible situation.

Great Lakes; Native Americans; Impressment; Chesapeake

The Americans were angry with the British for many reasons: The British didn't withdraw from American territory in the _____ region as they agreed to in the 1783 Treaty of Paris, Britain kept aiding _____, Britain would not sign favorable commercial agreements with the U.S., _____: Britain claimed the right to take any British sailors serving on American merchant ships. In practice, the British took many American sailors and forced them to serve on British ships. This was nothing short of kidnapping, In 1807, The British ship Leopard fired on the American frigate _____. Other American merchant ships came under harassment from the British navy, and War Hawks in Congress pushed for the conflict.

Old Citadel

The South Carolina State Arsenal, nicknamed the "_____," was constructed after Denmark Vesey's slave uprising in Charleston, South Carolina.

IOU

Governments at all levels had taken on so much debt during the Revolution. The commitment to pay them back was not taken very seriously. By the late 1780s, the value of such public securities had plunged to a small fraction of their face value. In other words, state _____'s — the money borrowed to finance the Revolution — were viewed as nearly worthless.

Henry Clay

In 1832, _____ pushed through Congress a new tariff bill, with lower rates than the Tariff of Abominations, but still too high for the southerners.

Millard Fillmore

In 1856, _____ was the American Party candidate for President and trumpeted anti-immigrant themes.

Tippecanoe; William Henry Harrison

In November 1811 the U.S. destroyed Prophetstown during the Battle of _____, under the leadership of future president _____. Tecumseh was away at the time recruiting southern Creeks to the confederacy.

Slavery

In making the cotton gin, Eli Whitney had played a major part in expanding _____.

Iron;

In the _____ industry, Pennsylvania's furnaces and rolling mills were fast supplanting small local forges.

Morris

In the view of Governor _____, a Federalist senator from New York, this created an independent judiciary necessary "to save the people from their most dangerous enemy, themselves."

New Orleans

Interestingly, Cincinnati's most important trade connection was not with relatively nearby (but upriver) Pittsburgh, but instead lay 1500 miles south along the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers at the great port of _____.

John Quincy Adams

Jackson was followed by _____, the son of the second president and Monroe' secretary of state, who secured eighty-four votes. Meanwhile Crawford trailed well behind with just forty-one votes.

Slavery

The most serious flaw in the "second revolution" of Jeffersonian America, however, came from its embrace of _____.

Executive

The nationalist Washington favored a stronger central government and made sure that _____ authority was independent from total legislative control.

Western

The new _____ states were at the forefront of more inclusive voting rights for white men, but their development simultaneously devastated the rights of Native American communities.

Human; Free Will

The new evangelical movement, however, placed greater emphasis on _____' ability to change their situation for the better. By stressing that individuals could assert their "_____" in choosing to be saved and by suggesting that salvation was open to all human beings, the Second Great Awakening embraced a more optimistic view of the human condition.

Investors; Stock

The new industrialization was very expensive. Out of the need for money grew the corporation. Chartered under state laws, corporations could accumulate capital from as many _____ as were interested in them, each of them enjoying some _____ or stake in the corporation's success. There was no limit to how much investors could earn, yet each with "limited liability" whereby they were financially responsible for the corporation's debts only to the extent of their investment.

Pittsburgh; Collector

The violent climax occurred in the area around _____ in the summer of 1794. Following a pattern established in the American Revolution, local farmers had begun holding special meetings to discuss their opposition to the tax as early as 1792. A mass meeting in here declared that the people would prevent the tax from being collected and one tax _____ was even tarred and feathered in protest.

Voting

The west led the path by having no property requirements for _____, which the eastern states soon adopted, as well.

Emancipation

Washington's _____ of his slaves was an unusual and honorable decision for a man of his day.

Sojourner Truth

_____ drove that point home in 1851. "That man over there says that women need to be helped into carriages, and lifted over ditches, and to have the best place everywhere. Nobody ever helps me into carriages, or over mud-puddles, or gives me any best place! And ain't I a woman?"

Washington

_____ feared that local factors might be the source of petty differences that would destroy the nation. His defense of national unity lay not just in abstract ideals, but also in the pragmatic reality that union brought clear advantages to every region. Union promised "greater strength, greater resource, [and] proportionately greater security from danger" than any state or region could enjoy alone.

State; Market Revolution

_____ governments played a key role encouraging both new banking institutions and a vastly increased transportation network. This latter development is often termed the _____ because of the central importance of creating more efficient ways to transport people, raw materials, and finished goods.

John Adams

_____ grew up in Braintree, Massachusetts, on the farmland his great-grandfather had cleared 100 years earlier.

John Quincy Adams

_____ had plenty of help at home in getting his political career going. He was the son of former President and First Lady John and Abigail Adams.

Charles Goodyear; Vulcanization

_____ invented one of the most important chemical processes of the century. Natural rubber is brittle when cold and sticky when warm. In 1844, Goodyear received a patent for developing a method of treating rubber, called_____ that made it strong and supple when hot or cold.

Hamilton; Capitalist

_____ is a fascinating character whose ambition fueled tremendous success as a self-made man. Born in the West Indies to a single mother who was a shopkeeper, he learned his first economic principles from her and went on to apprentice for a large mercantile firm. From these modest origins, he would become the foremost advocate for a modern _____ economy in the early national United States.

Washington at Valley Forge

_____ is a mid-19th century painting of George Washington at Valley Forge.

Jeffersonian America

_____ is a term that helps us enter the contested and deeply contradictory nature of the United States at the start of the 19th century.

The Second Great Awakening

_____ is best known for its large camp meetings that led extraordinary numbers of people to convert through an enthusiastic style of preaching and audience participation.

The Second Great Awakening

_____ marked a fundamental transition in American religious life.

Rachel Donelson Jackson

_____ thought that she was divorced when she married Andrew Jackson, but found out two years later that the divorce was never finalized. Although she divorced her former husband and remarried Jackson, the scandal haunted her more than thirty years later during Jackson's presidential campaign.

Elias Howe

_____ used interchangeable parts to make the first workable sewing machine in 1846.

Cyrus McCormick; Scythe

_____ wanted to design equipment that would simplify farmers' work. In 1831, he invented a horse-drawn reaper to harvest grain and started selling it to others in 1840. It allowed the farmer to do five times the amount of harvesting in a day than they could by hand using a _____. By 1851, his company was the largest producer of farm equipment in the world.

Abigail Adams

_____ was one of John Adams' most trusted counsels. During the years prior to American independence, the two kept up a consistent letter-writing where she spoke of equality for all women as well as men.

Charles Willson Peale

_____ was one of the great artists of early America. John Adams was captured by his paintbrush.

Marbury v. Madison

_____ was one of the most important decisions in U.S. judicial history, because it legitimized the ability of the Supreme Court to judge the constitutionality of acts of the president or Congress.

Detroit; Queenston Heights

_____ was surrendered to the British in August 1812. The Americans also lost the Battle of _____ in October. Nothing much happened along Lake Champlain and the American forces withdrew in late November.

Andrew Jackson

_____ was the first president to be sworn into office on the East Portico of the Capitol.

Children

_____ worked in the coal mines during the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in Britain

Washington; Leadership

_____'s experience in the French and Indian War later included some bright moments and he became Virginia's most celebrated hero of the war thanks in large part to several remarkable escapes from heavy gunfire. His leading knowledge of frontier conditions and enormous personal energy had made him a charismatic figure. But overall his _____ in this first long war was badly flawed.

Washington

_____'s key strategic insight was to realize that independence depended more on keeping an army in the field than on winning major battles. In spite of a persistent lack of adequate funding from the Congress and in the face of growing conflict from his own officers and enlisted men, Washington held the army together through a skilled combination of discipline and personal example.

Jefferson

_____'s most fundamental political belief was an "absolute acquiescence in the decisions of the majority."

Thomas Jefferson; French

_____'s purchase of the Louisiana Territory in 1803 — over 600 million acres at less than 4¢ an acre — was an economic as well as a political victory, as it avoided a possible war with the _____.

Denmark Vesey

_____, a free black living in Charleston, South Carolina, made the most dramatic use of the white disagreement about the future of slavery in the west.

Conestoga wagons

_____, most commonly found during a 100-year-span starting in 1750, carried everything from flour to furs, and became the symbol of settlers' journeys to the western frontier.

James Madison; Nineteen

_____, now a member of Congress from Virginia, once again took the leading role crafting proposed amendments that would be sent to the states for approval. He skillfully reviewed numerous proposals and examples from state constitutions and ultimately selected _____ potential amendments to the Constitution.

Henry Clay

_____, the speaker of the House of Representatives, now held a decisive position.

James Monroe; Louisiana

_____, the top person negotiating in Paris, was empowered to purchase New Orleans and West Florida for between two and ten million dollars. Surprisingly, however, Napoleon offered much more. He was militarily overextended and needing money to continue his war against Britain. Knowing full well that he could not force Americans out of the land France possessed in North America, Napoleon offered all of _____ to the U.S. for 15 million dollars.

Madison

_____, who had been the chief architect of a strong central government in the Constitution, now was wary of national authority. He actually helped the Kentucky legislature to reject federal law.

Napoleon

_____, who had now risen to power in the French Revolution, threatened to block American access to the important port of New Orleans on the Mississippi River.

Newspaper

Under the terms of this law over 20 Republican _____ editors were arrested and some were imprisoned.

George Stephenson

A man named _____ successfully applied the steam technology of the day and created the world's first successful locomotive.

University; Scientific

Adams' vision of federal leadership was especially creative and included proposals for a publicly-funded national _____ and government investment in _____ research and exploration.

Farm

At the heart of both meanings of Jeffersonian Democracy lies the household _____ worked by ordinary families.

Hartford

Beginning in December 1814, 26 Federalists representing New England states met at the _____ Convention to discuss how to reverse the decline of their party and the region. Although manufacturing was booming and contraband trade brought riches to the region, "Mr. Madison's War" and its expenses proved hard to swallow for New Englanders.

Negotiation

Facing a real threat from western Indians, the federal government again chose to act through martial mobilization rather than _____.

Potatoes

In Ireland almost half of the population lived on farms that produced little income. Because of their poverty, most Irish people depended on _____ for food.

Columbia

In mid-October, 1805 William Clark entered into his elkskin-bound diary — a map of the _____ River.

Unity;

In the end, Washington's commitment to national _____ prevented him from throwing his enormous public stature behind the radical cause of emancipation. He feared that such action would deeply divide the new nation.

Edmond Genet

In the face of American neutrality that would continue a strong economic relationship with Great Britain, the French government sent _____ to the U.S. as a diplomatic envoy.

Caribbean

In the face of this, Genet called for American privateers to harass British ships and also opened up the French sugar islands in the _____ for free trade with U.S. ships.

James Monroe

James Monroe, yet another Virginian, followed Madison in the Presidency for two terms from 1817 to 1825.

China

L.F. Tantillo's "Return of the Experiment" records the arrival of the "Experiment" in Albany, New York, after its trip to _____. It was only the second American ship to journey to Asia.

Water

One of the purposes of the Lewis and Clark expedition, which was not realized, was to find a _____ route across the entire United States.

Pittsburgh

Pennsylvanians were shocked to find that the cheapest route to _____ was by way of New York City, up the Hudson River, across New York by the Erie Canal to the Great Lakes.

Democrats

Part of the opposition was political. Most immigrants living in cities became _____ because the party focused on the needs of commoners.

Inventors; Scientists

Part of the technology used in forming these new business enterprises came from England, however, increasingly they came from American _____ and _____ and mechanics.

George Washington

Particularly in _____'s first term as president from 1789-1792, Washington's enormous personal popularity and stature enhanced the legitimacy of the modest new national government.

Fort Necessity

The Battle of _____ was the first major military action in George Washington's career. The site has been designated a National Battlefield.

Constitutional law

The Bill of Rights remains an active force in contemporary American life as a major element of _____. The meaning of its protections remains hotly debated.

France

The War of 1812 came to an end largely because the British public had grown tired of the sacrifice and expense of their twenty-year war against _____.

Federalist

The War of 1812 closed with the _____ Party all but destroyed. The 1816 presidential election was the last one when they ran a candidate. They lost resoundingly.

Know Nothing

The _____ Party's platform included the repeal of all naturalization laws and a prohibition on immigrants from holding public office.

Baltimore and Ohio

The _____ Railroad, was the first railroad chartered in the United States.

Valley Forge

The army's survival at _____ in the harsh winter of 1777-1778 is the classic example.

USS Constitution

The _____, launched on October 21, 1797, is the oldest commissioned warship still afloat

Trail of Tears

The ______ is the most sorrowful legacy of the Jacksonian Era.

Andrew Jackson

The winner in the all-important Electoral College was _____, the hero of the War of 1812, with ninety-nine votes.

Minister

The young man at Cane Ridge was so moved that he went on to become a Methodist _____. As this quotation suggests, evangelical ministers reached their audience at an emotional level that powerfully moved large crowds.

Thomas Jefferson

Third President

Surveyor

This early lithograph depicts young George Washington honing his skills as a _____.

Florida

US growth not only built upon the Louisiana Purchase, but included military intervention in Spanish _____ which the United States then claimed by treaty in 1819.

Evangelical

_____ churches generally had a populist orientation that favored ordinary people over elites. For instance, individual piety was seen as more important for salvation than the formal university training required for ministers in traditional Christian churches.

Factory

_____ cities were being built almost overnight and the frontier was reaching to the Pacific Coast.

Gender

_____ implications intertwined with these religious and economic changes.

Andrew Jackson

_____ reacted by saying to his vice-president, Martin Van Buren, "The Bank is trying to kill me, Sir, but I shall kill it!"

Jeffersonian Democracy

_____ refers to an American ideal as well as to a remarkably successful political movement.

Britain; Neutral

_____ responded to the offer of French free trade by seizing American ships that they suspected of carrying French goods. While Americans saw this as a deep violation of their national sovereignty and right to trade as a _____ nation, the British dismissed American claims to free trade as merely war time profiteering with the enemy.

Nativism

_____ returned in the 1850s with a vengeance.

John Adams

_____ rightly felt misunderstood and persecuted and in writing to another aging patriot leader in 1812, he explained, "I have constantly lived in an enemies Country."

William Marbury

_____: the plaintiff in the landmark Marbury v. Madison case.

Political Parties

_____were still a stunning new phenomenon that shocked most of the older leaders of the Revolutionary Era.

Second Great Awakening; Protestantism

A dynamic religious movement known as the _____ also transformed the nation in this period. Although springing from internal spiritual convictions, the new character of American _____ in the early 19th century reinforced the modern economic and political developments that created the new nation by the end of the 1820s.

Loyalists

Almost all native groups had allied with the British and served as _____ during the war, but when British negotiators agreed upon the terms of the 1783 peace treaty, they offered no protection to their former Indian allies.

Gullah Jack

Along with a key ally named _____, Vesey organized a slave rebellion in 1822 that planned to capture the Charleston arsenal and seize the city long enough for its black population to escape to the free black republic of Haiti.

Ohio

Although Cincinnati's population was a modest 750 in 1800, by 1810 that figure had tripled and vastly larger numbers passed through Cincinnati on their way to settle the "Old Northwest" of _____, Indiana, and Illinois.

James Madison; Virginia Plan

Although _____ was the youngest member of the Continental Congress, his leadership was a critical factor in the development of American government. He proposed the _____, and he authored some of the Federalist Papers, and he wrote the Bill of Rights.

Tobacco

Although it effectively reached ordinary citizens, its key leaders were wealthy southern Tobacco elites like Jefferson and Madison.

Continental Congress

Although not a striking speaker, Adams commitment and thorough preparation made him a key figure in the _____ where he served on more committees than any other individual.

Cherokee

Although the Iroquois and _____ still reeled from the consequences of their strong alliance with the British in the Revolutionary War, other more westerly groups spurred a collective native opposition to the increasing threat from the American republic.

Political and Military

Although the War of 1812 serves as an important turning point in the development of an independent United States, the war itself was mostly a _____ and _____ disaster for the country.

Farewell Address

Although the celebration of that day and the _____ no longer receives such strenuous attention, Washington's final public performance deserves close attention.

Turnpike; Canal; Sacrilegious

Although the first railroads were successful, attempts to finance new ones originally failed as opposition was mounted by _____ operators, _____ companies, stagecoach companies and those who drove wagons. Opposition was mounted, in many cases, by tavern owners and innkeepers whose businesses were threatened. Sometimes opposition turned to violence. Religious leaders decried trains as _____. But the economic benefits of the railroad soon won over the skeptics.

Good Feelings; First Party System

Although this period has often been called the Era of _____ due to its one-party dominance, in fact, Democratic-Republicans were deeply divided internally and a new political system was about to be created from the old Republican-Federalist competition that had been known as the _____.

Ten

Amendment ____ states: "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people."

Great Britain; Washington

America lacked the strength to force powerful Britain to capitulate on key issues. As a result the agreement largely strengthened American ties to _____ and was bitterly denounced by the growing political opposition to _____ and his administration.

Noah Webster; Dictionary

American intellectuals and artists recognized the need for American cultural independence. In 1780s, _____ declared that "America must be as independent in literature as she is in politics" His own major contribution to American cultural independence came through an immensely influential spelling book to standardize the American language. By the 1830s over 60 million copies had been sold and its descendent, Webster's _____, remains a mainstay of American bookshelves.

Weakened

American popular support for France _____ dramatically as the Federalists effectively used the slogan "millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute" to strengthen their political position.

Charles Grandison Finney; Lydia

Among the most famous leaders of the Second Great Awakening was a Presbyterian minister named _____ who led a series of revivals in the newly developed areas along the Erie Canal in upstate New York. His work climaxed with a six-month campaign in Rochester in 1830 where he preached daily and developed important new techniques such as group prayer meetings within family homes. He also relied centrally on women, including his wife _____, as key forces in drawing others to convert.

New Orleans; Mississippi

Blocking American access to _____ was such a grave threat to American interests that President Jefferson considered changing his traditional foreign policy stance to an anti-French alliance with the British. At the same time that he sent diplomats to France to bargain for continued trade access along the _____ River, he also sent diplomats to Britain to pursue other policy options.

Missouri

By mid-October 1804, the Lewis and Clark expedition reached the Mandan villages on the banks of the upper _____ River in present-day North Dakota. Here they found several large, successful settlements with an overall population of about 5,000 people.

Secession

By placing states rights above those of the federal government, Kentucky and Virginia had established a precedent that would be used to justify the _____ of southern states in the Civil War.

New Orleans; Railroad

By the 1830s, the country had a complete water route from New York City to _____. By 1840, over 3,000 miles of canals had been built. Yet, within twenty years a new mode of transportation, the _____, would render most of them unprofitable.

Gabriel

As one member of _____'s Rebellion explained during the trial that would ultimately sentence him to death, "I have nothing more to offer than what General Washington would have had to offer, had he been taken by the British and put to trial by them. I have adventured my life in endeavoring to obtain the liberty of my countrymen, and am a willing sacrifice in their cause."

Central; Ten

As one might expect, the nationalist Madison took care to make sure that none of the proposed amendments would fundamentally weaken the new _____ government. In the end, _____ amendments were ratified in 1791.

Economic

As with the Economic expansion of the Industrial Revolution and the reforms of the Benevolent Empire, the northeast was at the leading edge of major social changes in the new nation.It was only in the 1820s and 1830s that women began to displace men as the overwhelming majority of Schoolteachers.

Nullification; Void

Calhoun argued for a less drastic solution — the doctrine of "_____." According to Calhoun, the federal government only existed at the will of the states. Therefore, if a state found a federal law unconstitutional and detrimental to its sovereign interests, it would have the right to "nullify" that law within its borders. Calhoun advanced the position that a state could declare a national law _____.

Thomas Jefferson Memorial

Completed in 1943, the _____ stands in Washington D.C. as a testament to one of the great American political philosophers.

Family and Religion; Masters

At the heart of black communities lay two central institutions: _____ and _____. Slave marriages were not legally recognized in slave societies and as many as a third of all slave marriages were broken up by _____. In spite of this, enslaved African Americans formed long-term marital bonds.

Social; Religious; American Bible Society

At the heart of this aspect of the Second Great Awakening was a religious commitment to _____ reform by elite and middle-class urban dwellers. Motivated by a concept of religious benevolence that encouraged them to try and improve the condition of spiritually impoverished people, these religious reformers created a national network of _____ institutions in the decade after 1815. Although typically headquartered in the major cities of the northeast, groups like the _____, American Sunday School Union, and the American Tract Society, were among the very first institutions to organize on a national scale.

Credit; Transportation System

Dramatically increased production, like that in the New England's textile mills, were key parts of the Industrial Revolution, but required at least two more elements for widespread impact. First, an expanded system of Credit was necessary to help entrepreneurs secure the capital needed for large-scale and risky new ventures. Second, an improved Transportation System was crucial for raw materials to reach the factories and manufactured goods to reach consumers.

Virginia

During his first military term, Washington had been sent west by the Governor of Virginia to try to keep the French out of newly claimed _____ land. Such an expedition required great skill not only with the French and difficult frontier conditions, but also an awareness of the importance of Native Americans in shaping the balance of power in the contested region.

Sally Hemings; Eston

During his lifetime, Thomas Jefferson was accused of having an adulterous affair with _____, one of his slaves. In 1998, DNA tests revealed that Heming's son, _____, was related to Jefferson's family.

Confederation, Presiding

During the critical period of the 1780s Washington privately feared that the weak central government dictated by the Articles of _____ threatened the long-term health of the nation. He supported the call for a Constitutional Convention and after some hesitation attended as a delegate where he was elected the _____ officer.

Church and State

During the election of 1800, Federalists cast Thomas Jefferson as an infidel because of his strict advocacy for the separation of _____ and _____

Pacific; Translators; Sacajawea

During the winter they established good relations with the Mandans and received a great deal of information about the best route for heading west to the _____ Ocean. The expedition also hired several of the Frenchmen who lived among the Mandans to serve as guides and _____. Along with them came a fifteen-year-old Shoshone named _____ who was married to one of the Frenchmen.

Corporation

Shortly after the War of 1812, a new form of business enterprise became prominent — the _____.

Greenville; Anthony Wayne

Signing of the Treaty of _____ a year following the defeat of several Ohio Indian tribes at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. Chief Little Turtle presents a wampum belt to General _____.

Revolutionary

Since 1765 Adams had been at the forefront of what would become the _____ movement.

John Quincy Adams

Sixth President

Turnpikes; Canals

States responded by giving charters to private companies to build roads (called _____ since they charged a fee), bridges, _____, or to operate ferry services. The state gave these companies special legal privileges because they provided a service that could benefit a wide segment of the population.

Western

Support for Thomas Jefferson throughout the entire _____ frontier assured his victory over John Adams in the presidential election 1800.

Genet

Supporters of the French Revolution, as well as those who stood to benefit from the new lucrative trade opportunities, rallied to support _____'s mission.

Virginia frontier; Commander

Surely, George Washington's long military service played a significant role molding this character. First as a militia officer on the _____ preceding and during the French and Indian War (1754-58) and then again as the _____ of the Continental Army (1775-83), Washington believed that familiarity could weaken the respect an officer needed for effective command.

Cultural

Surprisingly, _____ independence proved to be the hardest area for Americans to break free from European models and standards.

Shawnee

Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa, _____ brothers, were leading Indian traditionalists, and together they crafted a novel resurgence among native peoples in the west.

Fallen Timbers; Grenville

Tecumseh had fought at _____ in 1794, but refused to participate in the peace negotiations that produced the Treaty of _____ the following year. Instead, he removed to east-central Indiana where he led a band of militant young warriors.

Thames

Tecumseh had so profoundly challenged U.S. plans in the northwest that when he was finally killed at the Battle of the _____ in October 1813 it was seen as a major American victory even though it meant quite little strategically.

Tukabatchi; Ohio

Tecumseh traveled to _____, the capital of the Creek people, to try and recruit Natives to join the Indian Confederacy, but he was met with resistance. Legend has it that he said he would return home to _____ and stamp his foot with such force, they would feel the earth move in Tukabatchi. Several days after he left, a small earthquake did hit the Creek Capital.

Bill of Rights

Ten Amendments: These first ten amendments to the Constitution became known as the _____ and still stand as both the symbol and foundation of American ideals of individual liberty, limited government, and the rule of law. Most of these concerns legal protections for those accused of crimes.

Delegations

Ten state _____ voted for Jefferson, 4 supported Burr, and 2 made no choice.

Mill Girls

The "_____" were chaperoned by matrons and were held to a strict curfew and moral code.

Politics

The 1790s brought extraordinary divisions to the forefront of American life and _____.

Federalists

The 1796 election was waged with uncommon intensity. _____ thought of themselves as the "friends of order" and good government. They viewed their opponents as dangerous radicals who would bring the anarchy of the French Revolution to America.

Democratic-Republicans

The 1818 Congressional election brought another landslide victory for _____ who controlled 85 percent of the seats in the U.S. Congress.

Federalist

The 1824 presidential election marked the final collapse of the Republican-Federalist political framework. For the first time no candidate ran as a _____, while five significant candidates competed as Democratic-Republicans.

American Tract Society(ATS)

The 1825 _____, an organization devoted to spreading the Good Word.

Quasi-War

The Adams administration entered a "_____" with France from 1798 to 1800. Although no official declaration of war had been made, the United States clearly acted as an unofficial ally of Great Britain. Only 15 years since the end of the Revolutionary War, a dramatic transition in American international alliances had occurred.

Federalists; Democratic-Republican

The Adams administration faced several severe tests. It was a mixed administration. Adams was a _____. Jefferson, the vice-president, was a _____.

Washington

The Address opened by offering Washington's rationale for deciding to leave office and expressed mild regret at not having been able to step down after his first term. Unlike the end of his previous term, now _____ explained, "choice and prudence invite me to quit the political scene, patriotism does not forbid it." He was tired of the demands of public life, which had become particularly severe in his second term, and looked forward to returning to Mt. Vernon.

Massachusetts; Soldiers

The American Revolution challenged Washington's traditional acceptance of slavery on both pragmatic and idealistic grounds. When Washington arrived in _____ in 1775 to take command of the patriot militia that was surrounding the British in Boston, he was surprised to discover that New Englanders had begun to allow free African Americans as well as slaves to join their ranks as _____.

Battle of Thames

The British were overtaken in October defeated at the _____ by Americans led by William Henry Harrison, the future President It was here that the Shawnee chief, and British ally, Tecumseh fell.

New England

The Canal enabled the farmers to send their goods to _____. Subsistence farmers in the north were now less necessary. Many farmers left for jobs in the factories. The Erie Canal transformed America.

John Marshall

The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court throughout the Jeffersonian Era, _____, was an ardent Federalist.

Federal; Republicans

The Democratic-Republicans denounced the strong centralization of Federal power under Adams's presidency. Republicans specifically objected to the expansion of the U.S. army and navy, the attack on individual rights in the Alien and Sedition Acts, and new taxes and deficit spending used to support broadened federal action.

Republicans

The Democratic-Republicans despised Federalist policies. According to one Republican-minded New York newspaper, the Federalists were "aristocrats, endeavoring to lay the foundations of monarchical government, and Republicans were the real supporters of independence, friends to equal rights, and warm advocates of free elective government."

Anti-Federalists

The Democratic-Republicans had significantly broadened the old _____ coalition.

Federalists; Imports

The Embargo not only failed diplomatically, but also caused enormous domestic dissent. American shippers, who were primarily concentrated in _____ New England, generally circumvented the unpopular law. Its toll was clearly marked in the sharp decline of American _____ from 108 million dollars worth of goods in 1806 to just 22 million in 1808.

First

The Sedition Act clearly violated individual protections under the _____ amendment of the Constitution; however, the practice of "judicial review," whereby the Supreme Court considers the constitutionality of laws was not yet well developed.

Nullification

The South Carolina Ordinance of _____ was enacted into law on November 24, 1832. As far as South Carolina was concerned, there was no tariff. A line had been drawn.

South Carolina

The South's resentment came to an ugly head in the nullification battle of the early 1830s in which _____ considered leaving the Union because it disagreed with a federal law.

1931

The Star-Spangled Banner became the official national anthem of the United States of America in _____.

Charles Bullfinch

The State House in Boston was designed by _____, who also designed the Capitol in Washington D.C.

Ghent

The Treaty of _____ was signed by British and American delegates on December 24, 1814, effectively ending the War of 1812.

Canada; New England

The U.S. Congress was far from unanimous in its declaration of war. America's initial invasion of _____ (then ruled by England) in the summer of 1812 was repulsed by Tecumseh and the British. Although Tecumseh would be killed in battle the following fall, the U.S. was unable to mount a major invasion of Canada because of significant domestic discord over war policy. Most importantly, the governors of most _____ states refused to allow their state militias to join a campaign beyond state boundaries.

Mad Anthony; Fallen Timbers

The U.S. army in the west was dramatically expanded. General "_____" Wayne led it to a major victory in the Battle of _____ near present-day Toledo, Ohio, in August 1794.

Kentucky

The Virginia and _____ legislatures passed resolutions declaring the federal laws invalid within their states. The bold challenge to the federal government offered by this strong states' rights position seemed to point toward imminent armed conflict within the United States.

Godey's Lady's

The _____ book provided guidelines for the acceptable roles of a "proper" Victorian woman.

French Revolution

The _____ brought fundamental changes to the feudal order of monarchical and aristocratic privilege.

Louisiana Purchase; Western Expansion

The _____ demonstrates Jefferson's ability to make pragmatic political decisions. Although contrary to some of his central principles, guaranteeing _____ was so important to Jefferson's overall vision that he took bold action.

Northwest Territory

The _____ encapsulated land that would later become Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan and parts of the Dakotas, Minnesota and Montana.

Cherokee

The _____ people were by no means frontier savages. By the 1830s they developed their own written language, printed newspapers and elected leaders to representative government.

Cotton Gin; Cotton

The _____ thrived in the new land of the Old Southwest, and could now be processed far more efficiently than had been possible by hand. Indeed, it increased by fifty times the amount of cotton of what a single person could process in a day. This new cotton production, in turn, provided the raw material for the booming industrial textile mills of the American northeast and Great Britain. Technological innovation and geographic expansion made the south the world's largest producer and exporter of _____ in the 19th century.

Mandan villages

The _____ were an important trade center that brought together many different native groups as well as a handful of multilingual Frenchmen. The expedition chose to spend the winter in this attractive location and it proved to be a crucial decision for the success of their journey.

Founding Fathers

The _____' names are: Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison. Late 18th-century America still had a relatively small population, yet this group of major figures looms larger and appears more talented than any similar group at any other time in the country's history.

British

the British saw him as an incompetent provincial officer who lacked the aristocratic birth, the wealth, and the skill required of a proper _____ officer.

Hudson; New Orleans; Chesapeake

England conceived of a three-pronged attack focusing on controlling major waterways. Control of the _____ River in New York would seal off New England; seizing _____ would seal up the Mississippi River and seriously disrupt the farmers and traders of the Midwest; and by attacking the _____ Bay, the British hoped to threaten Washington, D.C. and put an end to the war and pressure the U.S. into ceding territory in a peace treaty.

Napoleonic; Napoleon Bonaparte

European wars also presented a major challenge to the new country. The _____ Wars (1802-1815) were a continuation of the conflict begun in the 1790s when Great Britain lead a coalition of European powers against Revolutionary France, though France was now led by the brilliant military strategist _____.

Temporary

Even Madison, who was one of the earliest to see the value of political parties, believed that they would only serve as _____ coalitions for specific controversial elections.

Transportation

Even among white settlers who benefited most from western migration, the expansion of the nation caused major alterations in American life. For instance, getting crops to market required improved _____.

Fisher Ames

Even an ardent Federalist like _____ observed that, "Elective rulers can scarcely ever employ the physical force of a democracy without turning the moral force or the power of public opinion against the government."

Newspapers

Even into the 1790s, most Americans believed that there could be only one legitimate position to take on political issues. This helps to explain the rabid opinions of the period that were set before the public by a remarkable growth in _____ during the decade.

Opposing

Even more disturbing to Washington was the emergence of a new form of political activity where the public divided into _____ parties. Although now a fundamental feature of modern democracy, Washington and many others perceived organized opposition to the government as treasonous!

National

Even while Marshall's political opponents controlled elected national office, Marshall consistently supported the supremacy of _____ power over the states. He led the court in establishing legal precedents to support this view.

Horseback; Wagon; Canal

Ever since the days of Jamestown and Plymouth, America was moving West. Trail blazers had first hewn their way on foot and by _____. Homesteaders followed by _____ and by either keelboat or bargeboat, bringing their possessions with them. Yet, real growth in the movement of people and goods west started with the _____.

Mary Paul

Excerpt from a Letter from _____, Lowell mill girl, December 21, 1845: "Dear Father, I received your letter on Thursday the 14th with much pleasure. I am well, which is one comfort. My life and health are spared while others are cut off. Last Thursday one girl fell down and broke her neck, which caused instant death. She was going in or coming out of the mill and slipped down, it being very icy. The same day a man was killed by the [railroad] cars. Another had nearly all of his ribs broken. Another was nearly killed by falling down and having a bale of cotton fall on him. Last Tuesday we were paid. In all I had six dollars and sixty cents paid $4.68 for board. With the rest I got me a pair of rubbers and a pair of 50 cent shoes. Next payment I am to have a dollar a week beside my board..."

Circumventing; Semi-Autonomy

Federalist New England's opposition to national policies had been demonstrated in numerous ways from _____ trade restrictions as early as 1807, to voting against the initial declaration of war in 1812, refusing to contribute state militia to the national army, and now its representatives were moving on a dangerous course of _____ during war time.

French;

Federalists attacked Jefferson as an un-Christian deist whose sympathy for the French Revolution would bring similar bloodshed and chaos to the United States.

Hamilton

Federalists were increasingly divided between conservatives such as _____ and moderates such as Adams who still saw himself as above party politics.

Taxes; Army; France

Federalists who controlled the Congress as well as the presidency raised new _____, dramatically enlarged the _____ and navy, and generally increased the power of the central government in preparation for a war against _____ that seemed inevitable.

James Monroe

Fifth President

Civil; Minority

Finally, Jefferson also committed his presidency to the protection of _____ liberties and _____ rights.

Women; African American

Finally, the Second Great Awakening also included greater public roles for white _____ and much higher _____ participation in Christianity than ever before.

George Washington

First President

Bankers and Builders

First used by _____ and _____, the corporation concept spread to manufacturing.

Parties

First, Washington warned of "the baneful effects of the Spirit of Party." To Washington political _____ were a deep threat to the health of the nation for they allowed "a small but artful and enterprising minority" to "put in the place of the delegated will of the Nation, the will of a party."

Will; Read; Write; Financial

Five months before his death, Washington drew up a _____ that included a detailed and exact description of how his slaves were to be freed. Beyond freedom, those slaves who were children were to receive occupational training and to learn to _____ and _____, while elderly slaves were to receive _____ support.

Revolution

For Jefferson, the election of 1800 stands as a second revolution that protected and extended the gains achieved in the _____ of 1776.

British; Independent

For Jefferson, western expansion provided an escape from the _____ model. As long as hard working farmers could acquire land at reasonable prices, then America could prosper as a republic of equal and _____ citizens.

DeWitt Clinton; Clinton's Ditch

For over a hundred years, people had dreamed of building a canal across New York that would connect the Great Lakes to the Hudson River to New York City and the Atlantic Ocean. After unsuccessfully seeking federal government assistance, _____ successfully petitioned the New York State legislature to build the canal and bring that dream to reality. "_____," his critics called it.

Military; Fallen Timbers

Founded in 1788 as a fort to repel Shawnee and Miami Indian attacks, Cincinnati served a chiefly _____ purpose until the major Indian defeat at _____ in 1794.

American; King

France seemed to be following the _____ republican example by creating a constitutional monarchy where traditional elites would be restrained by written law. Where the _____ had previously held absolute power, now he would have to act within clear legal boundaries.

Godey's Lady's Book

From _____, Vol. LIII, July to December, 1856. "Without ignoring accomplishments, or casting a slur upon any of the graces which serve to adorn society, we must look deeper for the acquirements which serve to form our ideal of a perfect woman. The companion of man should be able thoroughly to sympathize with him — her intellect should be as well developed as his. We do not believe in the mental inequality of the sexes; we believe that the man and the woman have each a work to do, for which they are specially qualified, and in which they are called to excel. Though the work is not the same, it is equally noble, and demands an equal exercise of capacity."

Rockies; Columbia

From the Mandan villages the now enlarged expedition headed west to cross the _____, the highest mountain range in North America. By the winter of 1805 they had reached the Pacific Ocean via the _____ River, becoming the first U.S. citizens to succeed in a trans-continental crossing north of Mexico.

Blacksmiths

From the textile industry, the factory spread to many other areas. In Pennsylvania, large furnaces and rolling mills supplanted small local forges and _____.

Cotton; Woolen

From these humble beginnings to the time of the Civil War there were over two million spindles in over 1200 _____ factories and 1500 _____ factories in the United States.

Human; reason

Furthermore, Adams emphasized the limits of _____ nature. Unlike the more optimistic Jefferson, Adams stressed that human _____ could not overcome all the world's problems.

Declaration of Independence

Furthermore, Jefferson's _____ had eloquently expressed America's statement of purpose "that all men are created equal."

Virginia; Quakers

Gabriel expected "the poor white people" as well as "the most redoubtable republicans" to join his cause to create a more democratic republic in _____. He especially identified _____, Methodists, and Frenchmen as those whites who were most "friendly to liberty."

Last Name

Gabriel remains a difficult figure to fully reconstruct from surviving historical evidence. In fact, his _____ is not definitively known, though he is usually referred to as Gabriel Prosser, after the name of the man who owned him.

Blacksmith

Gabriel was a skilled artisan with several advantages over most field-working slaves of his day. Partly due to his skill as a _____, Gabriel was "hired out" to work in many different places and enjoyed more autonomy and mobility than most plantation slaves.

Alexander Hamilton

George Washington chose the talented _____, who had served with him throughout the Revolutionary War, to take on the challenge of directing federal economic policy as the treasury secretary.

Congress Hall

George Washington delivered his Farewell Address from _____ in Philadelphia.

Continental;Constitutional Convention

George Washington's role in the fight toward independence became crucial during the war itself when he served for its duration as the commander of the _____ Army. After a brief retirement from public service, he once again became a political leader at the _____ in 1787, where he was elected the presiding officer. Once Washington somewhat reluctantly agreed to be a presidential candidate, his election in 1789 received almost universal support. Everyone knew that he was the obvious choice to be the first president of the United States.

African; Ten; Mt. Vernon

George Washington, like most powerful Virginians of the 18th century, derived most of his wealth and status from the labor of _____ and African American slaves. At his father's death in 1743, eleven-year-old George inherited _____ slaves. His property grew larger with the death of his half-brother Lawrence in 1754, which brought him the 2600 -acre plantation of _____ along with another 18 slaves.

Mount Vernon; Major

George inherited Lawrence's 2600-acre estate and 18 slaves who made the _____ plantation profitable. George managed to win the title of _____ in the Virginia militia that had previously been held by Lawrence. Although lacking significant military experience, George Washington was about to ride into a public career that would carry him to national fame. But first he would have to ride to the frontier and make a name for himself battling French and Indian foes.

Slaves; Master

Greater still, was the wealth that Martha brought to the marriage. While most of her slaves remained on other properties, she brought 12 personal _____ with her when she moved to Mt. Vernon in 1759. Washington was energetic and purposeful in all aspects of life, which included being a successful plantation ______. By 1786 his careful management had increased his property to 7300 acres and 216 slaves.

England

Hamilton Modeled along the lines of the Bank of England, a central bank would help make the new nation's economy dynamic through a more stable paper currency.

Strict Interpretation; Loose Interpretation

Hamilton and Jefferson's disagreement about the bank stemmed from sharply opposed interpretations of the Constitution. For Jefferson, such action was clearly beyond the powers granted to the federal government. In his Strict Interpretation of the Constitution, Jefferson pointed out that the tenth amendment required that all federal authority be expressly stated in the law. Nowhere did the Constitution allow for the federal government to create a bank. Hamilton responded with a Loose Interpretation that allowed such federal action under a clause permitting Congress to make "all Laws which shall be necessary and proper. Neither side was absolutely right. The Constitution needed interpretation. In this difference, however, we can see sharply contrasting visions for the future of the republic.

State; Bonds

Hamilton issued a bold proposal. The federal government should pay off all Confederation (State) debts at full value. Such action would dramatically enhance the legitimacy of the new central government. To raise money to pay off the debts, Hamilton would issue new securities Bonds. Investors who had purchased these public securities could make enormous profits when the time came for the United States to pay off these new debts.

Thomas Pinckney

Hamilton opposed Adams as the Federalist candidate. This helped create the circumstances whereby Jefferson slipped past the Federalist candidate, _____, to become vice president.

Factories

Household manufacturing was almost universal in colonial days, with local craftsmen providing for their communities. This new era introduced _____, with machines and predetermined tasks, producing items to be shipped and sold elsewhere.

College; Lawyer

However, Adams was the first in his family to attend _____, as well as the first to enter a profession (as a _____), Adams became caricatured as an elitist.

Frederick E. Church

Hudson River School artist _____ captured the Canadian coast in his painting, The Coast of Grand Manan Island.

Seceding

If a peace treaty ending the War of 1812 had not been signed while the Hartford Convention was still meeting, New England may have seriously debated _____ from the Union.

Voting

Immediately after the Revolution most states retained some property requirements that prevented poor people from _____. Following republican logic, citizens were believed to need an economic stake in society in order to be trusted to vote wisely. If a voter lacked economic independence, then it seemed that those who controlled his livelihood could easily manipulate his vote.

Appalachian; Nine

In 1790 the fast-growing population of the United States was 3.9 million, but only 5% of Americans lived west of the _____ Mountains that run from Maine to Georgia. By 1820, however, the total U.S. population had already reached 9.6 million and fully 25 percent of them lived west of the Appalachians in ____ new states and three territories.

Samuel Slater; Water-Power

In 1790, _____ built the first factory in America, based on the secrets of textile manufacturing he brought from England. He built a cotton-spinning mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, soon run by _____. Over the next decade textiles was the dominant industry in the country, with hundreds of companies created.

Eli Whitney

In 1798, _____, who had invented the cotton gin in 1792, contributed one of the most important elements of the industrial age. He came up with the idea of making guns using interchangeable parts. The idea of interchangeable parts had been raised in Europe, but it took an American to successfully commercialize the concept.

Oliver Evans

In 1804, _____ of Philadelphia developed a high-pressure steam engine that was adaptable to a great variety of industrial purposes. Within a few years it powered ships, sawmills, flour mills, printing presses as well as textile factories.

Robert Fulton; Mississippi

In 1807, ____ sailed the first commercially viable steamboat, the Clermont, from New York City to Albany. Within 4 years, regular steamboat service from Pittsburgh took passengers and cargo down the Ohio into the _____. Within 20 years, over 200 steamboats were plying these routes.

Prophetstown

In 1808 the brothers founded _____ at the sacred junction of the Tippecanoe and Wabash Rivers, from which they built a strong Indian alliance that directly challenged the U.S. government.

Boston Manufacturing Company

In 1813, _____, Nathan Appleton and Patrick Johnson formed the _____ to build America's first integrated textile factory, that performed every operation necessary to transform cotton lint into finished cloth.

Missouri; James Tallmadge

In 1819, the nation contained eleven free and eleven slave states creating a balance in the U.S. senate. _____'s entrance threatened to throw this parity in favor of slave interests. The debate in Congress over the admission of this state was extraordinarily bitter after Congressman _____ from New York proposed that slavery be prohibited in the new state.

Thomas Jefferson

In 1821, ______ said, "Time indeed changes manners and notions, and so far we must expect institutions to bend to them. But time produces also corruption of principles, and against this it is the duty of good citizens to be ever on the watch, and if the gangrene is to prevail at last, let the day be kept off as long as possible."

Monroe; Monroe Doctrine

In 1823 when President _____ declared that the entire western hemisphere is "henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers," it was a claim made without the power to back it up. Although his _____ became a central plank of U.S. foreign policy only at the end of the century, Americans had clearly fashioned a bold new national identity by the 1820s.

James Fenimore Cooper

In 1826, _____ wrote and published one of the classics of American literature, The Last of the Mohicans, a French and Indian War epic that ingrained the nation's romantic and tragic perspective on the plight of Native Americans.

Cloth; Cotton

In 1828, Congress passed a high protective tariff that infuriated the southern states because they felt it only benefited the industrialized north. For example, a high tariff on imports increased the cost of British textiles. This tariff benefited American producers of _____ — mostly in the north. But it shrunk English demand for southern raw _____ and increased the final cost of finished goods to American buyers.

Black Hawk; Osceola

In 1832, a group of about a thousand Sac and Fox Indians led by Chief _____ returned to Illinois, but militia members easily drove them back across the Mississippi. The Seminole resistance in Florida was more formidable, resulting in a war that began under Chief _____and lasted into the 1840s.

New Echota

In 1835, some Cherokee leaders agreed to accept western land and payment in exchange for relocation. With this agreement, the Treaty of _____, Jackson had the green light to order Cherokee removal.

John Deere; War

In 1837, _____ made the first commercially successful riding plow. His steel plow allowed farmers to turn heavy, gummy prairie sod easily, which stuck to the older wooden and iron plows. His inventions made farm much less physically demanding. During the Civil War, 25 years later, even women and young children of the South would use these devices allowing the men to be away at _____.

J. Maze Burbank

In 1839, _____ presented this image to the Royal Society in London with the caption: "A camp meeting, or religious revival in America, from a sketch taken on the spot."

Clocks

In Connecticut, tin ware and _____ were produced. Soon reapers and sewing machines would be manufactured.

Daniel Webster; Pennsylvania

In January 1832, Biddle's supporters in Congress, principally _____ and Henry Clay, introduced Bank recharter legislation. Even though the charter was not due to expire for four more years, they felt that the current Congress would recharter the Bank. They felt that Jackson would not risk losing votes in _____ and other commercial states by vetoing it.

Hale Woodruff

In Mutiny, _____ captures the terrifying and heroic moment when enslaved Africans aboard the Amistad launch a rebellion against their captors.

Jefferson

In _____'s view, the Federalists "retired into the judiciary as a stronghold . . . and from that battery all the works of Republicanism are to be beaten down and destroyed."

Investors;

In a corporation, individual _____ are financially responsible for business debts only to the extent of their investment, rather than extending to their full net worth, which included his house and property.

Washington

In a private letter in 1786 _____ stated, it is "among my first wishes to see some plan adopted, by the legislature by which slavery in this Country may be abolished by slow, sure, and imperceptible degrees."

Reign of Terror; women

In addition to a period of extreme public violence, which became known as the _____, the French Revolution also attempted to enhance the rights and power of poor people and _____. In fact, it even went so far as to outlaw slavery in the French colonies of the Caribbean.

Philadelphia

In addition to the specific issue of the whiskey tax, many backcountry settlers resented distant rule from the more populous east coast. For example, anyone in western Pennsylvania facing charges in a federal court had to travel all the way to _____ to get a trial.

Sedition

In essence, this _____ Act prohibited public opposition to the government. Fines and imprisonment could be used against those who "write, print, utter, or publish . . . any false, scandalous and malicious writing" against the government.

Economic

In response to this denial of American sovereignty, President Jefferson and his secretary of state James Madison crafted an imaginative, but fundamentally flawed, policy of _____ coercion.

Midnight Appointments

In sharp contrast, Democratic-Republicans were appalled by the "_____" that tried to continue Federalist influence despite their election loss.

French

In spite of this dramatic change, Adams' anti-_____ policies were extremely popular and significantly enhanced his public standing.

Nativists; Maryland

In the 1854 elections, _____ won control of state governments in Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire and California. They won elections in ______ and Kentucky and took 45% of the vote in 5 other states.

Missouri Compromise

In the Missouri Compromise first, Missouri would be admitted to the union as a slave state, but would be balanced by the admission of Maine, a free state, that had long wanted to be separated from Massachusetts. Second, slavery was to be excluded from all new states in the Louisiana Purchase north of the southern boundary of Missouri.

German; Riots

In the decade from 1845 to 1855, more than a million _____s fled to the United States to escape economic hardship. They also sought to escape the political unrest caused by _____, rebellion and eventually a revolution in 1848.

Ireland; Germans

In the middle half of the nineteenth century, more than one-half of the population of _____ emigrated to the United States. So did an equal number of _____.

Party; 1796

In the modern American political system, voters mainly express themselves through allegiances within a competitive _____ system. _____(Year) was the first election where this defining element of modern political life began to appear.

Corn; Grain

In the newly settled backcountry, poverty was widespread. For farmers to survive economically, they needed to convert bulky _____ and _____ into more easily transported whiskey.

New York City

In the north, about 10,000 British army veterans advanced into the United States via Montreal: their goal was _____.

Potomac

Indeed, the Bank ultimately found support in Congress through a compromise that included a commitment to build the new federal capital on the banks of the _____ River.

Champlain; Niagara; Detroit

Initial plans called for a three-pronged offensive: from Lake _____ to Montreal; across the _____ frontier; and into Upper Canada from _____.

The American Industrial Revolution; Agriculture

_____, concentrated in the northeast, would ultimately prove to be the most significant force in the development of the modern United States. This economic innovation sprung primarily from necessity. New England's agricultural economy was the poorest in the country and that helped to spur experimentation there. Meanwhile, the far more fertile southern states remained fully committed to _____ as the central source of its wealth, here, too, dramatic changes created a wholly new economy that would have been unrecognizable to late-18th century Americans.

Merchants

_____, creditors, and urban artisans who built the growing commercial economy of the northeast provided its most dedicated supporters and strongest regional support.

John Marshall

_____, delegate to France during the XYZ Affair in 1797, became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in 1801

Manufacturers; British; Industrialization

The third major area of Hamilton's economic plan aimed to make American _____ self-sufficient. The American economy had traditionally rested upon large-scale agricultural exports to pay for the import of _____ manufactured goods. Hamilton rightly thought that this dependence on expensive foreign goods kept the American economy at a limited level, especially when compared to the rapid growth of early _____ in Great Britain.

Amendment IV

This Amendment states: The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

Olaf Seltzer

This painting by _____, called Lewis' First Glimpse of the Rockies, illustrates a remarkable moment in the famous journey to the Pacific.

Hamilton; Jefferson

_____, ever the shrewd political operator, denounced Adams' actions, for a quasi-war clearly could stimulate patriotic fervor. This might help Federalists win the upcoming election. In the end, Adams only convinced the Federalist Congress to move toward peace by threatening to resign and thus allow _____ to become president!

Cincinnati

_____, in present-day southwest Ohio, provides a good example of the speed of western expansion during the early republic.

Sequoyah; Literate

_____, the child of a Native American woman and a white settler, came up with the first Cherokee alphabet in the early 1800s. By 1821 the Cherokee Nation had officially recognized this form of writing and thousands of Cherokee became ______.

Thomas Jefferson; Federalist

_____, who was the secretary of state at the time, thought Hamilton's plans for full payment of the public debt stood to benefit a "corrupt squadron of paper dealers." To Jefferson, speculation in paper certificates threatened the virtue of the new American Republic. Even Madison, who had worked closely with Hamilton in co-authoring The _____ Papers, thought the public debt repayment plan gave too big a windfall to wealthy financiers.

First

______ Amendment: Freedom of speech, Freedom of the press, Freedom of religion, Freedom of assembly, and Right to petition the government

Jefferson

______ appreciated the momentous change and his inaugural address called for reconciliation by declaring that, "We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists."

Calhoun

______ had supported the Tariff of 1816, but he realized that if he were to have a political future in South Carolina, he would need to rethink his position.

New Jersey

______ revised its state constitution to abolish property requirements in 1807, but at the same time prevented all women from voting (even wealthy ones who had been allowed to vote there since 1776) as well as all free blacks.

Tenskwatawa

______, also known as Prophet, worked with his brother Tecumseh to create a broad-based tribal coalition which would resist American encroachment from the east.

Free African Society

This was the Preamble of the _____ in 1778"Whereas, Absalom Jones and Richard Allen, two men of the African race, who ... from a love to the people of their complexion whom they beheld with sorrow ... propose that a society should be formed, without regard to religious tenets, provided, the persons lived an orderly and sober life, in order to support one another in sickness, and for the benefit of their widows and fatherless children."

Hudson Valley

Thomas Cole helped to found the _____ school of landscape painting that frequently painted in that region of upstate New York, a tradition built upon later in the century by men like Frederick Church and Albert Bierstadt who painted further west.

Fiscal

Thomas Jefferson opposed Alexander Hamilton's _____ policies.

Conservative

To Jefferson and his supporters, the defeat of the Federalists ended their attempt to lead America on a more Conservative and less democratic course.

Slavery

To Jefferson, _____ meant holding "a wolf by the ears."

Independence; Economic Autonomy

To Jefferson, financial speculation and the development of urban industry both threatened to rob men of the _____ that they maintained as Farmers. Debt, on the one hand, and factory work, on the other, could rob men of the _____ essential for republican citizens.

Andrew Jackson

To a delegation of bankers discussing the recharter of the Second Bank of the United States, in 1832, _____ said, "You are a den of vipers and thieves. I intend to rout you out, and by the eternal God, I will rout you out."

Unmentionables; Limb

To protect women's purity, certain words could not be spoken in their presence. Undergarments were "_____." A leg or an arm was called a "_____." Even tables had limbs, and in one especially delicate household, the "limbs" of a piano were covered in little trousers!

Women

To work in the textile mills, Lowell hired young, unmarried _____ from New England farms.

George Washington

emphasized, "your Union ought to be considered as a main prop of your liberty."

Fair; Boston Massacre

Unquestionably an ardent patriot, Adams felt so strongly about the rights of the accused to a _____ trial that he represented the British troops who had fired in the _____ of 1774. Adams argued their case so well that they escaped criminal penalty.

Whigs

Whigs defended economic development's broad benefits, while Democrats stressed the new forms of dependence that it created.

Active;

Whigs' favored _____ government support for economic improvement as the best route to sustained prosperity. Thus, the Whig-Democrat political contest was in large part a disagreement about the early Industrial Revolution.

Bankers; Urban; Agricultural

While Hamilton's policies encouraged the consolidation of economic power in the hands of _____, financiers, and merchants who predominated in the _____ northeast, the political capital was to be in a more southerly and ______ region apart from those economic elites.

France

While _____ ignored American neutrality, the British engaged in covert and explicit acts of war.

Anarchy

While it seems surprising today, at the start of the early republic many people, and almost all public leaders, associated democracy with _____.

Washington, D.C.

While most of the commercial beneficiaries of Hamilton's policies were concentrated in the urban northeast, the political capital of _____. would stand in the more agricultural south.

Hanging

While no whites were killed in the revolt that never really got started, the state of Virginia executed 27 blacks, including Gabriel, by public _____.

People

Yet, the Industrial Revolution would not have been possible without one further ingredient — _____. Canals and railways needed thousands of this to build them. Business schemes required this to execute them. The number of projects and businesses under development was enormous. The demand for labor was satisfied, in part, by millions of immigrants from Ireland, Germany, and elsewhere.

Charles Finney

_____ , in 1846, is credited as one of the most influential theologians of the Jacksonian era. He was one of the first religious leaders in America to denounce slavery, helping the creation of the abolitionist movement.

Tenth

_____ Amendment: Powers not granted to the Federal Government in the Constitution belong to the states or the people.

Third

_____ Amendment: Protection against housing soldiers in civilian homes

Fifth

_____ Amendment: Protection against trial without indictment, double jeopardy, self-incrimination, and property seizure.

Fourth

_____ Amendment: Protection against unreasonable search and seizure, and Protection against the issuing of warrants without probable cause

Eighth

_____ Amendment: Protection against◦excessive bail, excessive fines, and cruel and unusual punishment

Sixth

_____ Amendment: Right to a speedy trial, Right to be informed of charges, Right to be confronted by witnesses, Right to call witnesses, and Right to a legal counsel

Seventh

_____ Amendment: Right to trial by jury

Ninth

_____ Amendment: Rights granted in the Constitution shall not infringe on other rights.

The Boston; Lowell girls

_____ Associates preferred female labor because they paid the young girls less than men. These female workers, often called "_____," benefited by experiencing a new kind of independence outside the traditional male-dominated family farm.

New York

_____ acted similarly in 1821 when its legislature extended the franchise to almost all white men, but simultaneously created high property requirements for free blacks. As a result, only 68 of the 13,000 free African Americans in the City could vote in 1825.

Catherine Beecher

_____ advocated taking women's sphere to the classroom. Women as teachers, she said, could instill the proper moral code into future generations.

Religion

_____ also provided a major source of support to enslaved African Americans.

John and Arthur Shofield

_____ and _____, who also came from England, built the first factory to manufacture woolens in Massachusetts.

Bankers Row

_____ are across from the Second Bank of the United States. This financial center is sometimes called "America's first Wall Street."

Fisher Ames

_____ argued eloquently for the government to protect private property and maintain public order.

Jay

_____ became the victim of harsh public protests that included burning him in effigy.

Jackson

_____ boldly proclaimed himself to be the "champion of the common man" and believed that their interests were ignored by the aggressive national economic plans of Clay and Adams.

Ohio; Flour

_____ built a canal in 1834 to link the Great Lakes with the Mississippi Valley. As a result of its investment, Cleveland rose from a frontier village to a Great Lakes port by 1850. Cincinnati could now send food products down the Ohio and Mississippi by flatboat and steamboat and ship _____ by canal boat to New York.

The Erie Canal; Steamboat

_____ connected the eastern seaboard and the Old Northwest. The great success of the Erie Canal set off a canal frenzy that, along with the development of the _____, created a new and complete national water transportation network by 1840.

Adams

_____ continued this course of following principle rather than popularity when he served in the U.S. House of Representatives after his presidency.

Jefferson; Democracy

_____ explained in his Notes on the State of Virginia (1785), "Those who labor in the earth are the chosen people of God." Since farmers were an overwhelming majority in the American republic, one can see how his belief in the value of agriculture reinforced his commitment to _____.

Thomas Jefferson

_____ explained in his inaugural address in 1801, "though the will of the majority is in all cases to prevail, that will, to be rightful, must be reasonable; that the minority possess their equal rights, which equal laws must protect, and to violate would be oppression."

Western migration

_____ had become central to the American way of life and as much as two-thirds of all western families moved every decade.

Alexander Hamilton

_____ had long supported military mobilization to suppress the tax resistance in the west and supported Washington in raising a 13,000-troop force (larger than the Continental Army had ever been). When they arrived in the Pittsburgh area the resistance dissolved and the federal force had to search hard to arrest twenty men that they accused of involvement in the Whiskey Rebellion.

Washington; Mt. Vernon

_____ happily resigned his military command at the end of the Revolutionary War in 1783. He saw himself living out his days as a farmer at _____, but he would be called on to lead the country again — this time not in war, but peace.

Sulgrave Manor

_____ in Northamptonshire, England is the ancestral home of the Washington family.

The social forces that reshaped the United States

_____ in its first half century were profound: Examples of this were Western expansion, growing racial conflict, unprecedented economic changes linked to the early Industrial Revolution, and the development of a stronger American Protestantism in the Second Great Awakening all overlapped with one another in ways that were both complementary and contradictory.

Alexander Hamilton

_____ is one of the few American figures featured on U.S. Currency who was never president. He was killed in 1804 in a duel with Aaron Burr. He created the First Bank of America.

Federalists

_____ never again controlled national politics like they had in the 1790s, but they remained an important force in American life and offered deep criticism of many Jeffersonian developments.

Thomas Jefferson

_____ observed about the Missouri crisis, "This momentous question, like a fire-bell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror."

Adams

_____ persistently challenged and questioned the soft spots of a more romantic and mythical American self-understanding.

Charles Willson Peale

_____ portrays George Washington as Colonel of the Virginia Provincials in this oil painting from 1772.

Whitney

_____ raised eyebrows when he walked into the US Patent office, took apart ten guns, and reassembled them mixing the parts of each gun.

Benjamin Franklin

_____ said "Adams means well for his country, is always an honest man, often a wise one, but sometimes, and in some things, absolutely out of his senses".

Although Jackson; House of Representatives

_____ seemed to have won a narrow victory, receiving 43 percent of the popular vote versus just 30 percent for Adams, he would not be seated as the country's sixth president. Because nobody had received a majority of votes in the electoral college, the _____ had to choose between the top two candidates.

Indian

_____ wars in the early 1790s made westerners resentful of what they saw as easterners' indifference to the risks of life on the frontier. The overlapping resentments soon got hotter than a distillery still.

George Washington

_____ was a serious man. He carried himself with a grave dignity often described as aloofness. Quite the opposite of being an informal joker, Washington held people at a distance. A central part of his personality included strong self-control that avoided excessive camaraderie.

Eli Whitney

_____ was among the first to develop a cotton gin (short for "engine") that separated seeds from short-staple cotton.

Henry Clay

_____ was first elected to the Senate in 1807, before his 30th birthday. This was against the rules set up in the Constitution that stipulated 30 as the youngest age for a Senator.

Andrew Jackson

_____ was furious and personally affronted by the Marshall ruling, stating, "Mr. Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!"

Slavery

_____ was obviously incompatible with true democratic values. Jefferson's explanation of slaves within the republic argued that African Americans' racial inferiority barred them from becoming full and equal citizens.

Eli Whitney

_____'s development of the interchangeable part began by revolutionizing the arms industry, but ended up transforming the face of manufacturing in the United States.

Sacajawea

_____'s knowledge of the west and language skills played an important role in the success of the expedition. Additionally, the presence of her and her baby helped assure other Indian groups encountered further west that this could not be a war party.

Matthew Lyon

_____'s letter that criticized President Adams' "unbounded thirst for ridiculous pomp, foolish adulation, and self avarice" caused him to be imprisoned. While Federalists sent him to prison for his opinions, his constituents reelected him to Congress even from his jail cell.

Natty Bumppo

_____, James Fenimore Cooper's most famous character who appeared in several novels including The Last of the Mohicans (1826), was a heroic frontiersman who recognized the nobility of Native Americans even as he participated in their conquest by settling the west.

Chief Alexander McGillivray

_____, a mixed blood Creek in the southeast, called for expelling all whites from tribal lands and looked to the Spanish in Florida as a powerful ally against the Americans. Native groups north of the Ohio River had an even stronger ally from British Canada.

Tecumseh

_____, a political and military leader, is the better known of the two Shawnee brothers, but it was their combined skills that made them especially powerful.

Thomas Cole;

_____, an English immigrant who arrived in the United States in 1818, began a painting style that celebrated the American wilderness as a powerful and frightening force that distinguished the United States from the corruption of European civilization.

John Quincy Adams

James Monroe nearly shut out his Presidential opponent, _____ in the election of 1820. Monroe beat Adams 231 to 1 with 3 abstentions.

Embargo

Jefferson and Madison's _____ of 1807 prevented U.S. ships from any trade with Europe in the belief that dependence on American goods would soon force France and England to honor American neutrality. The plan backfired, however, as the Republican leaders failed to understand how deeply committed the superpowers were to carrying on their war despite its high costs.

Land; Constitution

Jefferson had clearly not followed his own strict interpretation of the _____. Federalist critics howled that the Constitution nowhere permitted the federal government to purchase new _____. Jefferson was troubled by the inconsistency, but in the end decided that the Constitution's treaty-making provisions allowed him room to act.

Politician; Writer; Scientists

Jefferson made major contributions as a _____, statesman, diplomat, intellectual, _____, _____, and philosopher. No other figure among the Founding Fathers shared the depth and breadth of his wide-ranging intelligence.

Slavery; Democracy

Jefferson probed the fundamental contradiction between _____ and _____ more eloquently than any American of the day. This led him to conclusions that were far less than revolutionary. Jefferson repeatedly acknowledged that slavery was wrong, but he never saw a way to eliminate the institution.

Technology

Jefferson supported international commerce to benefit farmers and wanted to see new _____ widely incorporated into ordinary farms and households to make them more productive.

Virginia

Jefferson's election inaugurated a "_____ dynasty" that held the presidency from 1801 to 1825.

Western Expansion

Jefferson's plans for the nation depended upon _____ and access to international markets for American farm products.

Vice Presidency

Jefferson's second-place win earned him the _____.

Thinker; Farming

Jefferson's stature as the most profound _____ in the American political tradition stems beyond his specific policies as president. His crucial sense of what mattered most in life grew from a deep appreciation of _____, in his mind the most virtuous and meaningful human activity.

Louisiana

Jefferson's vision was threatened, however, when France regained control of _____.

Louisa

John Adams' wife _____ was born outside of the United States. Adams' political enemies used this as fodder to accuse him of being pro-British.

Debts; Free Trade

John Jay negotiated an extremely broad agreement that dealt with issues from repaying pre-Revolutionary _____, to the British forts in the west, and the rights of _____ across the Atlantic.

Marbury v. Madison; Branches

John Marshall's earliest landmark decision as Chief Justice came in _____ (1803) and demonstrates his sophisticated leadership of the Court. The issue at stake was the validity of the Federalists' last-minute expansion of the judiciary in 1801, but Marshall used the case to make a much broader statement about the relationship between the distinct _____ of the federal government.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

John Marshall's opinion for the Court majority in _____ was essentially that Georgia had no jurisdiction over the Cherokees and no claim to their lands. Georgia officials simply ignored the decision, and President Jackson refused to enforce it.

Washington

Knowing full well that some heirs would dislike this loss of their potential inheritance, _____ insisted that "this clause respecting Slaves, and every part thereof be religiously fulfilled ... without evasion, neglect, or delay."

Second Great Awakening; Congregationalists; Anglicans; Quakers

Known today as the _____, this spiritual resurgence fundamentally altered the character of American religion. At the start of the Revolution the largest denominations were _____ (the 18th-century descendants of Puritan churches), _____ (known after the Revolution as Episcopalians), and _____. But by 1800, Evangelical Methodism and Baptists, were becoming the fasting-growing religions in the nation.

Louis XVI; Christianity

Largely pushed forward by a crisis brought on by a war that began in 1792 against Prussia and Austria, the French Revolution took a dramatic turn that climaxed with the beheading of King _____ and the abandonment of _____ in favor of a new state religion based on reason.

Spanish

Lawrence became an important role model for young George. He was particularly impressed by his half-brother's service in an American regiment of the British Army in a campaign against the _____ in Colombia, South America.

Founding Fathers

Less celebrated in both his own day and ours, Adams' quiet place among the _____ is related to the acuity and depth of his political analysis that survives in his extraordinarily voluminous writings.

South Carolina; Best Friend of Charleston

New railroads came swiftly. In 1830, the _____ Canal and Rail-Road Company was formed to draw trade from the interior of the state. It had a steam locomotive built at the West Point Foundry in New York City, called The "_____", the first steam locomotive to be built for sale in the United States.

Democratic-Republicans

Not coincidentally, non-English ethnic groups had been among the core supporters of the _____ in 1796.

Anti-Federalists

Not surprisingly, given _____' opposition to the strong new central government, only eight opponents of the Constitution were sent to the House of Representatives. Most of them concentrated their efforts in state politics.

Christmas Eve

Now that Napoleon was all but finally defeated, the minor war against the United States in North America lost popular support. Negotiations began in August 1814 and on the holiday of _____ the Treaty of Ghent was signed in Belgium. The treaty called for the mutual restoration of territory based on pre-war boundaries and with the European war now over, the issue of American neutrality had no significance.

Liquor

Numerous treaties from the mid and late 1780s created favorable terms for new settlement, but they were usually achieved through _____, bribes, or physical threats.

John Adams; Thomas Jefferson

On July 4, 1826, less than two years before "King Andrew" ascended to the "throne," the Yankee _____ and the aristocratic Virginian _____ both passed away.

McHenry

On the edge of national bankruptcy and with the capital largely in ashes, total American disaster was averted when the British failed to capture Ft. _____ that protected nearby Baltimore.

Federalists

On the other hand, _____ saw Genet as a renegade who broke American laws. The French superpower clearly showed to qualms about trying to force the hand of the new American republic.

Charles Brockden Brown

On the other hand, the Philadelphia writer _____, arguably the most sophisticated novelist of the new republic, reached only a very limited audience with six psychologically-troubling novels published from 1798 to 1801.

Pierre Charles L'Enfant; Potomac

Once the site for the new capital was selected in 1790, President Washington retained _____, a French engineer and former officer in the Continental Army, to design and lay out the new capital city. His grand plan gave pride of place to the capitol building which would stand on a hill overlooking the flatlands around the _____ River.

Oliver Hazard Perry

One bright spot for the Americans was _____'s destruction of the British fleet on Lake Erie in September 1813 that forced the British to flee from Detroit.

George Catlin

One painter who addressed this crisis more directly than most was _____. He used Indian portraits to try and raise money and political interest to help Native Americans avoid the destruction of their way of life.

True Women

Only white women of European descent, and very few of them, could be "_____."

Politics

The deep conflict of the 1790s stimulated a profound new development in American _____.

Benjamin Rush

Besides being a known American patriot, _____ was also a premiere thinker in the area of neurology.

King Andrew

By calling themselves Whigs, Jackson's enemies labeled him a king. And they held firm in their opposition to "_____" and his hated policies.

Second

_____ Amendment: Right to bear arms.

George Washington

"Discipline is the soul of an army. It makes small numbers formidable; procures success to the weak, and esteem to all." - said by _____, in 1759, in a letter to the captains of the Virginia Regiments during the French and Indian War.

Jefferson

"The Revolution of 1800," as _____ described his party's successful election many years later, was "as real a revolution in the principles of our government as that of 1776 was in its form."

Daniel Webster

A promising young Congressman from New Hampshire, _____, actually discouraged enlistment in the U.S. army.

Gears

Clockmakers used interchangeable parts to make metal _____.

Pius VII

The elder Napoleon was crowned Emperor of France by Pope _____ in 1804.

James Madison

Fourth President

Bachelor

Martin Van Buren was the first U.S. President to serve as a _____; his wife died before he was elected.

Lincoln; Grant;

Presidents Washington ($1), _____ ($5), Jackson ($20), and _____ ($50) all appear on currency.

Colonial; Texas

250,000 new slaves arrived in the United States from 1787 to 1808, a number equal to the entire slave importation of the _____ period. After 1808, the internal slave trade forced African Americans from the border states and Chesapeake into the new cotton belt, which ultimately stretched from upcountry Georgia to eastern _____. In fact, more than half of the Americans who moved to the Southwest after 1815 were enslaved blacks.

Potato; Westward

A _____ famine during the mid 1800s brought many Irish immigrants to American shores. Here, they played a huge part in the Industrial Revolution as well as _____ Expansion.

Democratic-Republican

A _____ newspaper condemned that same hero. "If ever a nation was debauched by a man, the American nation has been debauched by Washington. . . . Let the history of the federal government instruct mankind, that the mask of patriotism may be worn to conceal the foulest designs against the liberties of the people."

Federalists

A _____ newspaper trumpeted, "Many a private person might make a great President; but will there ever be a President who will make so great a man as Washington?"

Vote; 14

Alien and Sedition Acts were laws that included new powers to deport foreigners as well as making it harder for new immigrants to _____. Previously a new immigrant would have to reside in the United States for 5 years before becoming eligible to vote, but a new law raised this to _____ years.

Jeffersonian; James Madison; People

A lot changed during the decade. Most importantly, urban workers and artisans who had supported the Constitution during ratification and who had mostly supported Adams in 1796 now joined the _____. Also, key leaders like _____had changed his political stance by 1800. Previously the main figure shaping the Constitution, Madison now emerged as the ablest party organizer among the Republicans. At base the Democratic-Republicans believed that government needed to be broadly accountable to the ______. Their coalition and ideals would dominate American politics well into the nineteenth century.

Financial; War;

A major problem facing the first federal government was how to deal with the _____ chaos created by the American Revolution. States had huge _____ debts. There was runaway inflation. Almost all areas of the economy looked dismal throughout the 1780s. Economic hard times were a major factor creating the sense of crisis that produced the stronger central government under the new Constitution.

Arts and Sciences

A marble mosaic of Greek goddess Minerva in the Library of Congress symbolizes the preservation of civilization as well as the promotion of the _____ and _____.

Capitalist; Cotton

A new _____ economy enormously expanded wealth and laid the foundation for the Industrial Revolution that flourished later in the 19th century. The great opportunities of economic development also brought new hardships for many people, especially those who toiled as slaves under the startlingly new system of _____ slavery that boomed in the early 19th century.

Samuel F.B. Morse

Another notable American inventor was _____, who invented the electric telegraph and Morse Code.

Alien and Sedition

A series of laws known collectively as the _____ and _____ Acts were passed by the Federalist Congress in 1798 and signed into law by President Adams.

Competitive; work;

A true man was concerned about success and moving up the social ladder. He was aggressive, _____, rational, and channeled all of his time and energy into his _____.

Domesticity; Home

A true woman, on the other hand, was virtuous. Her four chief characteristics were piety, purity, submissiveness and _____. She was the great civilizer who created order in the _____ in return for her husband's protection, financial security and social status.

Mohawk & Hudson; DeWitt Clinton

A year later, the _____ railroad reduced a 40-mile wandering canal trip that took all day to accomplish to a 17-mile trip that took less than an hour. Its first steam engine was named the _____ after the builder of the Erie Canal.

Cane Ridge

A young man who attended the famous 20,000-person revival at _____, Kentucky, in 1802, captures the spirit of these camp meetings activity: "The noise was like the roar of Niagara. The vast sea of human beings seemed to be agitated as if by a storm. I counted seven ministers, all preaching at one time, some on stumps, others on wagons ... Some of the people were singing, others praying, some crying for mercy. A peculiarly strange sensation came over me. My heart beat tumultuously, my knees trembled, my lips quivered, and I felt as though I must fall to the ground."

Cherokee rose; Trail of Tears

According to legend, a _____, the state flower of Georgia, grew in every spot a tear fell on the _____. Today the flowers grow along many of the trails that the Native Americans took west.

John Adams

Acting upon their judgment that political critics were treasonous opponents of good government, _____ followed the lead of Congressional leaders and heightened domestic repression.

Amistad

Adams also successfully defended enslaved Africans before the U.S. Supreme Court in the celebrated _____ case.

Economic

Adams favored a bold _____ role for the national government that was far ahead of public opinion.

Georgia;

Adams overturned a treaty signed by the Creek nation in 1825 that ceded its remaining land to the state of _____ because he believed that it had been fraudulently obtained through coercive methods. The state's Governor was outraged, but Adams believed that the matter clearly fell under federal jurisdiction

Aaron Burr; House of Representatives

Adams ran as Jefferson's main opponent, running mates Jefferson and _____ received the same number of electoral votes. The election was decided in the _____ where each state wielded a single vote. Interestingly, the old Federalist _____ would make the decision, since the newly elected Republicans had not yet taken office.

Paris; XYZ Affair

Adams responded to France's response by sending a diplomatic mission to France. When it arrived in _____, three agents of the French foreign minister explained that to enter into negotiations America would have to loan the French government money and pay a bribe to the agents themselves. This became known in the United States as the "_____."

Unconstitutional; War

Adams supported policies that have subsequently been widely viewed as _____. Nevertheless, he was a moderating influence in his own party and refused to use the threat of _____ as a tool to exploit patriotic fervor to his own advantage.

8; Madison

Alexander Hamilton's Bank of the United States received a special national charter from the U.S. Congress in 1791. It enjoyed great success, which led to the opening of branch offices in _____ major cities by 1805. Although economically successful, a government-chartered national bank remained politically controversial. As a result, President _____ did not submit the bank's charter for renewal in 1811.

James Monroe

After Jefferson's two terms as president, he was followed by two other two-term Democratic-Republicans from Virginia, James Madison and _____.

John Quincy Adams

After losing the Presidency to Andrew Jackson in 1828, _____ was elected to the House of Representatives where he served until his death in 1848.

White;

After meeting with his officers, Washington reversed this policy and tried to make an all-_____ Continental Army.

Bank

Alexander Hamilton conceived of the First _____ of the United States as a way to standardize American currency and cope with national Revolutionary War debt. It still stands today on Independence National Park in Philadelphia.

J. Stansbury

An Author and Jacksonian Contemporary said, "No one who was at Washington at the time of General Jackson's inauguration is likely to forget that period to the day of his death. To us, who had witnessed the quiet and orderly period of the Adams administration, it seemed as if half the nation had rushed at once into the capital. It was like the inundation of the northern barbarians into Rome, save that the tumultuous tide came in from a different point of the compass. The West and the South seemed to have precipitated themselves upon the North and overwhelmed it. On that memorable occasion you might tell a 'Jackson man' almost as far as you could see him. Their every motion seemed to cry out 'Victory!'"

Constitution; Amendments; New York

An immediate issue that the new Congress took up was how to modify the _____. Representatives were responding to calls for _____ that had emerged as a chief issue during the ratification process. Crucial states of Massachusetts, Virginia, and _____ (among others) had all ultimately supported the Constitution — but only with the expectation that explicit protections for individual rights would be added to the highest law of the land.

Mississippi

Andrew Jackson had initiated an Indian removal policy that forced all natives to relocate west of the _____ River.

Oklahoma

Andrew Jackson is known to have harbored animosity for Native Americans. During his administration, many tribes were moved to reservations in the _____ Territory.

The Common Man

Andrew Jackson, "_____", always held a special place in America, but with Jackson, he rose to the top of the American political power system.

George William Fairfax

Another important influence on George was a local boy named _____ who hailed from a prominent family.

Outwork System; Shoe; Factory System; Boston

Another key to the rapidly changing economy of the early Industrial Revolution were new organizational strategies to increase productivity. This had begun with the " Outwork System" whereby small parts of a larger production process were carried out in numerous individual homes. This organizational reform was especially important for Shoe and boot making. However, the chief organizational breakthrough of the Industrial Revolution was the "Factory System" where work was performed on a large scale in a single centralized location. Among the early innovators of this approach were a group of businessmen known as the Boston Associates who recruited thousands of New England farm girls to operate the machines in their new factories.

French; Europe

Arguments about that fundamental question probably would have been controversial under any circumstances, but were dramatically heightened by the explosive example of the _____ Revolution. The United States was still a fragile experiment in republican government. Its domestic events and attitudes would greatly be shaped by events in _____.

Alliances; Commercial

As European powers embarked on a long war, each hoping to draw the U.S. to its side, Washington admonished the country "to steer clear of permanent _____." Foreign nations, he explained, could not be trusted to do anything more than pursue their own interests when entering international treaties. Rather than expect "real favors from Nation to Nation," Washington called for extending foreign "_____ relations" that could be mutually beneficial, while maintaining "as little political connection as possible." Washington's commitment to neutrality was, in effect, an anti-French position since it overrode a 1778 treaty promising mutual support between France and the United States.

First President; Constitution

As George Washington was likely to become the _____, he avoided the appearance of self-serving motivation by not aggressively supporting the _____ in public.

Reducing; Federal Government

As President Jefferson reduced the size and scope of the federal government by ending internal taxes, _____ the size of the army and navy, and paying off the government's debt. Limiting the ______ flowed from his strict interpretation of the Constitution.

Martin Van Buren

As _____ explained, "Those who have wrought great changes in the world never succeeded by gaining over chiefs; but always by exciting the multitude. The first is the resource of intrigue and produces only secondary results, the second is the resort of genius and transforms the face of the universe."

Marshall

As _____ explained, "it is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is."

Congress; Securities

As a counter-measure Madison proposed that Congress should set aside some money for the original owners of the debts who tended to be ordinary Americans and not new investors and speculators. On a pragmatic level Madison's idea would have been difficult to implement. Nearly half the members of Congress invested in public Securities. They stood to benefit financially from Hamilton's plan. Its passage was doubly assured.

Farmlands

As a result Jeffersonian America required that new western _____ be cultivated as an absolute necessity for the future of the republic.

Slave; Revolt

As an African American and a _____ the benefits of the Revolution were not extended to Gabriel. Nevertheless, the republican ideology of the Revolution and the anti-elitist thrust of the Democratic-Republicans helped shape Gabriel's vision in leading a slave _____.

Artisan

As an _____, Gabriel was among the broad group of urban workers whose actions played a crucial role causing the American Revolution.

Blockades

As had also been true in the 1790s, neither European superpower respected the neutrality of the United States. Instead, both tried to prevent U.S. ships from carrying goods to their enemy. Both Britain and France imposed _____ to limit American merchants, though the dominant British navy was clearly more successful.

Immigrants

As is often the case when there is a mass immigration, there was a great deal of resistance. Old and new political parties took strong positions on the rights of _____. Ultimately these positions hardened, leading to major political changes in America.

Lawrence; England

As often happened in the colonial period, early death struck the Washington family once more when _____ died in 1752. By the age of 20 George had suffered the death of both his real and surrogate fathers. Along with this second major loss came the end of George's hopes to get an education in _____— part of the required training for elite men in colonial Virginia.

Federalist

As one _____ in Congress declared, there was no need to "invite hordes of Wild Irishmen, nor the turbulent and disorderly of all the world, to come here with a basic view to distract our tranquillity."

Doubled

By 1820, the United States had more than _____ in area to become one of the largest nations in the world.

African Americans

At the same time Gabriel also shows how fully _____ embraced central currents of American politics and culture.

Women and African Americans

At the same time that state legislatures opened suffrage (that is, the right to vote) to all white men, they simultaneously closed the door firmly on white _____ and free _____.

Spoils System

At the same time, Jackson espoused the "_____" in awarding government offices. In his view, far too many career politicians walked the streets of Washington. These people had lost touch with the public. Jackson believed in rotation in office. America was best served with clearing out the old officeholders and replacing them with appointees of the winning candidates. This would eventually lead to considerable corruption. To Jackson, rotating the officeholders was simply more democratic.

Forts; Native Americans

At the same time, the British still occupied _____ in the American northwest that were supposed to have been abandoned by the terms of the peace treaty of 1783. Not only did the British army still not surrender these strategic strongholds, but they also supplied _____ with goods and encouraged them to attack the U.S. from the west.

North America

At the start of the 19th century, much of _____ had yet to become a part of the United States.

Nicholas Biddle

At the time Jackson became President in 1828, the Bank of the United States was ably run by _____, a Philadelphian. He was more an astute businessman than politician. His underestimation of the power of a strong and popular President caused his downfall and the demise of the financial institution he commanded.

Canal; Railway

Baltimore, the third largest city in the nation in 1827, had not invested in a _____. Yet, Baltimore was 200 miles closer to the frontier than New York and soon recognized that the development of a _____ could make the city more competitive with New York and the Erie Canal in transporting people and goods to the West.

Baltimore

But the Americans put up a strong opposition in _____ and the British were forced to pull back from that city.

Little Turtle

By 1790 many of these native nations formed a broad Western Confederacy to defend themselves from aggressive American settlement. Raids by _____ of the Miami and Blue Jacket of the Shawnee scored major victories that included defeating U.S. military forces in 1790 and 1791.

Federalist

By 1798 Adams and the _____ Congress passed a series of laws that severely limited American civil liberties.

Pittsburgh;

Cincinnati's location 450 miles downriver from _____, Pennsylvania, made it a strategic trade location for agricultural products from newly settled farm lands.

American System

Clay had a grand strategic vision called the _____. This was a federal government initiative to foster national growth though protective tariffs, internal improvements and the Bank of the United States.

Great Compomiser

Clay was called The "_____," and served in the Congress starting in 1806.

Roads; Maysville Road

Clay was unswerving in his support for internal improvements, which primarily meant federally funded _____ and canals. Jackson believed the American System to be unconstitutional. He vetoed the _____ Bill, Clay's attempt to fund internal improvements.

Federalist

Conservatives like Hamilton, Washington, and others who would soon organize as the _____ political party saw the French Revolution as an example of homicidal anarchy.

Hudson; Canal

Construction began in 1817 and was completed in 1825. The canal spanned 350 miles between the Great Lakes and the _____ River and was an immediate success. Between its completion and its closure in 1882, it returned over $121 million in revenues on an original cost of $7 million. Its success led to the great _____ Age. By bringing the Great Lakes within reach of a metropolitan market, the Erie Canal opened up the unsettled northern regions of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. It also fostered the development of many small industrial companies, whose products were used in the construction and operation of the canal.

Neutrality

Controversially, Genet was instructed to enlist American aid for the French Revolution even though Washington had established a clear policy of _____.

Technology; Native Americans; Agriculture

Dark flaws limited Jefferson's grand vision. First, his hopes for the incorporation of _____ at the household level failed to grasp how poverty often pushed women and children to the forefront of the new industrial labor. Second, an equal place for _____ could not be accommodated within his plans for an agrarian republic. Third, Jefferson's celebration of _____ disturbingly ignored the fact that slaves worked the richest farm land in the United States.

St. Louis

When the long overdue expedition finally returned to _____ in September 1806, they were celebrated as heroes who had accomplished an extraordinary feat.

Corrupt Bargain

Denounced immediately as a "_____" by supporters of Jackson, the antagonistic presidential race of 1828 began practically before Adams even took office. To Jacksonians the Adams-Clay alliance symbolized a corrupt system where elite insiders pursued their own interests without heeding the will of the people.

Executive; Legislature

Hamilton thought a strong _____ and a judiciary protected from direct popular influence were essential to the health of the republic. By contrast, Jefferson put much greater faith in democracy and felt that the truest expression of republican principles would come through the Legislature, which was elected directly by the people.

Elizabeth Schuyler; Confederacy

Hamilton's influential connections were not just with Washington, but included a network of leading New York merchants and financiers. His 1780 marriage to _____, from a wealthy Hudson River valley land holding family, deepened his ties to rich and powerful leaders in New York. His innovative financial policies helped overcome the fiscal problems of the _____, and also benefited an economic elite with which he had close ties.

Constitution;

Hamilton's pro-British foreign policy was potentially explosive in the wake of the Revolution. Hamilton favored an even stronger central government than the _____ had created and often linked democratic impulses with potential anarchy. Finally, because the beneficiaries of his innovative economic policies were concentrated in the northeast, they threatened to stimulate divisive geographic differences in the new nation.

Bank

Hamilton's successful bid to charter a national _____ of the United States also brought strong opposition from Jefferson.

John Adams

It was _____' misfortune to be elected president in these deeply divided times. A genuine patriot and man of deep principle, domestic and international controversies placed nearly impossible challenges before the second president.

Schoolteachers;

It was only in the 1820s and 1830s that women began to displace men as the overwhelming majority of Schoolteachers.

Christians; African Americans

It was only in the early 19th century that significant numbers of slaves became _____. Partly this represents an increasing Americanization among _____, many of whom had now lived in the New World for several generations.

Clay; Calhoun

Jackson disliked Henry Clay and also developed a political rivalry with his Vice-President, John C. Calhoun. Throughout his term, Jackson waged political and personal war with these men, defeating Clay in the Presidential election of 1832 and leading Calhoun to resign as Vice-President.

Special Privileges

Jackson warned that the nation had been corrupted by Special Privileges characterized especially by the policies of the Second Bank of the United States.

State; War;

Jackson's Cabinet: Martin Van Buren Secretary of _____, Later V.P., John H. Eaton Secretary of _____, Amos Kendall Auditor of the U.S. Treasury, Major William B. Lewis Second Auditor of the Treasury, Isaac Hill U.S. Senator and Editor, New Hampshire Patriot, Francis P. Blair, Sr. Editor, Washington Globe, and Duff Green Owner, United States Telegraph

Revolutionary; New Orleans

Jackson's claim to distinction lay in a military career that included service as a young man in the _____ War, several anti-Indian campaigns, and, of course, his crowning moment in the Battle of _____ at the end of the War of 1812.

Westerner; Virginia

Jackson's election marked a new direction in American politics. He was the first _____ elected president, indeed, the first president from a state other than _____ or Massachusetts.

John Eaton

Jackson's personal animosity for Calhoun seems to have had its origin in the Washington "social scene" of the time. Jackson's feelings were inflamed by the Mrs. Calhoun's treatment of Peggy, wife of Jackson's Secretary of War, _____. Mrs. Calhoun and other wives and daughters of several cabinet officers refused to attend social gatherings and state dinners to which Mrs. Eaton had been invited because they considered her of a lower social station and gossiped about her private life.

Florida; John Quincy Adams

Jackson's personal animosity towards Clay seems to have originated in 1819, when Clay denounced Jackson for his unauthorized invasion of Spanish West _____ in the previous year. Clay was also instrumental in _____'s winning the Presidency from Jackson in 1824, when neither man had a majority and the election was thrown into the House of Representatives.

Indian

Jackson, both as a military leader and as President, pursued a policy of removing _____ tribes from their ancestral lands. This relocation would make room for settlers and often for speculators who made large profits from the purchase and sale of land.

London Times

Letter to the _____ from an Irish Immigrant in America, 1850: "I am exceedingly well pleased at coming to this land of plenty. On arrival I purchased 120 acres of land at $5 an acre. You must bear in mind that I have purchased the land out, and it is to me and mine an "estate for ever", without a landlord, an agent or tax-gatherer to trouble me. I would advise all my friends to quit Ireland — the country most dear to me; as long as they remain in it they will be in bondage and misery. What you labour for is sweetened by contentment and happiness; there is no failure in the potato crop, and you can grow every crop you wish, without manuring the land during life. You need not mind feeding pigs, but let them into the woods and they will feed themselves, until you want to make bacon of them. I shudder when I think that starvation prevails to such an extent in poor Ireland. After supplying the entire population of America, there would still be as much corn and provisions left us would supply the world, for there is no limit to cultivation or end to land. Here the meanest labourer has beef and mutton, with bread, bacon, tea, coffee, sugar and even pies, the whole year round — every day here is as good as Christmas day in Ireland."

Alexander Mackenzie

Lewis and Clark were not, however, the first whites to accomplish this feat since _____ had done so for a British-Canadian fur-trading company in 1793. Nevertheless, the Columbia River proved a much easier route than the one he had taken a decade earlier.

Geography; Fur

Lewis and Clark's varied instructions reveal the multiple goals that Jefferson hoped the expedition could accomplish. While trying to find a route across the continent, they were also expected to make detailed observations of the natural resources and _____ of the west. Furthermore, they were to establish good relations with native groups in an attempt to disrupt British dominance of the lucrative Indian _____ trade of the continental interior.

Tyranny; Oppression

Like many other patriots of the period, Washington described British _____ as threatening to enslave white Americans. Slavery was the condition that everyone knew to be the most extreme example of human _____. While the invocation of the slavery metaphor was widespread, Washington went a major step further than most of his fellow slave masters. He decided to limit the severity of his plantation discipline and, ultimately, he even freed his slaves.

Henry Clay

Like the Democratic-Republicans who preceded him in the Era of Good Feelings, Adams supported a federal role in economic development through the American System that was chiefly associated with _____.

Whiskey

Like the Shays' Rebellion eight years earlier, the _____ Rebellion tested the boundaries of political dissent. In both instances, the government acted swiftly — and militarily — to assert its authority.

Horace Greeley

Long before newspaper editors such as John Soule and _____ were urging readers to "Go West, young man," Americans were doing exactly that.

Massachusetts

Lowell and his associates hoped to avoid the worst evils of British industry. They built their production facilities at _____.

Indian; Atlantic; Henry Clay

Madison faced difficult circumstances in office with increasing _____ violence in the west and war-like conditions on the _____. These combined to push him away from his policy of economic coercion toward an outright declaration of war. This intensification was favored by a group of westerners and southerners in Congress called "War Hawks," who were led by _____ of Kentucky.

Andrew Jackson

Major General Andrew Jackson made a name for himself at the Battle of New Orleans. He was the only U.S. President to be a veteran of both the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812.

God

Many early American religious groups in the Calvinist tradition had emphasized the deep depravity of human beings and believed they could only be saved through the grace of _____.

Evangelical

The Second Great Awakening was largely driven forward by middle-class women who were its earliest converts and who filled _____ churches in numbers far beyond their proportion in the general population.

Senator

Martin Van Buren achieved Leading the new Democratic party in New York by 1821 and helped create the system on a national scale while serving in Washington D.C. as a _____ and later as president.

Jacksonian

Martin Van Buren followed Jackson as president, it indicated that the _____ movement had long-term significance that would outlast his own charismatic leadership.

Women

Middle-class _____ in the northeast, however, were at the forefront of this new understanding of family life and women's roles.

Federalists; Republican

Merchants and manufacturers were still leading _____, while states' rights advocates filled the _____ ranks just as they had the earlier Anti-Federalists.

State; Local

More sweepingly, the extension of the Bill of Rights to protect individuals from abuse not only by the federal government, but also from _____ and ______ governments remains an unsettled aspect of Constitutional interpretation.

Telegraph

Morse was an artist having a great deal of difficulty making enough money to make ends meet. He started pursuing a number of business opportunities which would allow him to continue his work as an artist. Out of these efforts came the _____.

Alexander Hamilton; Jefferson

Most Federalists preferred Burr, and, once again, _____ shaped an unpredictable outcome. After numerous blocked ballots, Hamilton helped to secure the presidency for _____, the man he felt was the lesser of two evils.

Unemployment

Most Irish and German Immigrants came because of civil unrest, severe _____ or almost inconceivable hardships at home.

Preachers

Most evangelical churches relied on itinerant _____ to reach large areas without an established minister and also included important places for lay people who took on major religious and administrative roles within evangelical congregations.

Patriotism

Most of all Washington stressed that the "national Union" formed the bedrock of "collective and individual happiness" for U.S. citizens. As he explained, "The name of AMERICAN, which belongs to you, in your national capacity, must always exalt the just pride of _____, more than any appellation derived from local distinctions."

Louisiana Purchase

Most of the Senate agreed and the _____ easily passed 26 to 6. The dramatic expansion also contradicted Jefferson's commitment to reduce the national debt as swiftly as possible. Although 15 million dollars was a relatively small sum for such a large amount of land, it was still an enormous price tag for the modest federal budget of the day.

White

Most politicians of the era believed that the health of the republic depended upon providing affordable land to ordinary _____ Americans.

Inauguration of Washington

Nathaniel Currier and James Merritt Ives rendered this portrait titled The _____ in 1875.

James Madison

Nevertheless, Republicans from Virginia continued to hold the presidency as James Madison replaced Jefferson in 1808.

Appalachian

New American settlements west of the _____ Mountains depended upon river transport to get their goods to market since overland trade to the east was expensive and impractical.

Adams; Jefferson

New England strongly favored _____, while _____ overwhelmingly carried the southern states.

Western; Northern

New York City became the principal gateway to the West and financial center for the nation. The Erie Canal was also in part responsible for the creation of strong bonds between the new _____ territories and the _____ states. Soon the flat lands of the west would be converted into large-scale grain farming.

DeWitt Clinton

New York Governor _____ pours a bucketful of Lake Erie into the Atlantic Ocean to mark the opening of the Erie Canal in the autumn of 1825.

Bank

The Second _____ of the United States was established after the War of 1812. Andrew Jackson did not renew its charter in 1836.

John Ross

Other Cherokees, under the leadership of Chief _____, resisted until the bitter end. About 20,000 Cherokees were marched westward at gunpoint on the infamous Trail of Tears. Nearly a quarter perished on the way, with the remainder left to seek survival in a completely foreign land.

Western War; British; Americans

Outright military conflict with native groups in the northwest preceded the formal declaration of war in 1812. In fact, the "_____" in many ways represented a continuation of the American Revolution with many autonomous Indian nations again choosing to ally with the _____ against the _____ who fundamentally threatened their survival.

Federalists; Democratic-Republican

Overall, the _____ wanted strong federal authority to restrain the excesses of popular majorities, while the _____ wanted to reduce national authority so that the people could rule more directly through state governments.

Constantino Brumidi

Painted in 1865 by _____, The Apotheosis of Washington graces the inner-dome of the U.S. Capitol. He used classical and Renaissance imagery to commemorate the life and contributions of George Washington.

No Irish Need Apply

Part of the opposition occurred because Americans in low-paying jobs were threatened and sometimes replaced by groups willing to work for almost nothing in order to survive. Signs that read NINA — "_____" — sprang up throughout the country.

Transcontinental; Golden Spike

Perhaps the greatest physical feat of 19th century America was the creation of the _____ railroad. Two railroads, the Central Pacific starting in San Francisco and a new railroad, the Union Pacific, starting in Omaha, Nebraska, would build the rail-line. Huge forces of immigrants, mainly Irish for the Union Pacific and Chinese for the Central Pacific, crossed mountains, dug tunnels and laid track. The two railroads met at Promontory, Utah, on May 10, 1869, and drove a last, "_____" into the completed railway.

Bank; Manufactures;

President Monroe continued the policies begun by Madison at the end of his presidency to build an American System of national economic development. These policies had three basic aspects: a national _____, protective tariffs to support American _____, and federally-funded internal improvements.

Washington; American

President _____ declared American neutrality in the war, breaking the terms of a 1778 treaty with France that had promised mutual assistance between the two countries. While France had aided the U.S. during the _____ Revolution, America would not do the same for France.

Mercantilist; Subsidies; Tariffs

Rather than accept this condition, Hamilton wanted the United States to adopt a _____ economic policy. This would protect American manufacturers through direct government _____ (handouts to business) and _____ (taxes on imported goods). This protectionist policy would help fledgling American producers to compete with inexpensive European imports.

Whiskey

Realizing the _____ Rebellion needed to be subdued, George Washington dispatched troops to western Pennsylvania. He is pictured reviewing the men at Harrisburg.

Federalists

Reconciling with France during the critical campaign of 1800 enraged many _____, including Adams' own secretary of state who repeatedly refused to send peace commissioners to France.

James Madison; Nationalists

The Farewell Address definitely embodies the core beliefs that Washington hoped would continue to guide the nation. The opening paragraphs remain largely unchanged from the version drafted by _____ in 1792, while most of the rest was penned by Alexander Hamilton, whom Washington directed to remove the bitterness from an intermediate draft that the president himself had written. Although the drawn out language of the Address follows Hamilton's style, there is little doubt that the core ideas were not only endorsed by Washington but were beliefs that he and Hamilton had developed together as the new nation's leading _____.

Constitution

The Federalists of 1796 attached themselves to the successful campaign in favor of the _____ and were solid supporters of the federal administration.

Speech; Religion

The First Amendment, perhaps the broadest and most famous of the Bill of Rights, establishes a range of political and civil rights including those of free _____, assembly, press, and _____.

American

The French Revolution also helped to transform _____ politics starting in the mid-1790s. While the French Revolution had initially received broad support in the United States, its radicalization in 1792-1793 led to sharp disagreement in American opinion.

Jay; Ships

The French were outraged by what they viewed as an Anglo-American alliance in _____'s Treaty. France suspended diplomatic relations with the U.S. at the end of 1796 and seized more than 300 American _____ over the next two years.

The US

The Germans had little choice — few other places besides _____ allowed German immigration. Unlike the Irish, many Germans had enough money to journey to the Midwest in search of farmland and work.

The Industrial Revolution; Machine

The Industrial Revolution had begun in Britain during the mid-18th century, but the American colonies lagged far behind the mother country in part because the abundance of land and scarcity of labor in the New World reduced interest in expensive investments in Machine production. Nevertheless, with the shift from hand-made to machine-made products a new era of human experience began where increased productivity created a much higher standard of living than had ever been known in the pre-industrial world.

Martha Custis

The Marriage of Washington to _____, by Junius Brutus Stears, (1849). Her 2 children from her first marriage to Daniel Parke Custis are standing with other guests in the background of the many artworks.

Judicial Review;

The Marshall Court, and this decision in particular, established the principle of "_____" whereby Congressional laws and executive actions may be judged by the Supreme Court to be within the bounds of the Constitution. In keeping with John Marshall's Federalist views, he generally favored strong government action and especially supported the supremacy of the federal government over state authorities.

Kansas-Nebraska

The Missouri Compromise remained in play for over thirty years until the _____ Act of 1854 determined that new states north of the boundary deserved to be able to exercise their sovereignty in favor of slavery if they so choose.

Martin Van Buren; Democratic

The New York politician _____ played a key role in the development of the Second Party System. He rose to lead the new _____ party by breaking from the more traditional leadership of his own Democratic-Republican party.

Benjamin Rush; American Revolution

The Philadelphia patriot _____ keenly understood the risks facing the new nation. As a result he sharply rejected the idea that the military defeat of the British meant the end of the _____. "On the contrary," he wrote in 1787," nothing but the first act of the great drama is closed. It remains yet to establish and perfect our new forms of government."

The Second Bank

The Second Bank of the United States was seen by westerners and southerners as a tool to make northerners and easterners rich at the expense of the rest of the country.

Gabriel

The activities of a literate slave named _____ in Richmond, Virginia, present a final critical view of Jeffersonian America.

Rain

The assault planned for August 30, 1800, however, never came together. Torrential _____ caused confusion and a traitor from within the group warned white authorities of the impending attack.

Privateers

The assistance of American _____ was essential throughout the American Revolution and later during the French Revolution.

Fallen Timbers; British

The battle of _____ shaped the conditions under which the Treaty of Greenville was negotiated in 1795. The Western Confederacy remained intact and the U.S. acknowledged Native American land ownership and renounced its claim to land through the right of conquest. However, the treaty also required native groups to relinquish control of large amounts of territory and bound them not to make alliances with other powers, namely the _____. As far as western native groups were concerned, the Revolutionary War had only really come to an end with the treaty of 1795.

Rachel

The campaign of 1828 was far from clean. Although Jackson and John Quincy Adams removed themselves from the mudslinging, their parties waged a dirty campaign. Jackson was aghast to find his opponents labeling his wife _____ an adulteress.

Napoleon

The cartoon, "Corsican Crocodile dissolving the Council of Frogs," depicts _____'s coup d'état of the French government in 1799. Five years later he proclaimed himself Emperor of France.

George Washington

The central bank faced significant opposition. Many feared it would fall under the influence of wealthy, urban northeasterners and speculators from overseas. In the end, with the support of _____, the bank was chartered with its first headquarters in Philadelphia.

Ratification; Native Americans;

The challenging legal and political issues raised during the _____ of the Constitution, the disastrous economy of the 1780s, popular protests against federal policies in the west, or the varied military threats from _____, the British in Canada, and war in Europe? If any one of them could have toppled the government, imagine how their combination must have made Americans fear for the future of the country.

Republicanism

The changing character of American politics can be divided into two time periods separated by the War of 1812. In the early republic that preceded the war, "_____" had been the guiding political value. Although an unquestioned assault on the aristocratic ideal of the colonial era, it also included a deep fear of the threat to public order posed by the decline of traditional values of hierarchy and inequality.

Delaware

The commercial center of Philadelphia in 1796 was located along the western shore of the _____ River.

Canal and Railway; Trade

The concept was seized by industry after industry. _____ and _____ construction played an important role in transporting people and cargo west, increasing the size of the US marketplace. With the new infrastructure even remote parts of the country gained the ability to communicate and establish _____ relationships with the centers of commerce in the East.

Farmers; Economy

The conflict in Europe created an immense opportunity for Americans. _____, merchants, and ship owners all stood to profit from the long European war and even American manufacturers were shielded from massive cheap imports from the Old World. The war stimulated a broad recovery of the American _____.

Railroads

The development of _____ was one of the most important phenomena of the Industrial Revolution.

Bankruptcy; France;

The early 1790s witnessed major crises on a number of different fronts from the perspective of the federal government. It faced domestic unrest from the _____. On the international front there was trouble with _____ and England. And Native Americans in the west regrouped to pose a significant threat to U.S. plans for expansion.

Girls

The early Industrial Revolution began in the United States by taking advantage of young farm _____' labor.

Working-Class

The economic boom of the early Industrial Revolution distributed wealth in shockingly unequal ways that threatened the independence of _____ Americans. Similarly, western expansion drove increased attacks on Native American communities as well as the massive expansion of slavery.

Slavery

The economic triumph, however, was accompanied by an immeasurable human tragedy. By 1820 all of the northern states had outlawed _____, but the rise of cotton made the enormous profits of the slave system irresistible to most white southerners.

Local; State

The election of 1796 was the first election in American history where political candidates at the _____, _____, and national level began to run for office as members of organized political parties that held strongly opposed political principles.

John Adams; Thomas Jefferson

The election of 1800 between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson was an emotional and hard-fought campaign. Federalists attacked Jefferson as an un-Christian deist whose sympathy for the French Revolution would bring similar bloodshed and chaos to the United States. The Democratic-Republicans denounced the strong centralization of Federal power under Adams's presidency. Republicans specifically objected to the expansion of the U.S. army and navy, the attack on individual rights in the Alien and Sedition Acts, and new taxes and deficit spending used to support broadened federal action.

Democratic-Republicans

The election's outcome brought a dramatic victory for _____ who swept both houses of Congress, including a decisive 65 to 39 majority in the House of Representatives.

Erie Canal; Hudson

The most famous state-led creation of the Market Revolution was undoubtedly New York's _____. Begun in 1817, the 364-mile man-made waterway flowed between Albany on the _____ River and Buffalo on Lake Erie.

John Marshall

The most influential of Adams' final judicial appointments in 1801 was naming ______ as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

Slavery; prosperity

The expansion of plantation _____ beyond the coastal southeast meant that huge numbers of slaves were forcibly moved to new territories. In spite of these enormous human costs, the overwhelming majority of white Americans saw western expansion as a major opportunity. To them, access to western land offered the promise of independence and _____ to anyone willing to meet the hardships of frontier life.

Scientific; Trade; Clark; Sioux

The expedition combined several qualities from _____ and military to _____ and diplomatic, but the underlying motivation was prompted by Thomas Jefferson's widely shared belief that the future prosperity of the republic required the expansion of yeoman farmers in the west. This noble dream for what Jefferson called an "empire of liberty" also had harsh consequences. For instance, Fort _____ was soon established at the Mandan villages. At first it provided the Mandans with a useful alternative to trading with the British and also offered military support from their traditional native enemies the _____.

American Revolution

The extraordinary conflict that divided American life in the 1790s centered on divergent understandings of the meaning of the _____ and how its legacy should be nurtured in the new nation.

Water Power

The factory had 72 spindles, powered by by nine children pushing foot treadles, soon replaced by _____.

Second Party System

The fiercely partisan campaigns waged between Whigs and Democrats lasted into the 1850s and are known as the _____, an assuredly modern framework of political competition that reached ordinary voters as never before with both sides organizing tirelessly to carry their message directly to the American people.

Washington Irving

The first American writer to receive both popular and lasting acclaim was the New Yorker_____. His most famous stories drew on Dutch-American popular culture in his native state, and gave audiences such classic characters as Rip Van Winkle and the Headless Horseman. Interestingly, however, he lived much of his life in Europe and enjoyed a very strong reputation outside the United States.

Stephenson Works

The first engines used in the United States were purchased from the _____ in England. Even rails were largely imported from England until the Civil War.

George Washington; Samuel Slater

The first factory in the United States was begun after _____ became President. In 1790, _____, a cotton spinner's apprentice who left England the year before with the secrets of textile machinery, built a factory from memory to produce spindles of yarn.

Credit

The first issue that Hamilton tackled as Washington's secretary of the treasury concerned the problem of public _____.

Constitution

The first national election occurred in 1789. Along with President Washington, voters elected a large number of supporters of the _____. In fact, almost half of the ninety-one members of the first Congress had helped to write or ratify the Constitution.

Wealthy; East

The first six Presidents were from the same mold: _____, educated, and from the _____.

Freedom; Black

The following month the British Army in Virginia declared that any slave of a patriot master who fled to fight the patriots would gain his _____. Washington immediately grasped the strategic crisis posed by this British promise of freedom in a country where one in every five people was black. In fact, seventeen Mt. Vernon slaves fled to join the British during the war. Pragmatic concerns quickly led Washington to reverse his policy and by December 1775 the Continental Army, in the North at least, included _____ soldiers.

Mercy Otis Warren; Mason Weems;

The most popular writers of the post-Revolutionary era wrote strongly patriotic accounts, like _____'s "History of the Revolution" (1805) and _____' fantastically popular (and distorted) account of George Washington's life that sped through countless editions starting in 1800.

13; Louisiana

The gains were dramatic, as the territory acquired would in time add _____ new states to the union. In 1812, _____ became the first state to join the union from land bought in the purchase.

Democratic-Republicans

The harsh public antagonism of the 1790s largely came to an end with the victory of the _____ in the 1800 election.

Public; Women's Sphere

The husband had to be out in the _____ sphere creating the wealth, but his wife was free to manage the private sphere, the "_____."

Equality; Road; Bridge

The idea of granting special privileges to certain individuals seemed to contradict the republican ideal of _____ before the law. Even more than through rapidly expanded banking institutions, state support for internal transportation improvements lay at the heart of the nation's new political economy. _____, _____, and especially canal building was an expensive venture, but most state politicians supported using government-granted legal privileges and funds to help create the infrastructure that would stimulate economic development.

State-Chartered; Economic

The key legal and governmental support for economic development in the early 19th century ultimately came at the state, rather than the national, level. When the national bank closed, state governments responded by creating over 200 _____ banks within five years. Indeed, this rapid expansion of credit and the banks' often unregulated activities helped to exacerbate an _____ collapse in 1819 that resulted in a six-year depression. The dynamism of a capitalist economy creates rapid expansion that also comes with high risks that include regular periods of sharp economic downturns.

Electoral College

The key to the election lay in the mid-Atlantic colonies where party organizations were the most fully developed. Adams ended up narrowly winning in the _____ 71 to 68.

Baltimore; Milwaukee

The largest settlements of Germans were in New York City, _____, Cincinnati, St. Louis and _____.

Bill of Rights

The legal tradition of having a precise statement of individual rights had deep roots in Anglo-American custom. So it's not surprising that the first Congress amended the Constitution by adding what became known as The _____.

Northern; Southern

The legislature divided about whether or not to support the Bank of the United States. This split in Congress loomed as a potential threat to the union because _____ representatives overwhelmingly voted favorably, while _____ were strongly opposed. The difference stemmed from significant economic differences between the sections. Large cities, merchants, and leading financiers were much more numerous in the north and stood to benefit from Hamilton's plans.

Louisiana

The massive territory of _____ stretched from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and more than doubled the size of the United States.

James Fenimore Cooper

The most celebrated American writer of the new nation was _____ whose best-known work also emphasized the wilderness and its central role creating America.

Sedition

The most controversial of the new laws permitting strong government control over individual actions was the _____ Act.

Massachusetts

The most critical moment of the War of 1812, however, may not have been a battle, but rather a political meeting called by the _____ legislature.

Matthew Lyon

The most dramatic victim of the law was Representative _____ of Vermont.

Nat Turner

The most explosive of these future black actions would be _____'s Virginia slave revolt in 1831.

Lowell; Female

The most famous of their tightly controlled mill towns was _____, Massachusetts, which opened in 1823. The use of _____ factory workers brought advantages to both employer and employee.

Amendment X

This Amendment states: The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

Middle; Appalachian

The new shape of the nation required thinking about the United States in new ways. For instance, a classic text on American geography in 1793 taught that the United States was composed of three basic divisions: northern, _____, and southern. But the 1819 edition of that same book included a new region because western states and territories needed recognition as well. By 1820, over two million Americans lived west of the _____ Mountains.

Tennessee; Indiana; Alabama; Missouri

The newly settled western lands of this period can be grouped in several ways, but four basic divisions were most evident: the border area (Kentucky and _____, the first trans-Appalachian states to join the nation), the Old Northwest (Ohio, _____, and Illinois), the Old Southwest (_____ and Mississippi), and the trans-Mississippi River west (Louisiana and _____).

William H. Crawford

The official candidate of the Democratic-Republicans to replace Monroe was William Craw the secretary of the treasury.

Democracy

The older leaders failed to understand the dynamic new conditions that had been created by the importance of popular sovereignty —_____ — to the American Revolution.

Jefferson; Monarchy; Equality

The opposing American view, held by men like _____ and others who came to organize as the Democratic-Republican political party, supported French actions as an extension of a world-wide republican struggle against corrupt _____ and aristocratic privilege. For example, some groups among the Whiskey Rebels in western Pennsylvania demonstrated their international vision when they rallied beneath a banner that copied the radical French slogan of "liberty, _____, and fraternity."

Democracy

The party's national leaders were slave-owning elites who had no intention of including African-Americans in their broadened commitment to _____.

Sacajawea

The presence of _____ and her baby helped the Corps of Discovery prove during potentially hostile encounters with Native Americans that they were not a war party.

Andrew Jackson

The presidential election of 1828 brought a great victory for _____.

European

The profound changes set in motion by the French Revolution had an enormous impact in France as well as through the large scale _____ war it sparked from 1792 to 1815.

Wage Labor; Conditions

The rise of _____ at the heart of the Industrial Revolution also exploited working people in new ways. The first strike among textile workers protesting wage and factory _____ occurred in 1824 and even the model mills of Lowell faced large strikes in the 1830s.

Bank; Potomac

The site of the new capital was the product of political compromise. As part of the struggle over Hamilton's financial policy, Congress supported the _____ of the United States which would be headquartered in Philadelphia. In exchange the special District of Columbia, to be under Congressional control, would be built on the _____ River.

Tobacco; Slavery

The slave-based _____ economy that sustained the Chesapeake region was in deep crisis in the late-18th century and some Virginia leaders even talked about ending _____. But technological innovations to process cotton soon gave new life to slavery, which would flourish in the new nation as never before.

Samuel Slater; Yarn

The start of the American Industrial Revolution is often attributed to _____ who opened the first industrial mill in the United States in 1790 with a design that borrowed heavily from a British model. His pirated technology greatly increased the speed with which cotton thread could be spun into _____. While he introduced a vital new technology to the United States, the economic takeoff of the Industrial Revolution required several other elements before it would transform American life.

Pittsburgh; Alleghenies

The state of Pennsylvania then put through a great portage canal system to _____. It used a series of inclined planes and stationary steam engines to transport canal boats up and over the _____ on rails. At its peak, Pennsylvania had almost a thousand miles of canals in operation.

Currency; Agrarians

The supporters of a central bank were those involved in industrial and commercial ventures. They wanted a strong _____ and central control of the economy. The opponents, principally _____, were distrustful of the federal government.

Republicans; German

The supporters of the Democratic-Republicans (often referred to as the (Republicans) were drawn from many segments of American society and included farmers throughout the country with high popularity among German and Scots-Irish ethnic groups.

Foreign; Britain

Washington's decision stemmed from his philosophical commitment to non-involvement in _____ affairs, but was also based upon pragmatic considerations. Ninety percent of all U.S. imports came from _____ and customs duties on these imports produced ninety percent of federal revenues.

Industrial

The transition from an agricultural to an _____ economy took more than a century in the United States, but that long development entered its first phase from the 1790s through the 1830s.

Tenskwatawa; Alcohol

The younger brother _____ provided the essential vision to launch a much broader Indian social movement. Also known as the Prophet, he combined traditional native beliefs with some aspects of Christianity to call for a pan-Indian resistance against American intruders from the east. He explained that when native peoples joined together and rejected all contact with Americans and their ways (from _____ to private property), God would restore Indian power by "overturning the land so that all the white people will be covered and you alone shall inhabit the land."

Fort Necessity

The youthful Washington, basically in his first command, clearly lacked the necessary experience. His rash killing of members of a French diplomatic mission and then his defeat at the Battle of _____ in July 1754 made for a disastrous start to the French and Indian War.

Charles Carroll

There were great parades on the day the construction started. On July 4, 1828, the first spadesful of earth was turned over by the last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence, 91-year-old _____.

Benevolent; Moral

These institutions cooperated on an interdenominational basis to form what is often called the _____ Empire. Leaders of these organizations hoped to overcome the great pluralism within American Protestantism by downplaying denominational differences in favor of promoting a general Christian vision that would support national greatness and individual _____ reform, causes which they believed to be deeply intertwined.

Amendment II

This Amendment states: A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.

Amendment I

This Amendment states: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

Amendment VIII

This Amendment states: Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

Amendment VI

This Amendment states: In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defense.

Amendment VII

This Amendment states: In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

Amendment III

This Amendment states: No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

Amendment V

This Amendment states: No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.

Amendment IX

This Amendment states: The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

Farmers and Workers; Indians;

Van Buren, perhaps even more than Jackson, helped to create the new Democratic party that centered upon three chief qualities closely linked to Jacksonian Democracy. First, it declared itself to be the party of ordinary _____ and _____. Second, it opposed the special privileges of economic elites. Third, to offer affordable western land to ordinary white Americans, _____ needed to be forced further westward.

Methodist Episcopal

Vesey quoted the Bible as well as congressional debates over the Missouri issue to denounce slavery from the pulpit of the African _____ church where he was a lay minister.

One-Term; Son

Vilified by his political opponents and abandoned by conservatives in his own party, Adams would be the only _____ president in the early national period until his _____ suffered the same fate in the election of 1828.

Jefferson; Hamilton

Virginian _____ and the New Yorker _____ serve as useful figureheads for the opposing sides. While Hamilton was an adamant elitist whose policies favored merchants and financiers, Jefferson, though wealthy, favored policies aimed toward ordinary farmers.

Governors

Voters could now cast their opinion for more offices. Previously, _____ and presidential electors had usually been selected by state legislatures as part of a republican strategy that limited the threat of direct democratic control over the highest political offices.

Ballots

Votes for President and Vice President were not listed on separate _____.

Slavery; George Fairfax

Washington's Revolutionary ideals also helped transform his attitude toward _____. When contemplating the British actions that compelled him to join the patriot cause, Washington explained to his old friend _____ that British "custom and use shall make us as tame and abject slaves as the blacks we rule over with such arbitrary sway."

State; Treasury; War

Washington appointed his own head to each department of government whom the legislature could only accept or reject. Furthermore, Washington identified the three leaders (Thomas Jefferson as secretary of _____, Alexander Hamilton of the _____, and Henry Knox of _____) as his personal "cabinet" of advisers, thus underscoring the executive's domain.

Democracy

Washington consciously cultivated a distance from the public and a personal reserve that made him aloof. He was a curious combination of late-18th century qualities — a regal republican whose disdain for democratic excess helped give life, power, and respectability to what would soon become the world's first modern _____.

John Adams

Washington denounced parties as a horrid threat to the republic, his vice president _____ became the de facto presidential candidate of the Federalists.

Philadelphia

Washington departed the presidency and the nation's then capital city of _____ in September 1796 with a characteristic sense of how to take dramatic advantage of the moment.

John Jay

Washington responded to the aggressive British actions by sending _____, the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, on a diplomatic mission to England.

Legislature

Washington served in Virginia _____ and had become a much more experienced leader. Although Washington's record as a military strategist is sometimes questioned, he did score a handful of absolutely critical victories in the Revolutionary War.

Slaves; Lawrence Washington

Washington was born in 1732 into a Virginia family of modest wealth. Although not among the richest or most politically powerful families of the day, the Washington household property included 20 _____ by 1743. Had the family fortune continued to expand, Washington might have found himself beginning to enter the top rank of Virginia society. However, inheritance was not to be his route to greatness. George's father died when he was only 11 and he ended up moving in with _____, his older half-brother.

Congress

Washington's Farewell Address has long been recognized as a towering statement of American political purpose and until the 1970s was read annually in the U.S. _____ as part of the national recognition of the first President's birthday.

Virginia;

Washington's ability as a planter placed him within the traditional gentry's elite of _____. His wealth rested on the exploitation of humans as property, but he expressed no qualms about benefiting from what we now see as a fundamentally immoral institution.

Fairfax

Washington's skill at horseback riding won the favor of the visiting this Lord _____. When a surveying party went west to measure the _____'s vast new royal grant of land, 16-year-old George went along for the adventure. More than just fun times, the experience began Washington's life-long interest in western lands and equipped him with surveying and backwoods skills that would serve him well in the future.

Poor; Legacy

Washington's towering stature and _____ might misleadingly suggest that the early years of the new nation were times of great confidence and self-congratulation. In fact, just the opposite was nearly the case. Americans knew that the historical record of the long-term success of republican governments was exceedingly ______(Great or Poor). Previous examples and classical political theory suggested that republics almost all suffered the fate of collapsing into anarchy and then being taken over by a power-seizing tyrant.

The Star-Spangled Banner

Watching the failed attack on Ft. McHenry as a prisoner of the British, Francis Scott Key wrote a poem later called "_____" which was set to the tune of an English drinking song.

France

When Great Britain joined European allies in the war against _____ in 1793, Federalists supported this action as an attempt to enforce proper order.

State; Judiciary Act

When James Madison, Jefferson's secretary of _____, refused to deliver several commissions for new justices, they petitioned the Supreme Court to compel the executive to act. Marshall's written decision on behalf of the unanimous Court found that the petitioners were entitled to their commissions, but refused to take the legal action that they wanted. Rather, the court declared that the _____ of 1789, which had given the court such power, was inconsistent with the Constitution and therefore invalid.

Famine; United States

When Potatoes failed three years in succession, it led to a great _____ with horrendous consequences. Over 750,000 people starved to death. Over two million Irish eventually moved to the _____ seeking relief from their desolated country.

Revolutionary; Martha Custis

When Washington returned to active military leadership at the start of the _____ War in 1775, he again faced enormous challenges. But he also had matured in the decade and a half between conflicts and had developed a much more sophisticated understanding of the political dimension of military leadership. Washington had married the wealthy widow _____ in 1759 and with her money had expanded Mt. Vernon and turned it into an impressive plantation.

Pennsylvania

When _____ likewise denied free blacks the right to vote in the late 1830s, a state legislator explained that "The people of this state are for continuing this commonwealth, what it has always been, a political community of white persons."

Adams

When _____ said that, "if the country wants my services, she must ask for them," he appeared to be an elitist who disdained contact with ordinary people.

Supreme Court

When the government of Georgia refused to recognize their autonomy and threatened to seize their lands, the Cherokees took their case to the U.S. _____ and won a favorable decision.

Britain

While royal France had supported colonial America in its revolutionary fight against the British, republican America now joined with _____, its former Revolutionary enemy, to challenge the French.

Wealthier

While the Democratic-Republicans were more diverse, the Federalists were _____ and carried more prestige, especially by association with the retired Washington.

the American West

Whiskey distillers in what was known as "_____" realized that new policies such as the whiskey tax favored businessmen who mass-produced the alcohol.

Slaves;

Whites responded to the planned revolt, and another one linked to it in 1802, by tightening legal restrictions on _____. For a brief period in the late 18th century white Virginians had modified certain elements of slavery.

Sarah Hale

Writers like _____ published magazines that detailed the behaviors of a proper lady.

Thomas MacDonough

With American fortunes looking their bleakest, American Captain _____ won the naval battle of Lake Champlain destroying the British fleet. The British army, fearful of not being supplied by the British navy, retreated into Canada.

White House

With Napoleon's French forces failing in Europe, Britain committed more of its resources to the American war and in August sailed up the Potomac River to occupy Washington D.C. and burn the _____.

Baltimore; Ezra Cornell

With the completion of the first telegraph line between _____ and Washington in 1844, almost instant communication between distant places in the country was possible. The man who was responsible for building this first telegraph line was _____, later the founder of Cornell University.

John Marshall; Judicial

_____held that position until his death in 1835 and shaped the court's decisions and dramatically raised its stature. He also defined the basic relationship of the judiciary to the rest of the federal government. His forceful actions as Chief Justice set the Supreme Court on a course it has continued to follow for the next two centuries. He was guided by a strong commitment to _____ power and by a belief in the supremacy of national over state legislatures.