Week 1 FTM Practice Questions

A newborn infant presents to the physician with poor feeding, poor muscle tone, and seizures. Genetic testing confirmed a diagnosis of a fatal, inherited, peroxisomal disease (Zellweger syndrome). Non-functioning peroxisomes are often due to the defective import of proteins from which of the following? 1. Cytoplasm 2. Endosome 3. Golgi Apparatus 4. Nucleus 5. rER

1. Cytoplasm Proteins destined for persoxisomes are made on FREE ribosomes ONLY

What are the 6 classes of intermediate filaments?

1. Keratins acid/basic 2. Cytokeratins 3. Vimentin, Vimentin-like(Desmin in muscle cells), and GFAP(Glial Fibrillary Acid protein in astrocytes/glial cells 4. Neurofilaments 5. Lamins (Lamin A/B found in nuclear lamina) 6. Beaded filaments

What is responsible for the formation of the cellular protrusion called lamellipodia? 1. actin polymerization 2. intermediate filament polymerization 3. kinesin 4. microtubule polymerization 5. dynein

1. actin polymerization

Which actin is ATP dependent? 1. G-actin 2. F-actin

2. F-actin

Which actin is the polymerized actin in an actin filament? 1. G-actin 2. F-actin

2. F-actin

Which of the following best describes the phase where the Rb proteins are typically active in the cell cycle? 1. G0 2. G1 3. G2 4. M 5. S

2. G1

Loss of color vision and visual acuity. Mutation in NADPH complex of the electron transport chain and the young man was diagnosed with hereditary optic neuropathy. The proteins involved in the electron transport chain and ATP production localize in which of the following? 1. Cytoplasm 2. Mitochondria - Inner membrane 3. Mitochondria - Matrix 4. Mitochondria - Outer Membrane 5. Nucleoplasm

2. Mitochondria - Inner membrane

Cardiolipin found in hear tissue. Where in the membranes is this lipid found?

A part of the inner mitochondrial membram

How many calories are derived from dietary lipids? A. 20-30% B. 30-40% C. 40-50% D. 50-60%

A. 20-30%

Which PUFA is 18-C long? A. ALA B. EPA C. DHA

A. ALA

Which omega-3 PUFA is an EFA? A. ALA B. EPA C. DHA

A. ALA

Intended final destination of protein = within peroxisome. However, the peroxisomal targeting signal is improperly incorporated into the precursor protein. Therefore, the final destination of that protein will be... A. Cytosol B. Lysosome C. Mitochondria D. The nucleus E. Outside the cell

A. Cytosol If the final destination is the peroxisome then the protein will be synthesized IN THE CYTOSOL on free ribosomes ONLY.

Passage through which checkpoint is the step which commits the cell to proceed through mitosis and cell division? A. G1 to S B. S to G2 C. G2 to M D. M to G1

A. G1 to S

Which organelle is the next stop in the normal protein trafficking to the ER? A. Golgi B. Lysosomes C. Mitochondria D. Nucleus E. Peroxisomes

A. Golgi

Glucose uptake by... A. Liver cells is through facilitated diffusion involving a glucose transporter B. Intestinal mucosal cells require insulin C. Brain cells is through energy-requiring (active) transport D. Most cells is through simple diffusion up a concentration gradient

A. Liver cells is through facilitated diffusion involving a glucose transporter * In adipose/muscle tissue, insulin is required for glucose uptake

What are the components of ceramide A. Sphingosine + FA B. Glycerol + FA + Phosphoric acid C. Glycerol + FA + Phosphoric acid + Nitrogenous base D. Sphingosine + FA + Phosphoric acid

A. Sphingosine + FA

Positive supercoiling is introduced.... A. ahead of the protein B. behind the protein C. on the protein

A. ahead of the protein

A proteasome is a.... A. Proteolytic complex that degrades all cellular proteins B. Enzyme complex required for addition of ubiquitin to proteins destined for degradation C. Proteolytic complex consisting of ATPases and other enzymes to degrade proteins D. Complex composed of a central core and one regulatory particle E. Complex of proteins that is present in the lysosomes of cells

C. Proteolytic complex consisting of ATPases and other enzymes to degrade proteins ATP is required to hydrolyze and break down proteins in the barrel like structure of the proteasomes.

Rb protein is active in __________, and is __________. A. Resting cells, hyperphosphorylated B. Cycling cells, hyperphosphorylated C. Resting cells, hypophosphorylated D. Cycling cells, hypophosphorylated

C. Resting cells, hypophosphorylated

Which of the following is NOT a cell function of the actin filaments? A. maintain the position of the nucleus and other organelles B. Anchorage C. Cell motility/Locomotion D. Extension of cell processes

A. maintain the position of the nucleus and other organelles This answer is a cell fcn of intermediate filaments and not actin filaments

What generates the 'power stroke' of the actin motor myosin? A. release of inorganic phosphate B. binding if inorganic phosphate

A. release of inorganic phosphate

In what type of cell death does cell shrinkage occur?

Apoptosis

Which of the following is a monosomy? A. 2N+1 B. 2N-1 C. 2N-2

B. 2N-1 A. 2N+1= 3 -> Trisomy B. 2N-1= 1 -> Monosomy C. 2N-2= 0 -> Nullisomy

Which filament makes up the structural core of the microvilli & stereocilia? A. Intermediate B. Actin C. Microtubule

B. Actin

Pharma company discovered a new compound that was found to inhibit COP-II coated vesicle formation. Which transport mechanism would be affected? A. Anterograde, Golgi to ER B. Anterograde, ER to Golgi C. Constitutive D. Retrograde, Golgi to ER E. Retrograde, ER to Golgi

B. Anterograde, ER to Golgi COP-II -> Anterograde ER to Golgi COP-I -> Retrograde Golgi to ER

In which pathway is cytochrome c released in cell death? A. Necrosis B. Apoptosis, Intrinsic C. Apoptosis, Extrinsic

B. Apoptosis, Intrinsic Cytochrome c is release from the mitochrondria when the intrinsic apoptosis pathway is activated

Which of the following is NOT derived from a glycolipid? A. Globoside B. Ceramide C. Ganglioside D. Cerebroside

B. Ceramide

Which of the following is not an omega-6 PUFA? A. AA B. DHA C. LA

B. DHA

Which of the following agents would have the most rapid and significant effect upon membrane potential in a typical neuron? A. Na K ATPase inhibitor B. K channel blocker C. Na Ca2+ exchanger D. Cl- channel blocker E. Na channel blocker

B. K channel blocker

Which actin polymerization is responsible for the sheet-like structure protrusion A. Filipodia B. Lamellipodia C. Pseudopodia

B. Lamellipodia

A nutritionist is evaluating a patient in the ICU and has identified signs of fatty acid deficiency. Dietary supplementation of which of the following would most likely be advised? A. Cholesterol B. Linoleic acid C. Arachidonic acid D. Palmitic acid E. Oleic acid F. Trans fatty aicds G. Docosahexanoic acid H. Eicosapentanoic acid

B. Linoleic acid

Ribosome bound to ER is involved in translating a new protein. The final destination of that new protein may be... A. Cytosol B. Lysosome C. Mitochondria D. The nucleus E. Peroxisome

B. Lysosome The rest of the choices are synthesized on free ribosomes ONLY. proteins that are translated on ER bound ribosomes have a one way ticket to a lysosome ONLY.

A 3 month old male child has a defect that results in failure to add M6P to certain proteins within the Golgi complex. This defect will result in abnormal proteins in the.... A. Golgi B. Lysosomes C. Mitochondria D. NucleI E. Plasma membrane

B. Lysosomes

Cardiolipin in abundant in the ______? A. Mitochrondrial membrane, Outer B. Mitochrondrial membrane, Inner C. rER D. sER

B. Mitochrondrial membrane, Inner

Drug inhibits COP-I. What transport is stopped? A. Anterograde B. Retrograde

B. Retrograde (Golgi -> ER)

Long chain SFA are _____ at body temp, and MUFA/PUFA are _____ at body temp. A. Liquid, Solid B. Solid, Liquid C. Liquid, Liquid D. Solid Solid

B. Solid, Liquid

Stereocilia are anchored to A. Basal body B. Terminal web

B. Terminal web

The Nersnt potential is most closely described by which statement? A. The Vm at which there is no net flux of the ion species specified. B. The amount of electrical energy required to hold a concentration gradient of an ion species in steady state. C. The electrical energy generated across a membrane when a selective ion conductance opens in the presence of a con

B. The amount of electrical energy required to hold a concentration gradient of an ion species in steady state.

In what conformation do trans fatty acids have no kink in their structure? A. Cis B. Trans

B. Trans

Which of the following is not true of malignant neoplasms? A. Expansile growth, may metastasize B. encapsulated C. failure of cell differentiation D. high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio E. cellular pleomorphism

B. encapsulated ONLY BENIGN neoplasms = encapsulated MALIGNANT neoplasms are NOT encapsulated

The significance of estimating the L:S ratio of amniotic fluid in a pregnant female lies in evaluating A. fetal HR B. fetal lung maturity C. fethal head size

B. fetal lung maturity

At altitude there is less partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere because of which of the following? A. lower fractional concentration of oxygen B. lower barometric pressure C. higher oxygen density D. higher barometric pressure E. higher fractional concentration of oxygen

B. lower barometric pressure

Assuming all other factors are equal, a substance with a ______ partition coefficient will have _____ flux across lipid membrane. A. lower, greater B. lower, less C. higher, greater D. higher, less

B. lower, less C. higher, greater

Which of the following best describes the typical role of the TP53 gene and p53 protein in the cell cycle? A. tp53 = tumor suppressor gene, activated @ the unreplicated DNA checkpoint B. tp53 = tumor suppressor gene, activated @ the DNA damage checkpoint C tp53 = proto-oncogene, activated @ the DNA damage checkpoint

B. tp53 = tumor suppressor gene, activated @ the DNA damage checkpoint

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of the drug Taxol in the body A. Preferentially binds tubulin within assemble microtubules B. unable to achieve anaphase separation C. Unable to achieve metaphase spindle formation D. programmed cell death

B. unable to achieve anaphase separation

What anticancer drug inhibits proteasomes from degrading proteins?

Bortezomib

Eicosanoids(prostaglandins) are derived from... A. 16-C fatty acids B. 18-C fatty acids C. 20-C fatty acids D. 22-C fatty acids

C. 20-C fatty acids

Which of the following fatty acids is not 18-C long? A. OA B. LA C. AA D. ALA

C. AA OA -> (18:2) omega-9 LA -> (18:2) omega-6 AA -> (20:4) omega-6 ALA -> (18:3) omega-3

Supercoiling is the result of.... A. Positive supercoiling B. Negative supercoiling C. Both

C. Both

Which checkpoint is the 'point of no return', mediated by the Rb(retinoblastoma) protein? A. S-DNA damage checkpoint B. Unreplicated DNA checkpoint C. G1 Restriction checkpoint D. G2 Restriction checkpoint

C. G1 Restriction checkpoint

A 3-month-old baby has marked decrease growth of the head, shows delayed mental development with signs of mental retardation. His blood glucose level is normal but his RBC show reduced glucose transport activity. Which transporter is most likely abnormal in this baby? A. SGLT-1 B. SGLT-2 C. GLUT-1 D. GLUT-2 E. GLUT-3

C. GLUT-1

Infant has marked decrease growth of the head, shows delayed mental development with signs of mental retardation. His blood glucose level is normal but his RBC show reduced glucose transport activity. Which transporter is more likely abnormal in the baby? A. SGLT-1 B. SGLT-2 C. GLUT-1 D. GLUT-2 E. GLUT-3

C. GLUT-1

The nuclear lamina consists of what type of filament? A. Actin B. Microtubule C. Intermediate D. Tubulin

C. Intermediate Lamin A/B of the nuclear lamina fall under the lamin subclass of the intermediate filament

Which of the following is not a part of interphase? A. G1 B. DNA Synthesis C. Karyokinesis D. G2 E. Cytokinesis

C. Karyokinesis E. Cytokinesis

Which is an EFA (Essential Fatty A. Arachidonic acid B. Eicosatetranoic acid C. Linoleic acid D. Oleic acid E. Palmitic acid

C. Linoleic acid

Alzheimer patient histo slides shoe lipofuscin accumulation, which is seen in what organelle? A. Endosomes B. Golgi C. Lysosomes D. Peroxisomes E. Vacuoles

C. Lysosomes

Which of the following is an omega-9 acid? A. AA B. LA C. OA D. EPA E. DHA F. ALA

C. OA Oleic acid

What effect does the toxin Phalloidin, found in the (Amanita Phalloides) Death Cap mushroom, have on the cell? A. Prevents polymerization of microtubule B. Disrupts mechanical stability of intermediate filaments C. Promotes excessive polymerization and inhibits depolymerization of actin

C. Promotes excessive polymerization and inhibits depolymerization of actin The phalloidin toxin binds F-actin tightly and irreversibly to G-actin, thereby inhibiting all cell movement

what drug terminates microtubule polymerization?

Colchicine

In malignant growth cancer spreads via A. Blood B. Lymph C. Transcoelemic (seeding, includes angiogenics) D. All of the Above

D. All of the Above

A 3-month-old baby shows failure to grow and to gain weight. His stools are large, greasy and he has a noticeable cough and wheeze. His skin has a salty taste as observed by his mother while kissing his forehead. What would you find most likely abnormal in this child? A. Na+/K+ - ATPase B. Water release from the sweat gland C. SGLT-1 in intestinal mucosal cells D. CFTR in pancreas and lung E. Structure of lung surfactant

D. CFTR in pancreas and lung

What lipid is a precursor of steroid hormones and vitamin D? A. Prostaglandins B. Glycolipids C. Cardiolipin D. Cholesterol

D. Cholesterol

Which of the following transport processes is a passive downhill process? A. Na extrusion out of brain cells B. Ca2+ transport into the SR C. H+ into lumen of stomach parietal cell canaliculi D. Glucose into fat cells E. Phosphate movement into epithelial cells lining the proximal tubule of the kidney

D. Glucose into fat cells - Correct since facilitated diffusion = downhill process A -> primary active = uphill B -> primary active = uphill C -> primary active = uphill D -> facilitated diff. = downhill E -> secondary active = uphill

Which two lipids are NOT derived from phospholipids A. sphingomyelin B. glycerophospholipid C. sphingosine D. glycolipid

D. Glycolipid Glycolipid = glycosphingolipid = sphingoglycolipid

A protein w/ a short half life... A. usually has an N-terminus serine amino acid B. Is preferentially degraded via the lysosomal pathway C. has a C-terminal PHE amino acid D. Is tagged w/ ubiquitin before degradation E. Is degraded into constituent amino acids in phagosomes

D. Is tagged w/ ubiquitin before degradation C- terminal amino acid does not affect the half-life of a protein. Autophagosomes are intermediates in lysosomal protein degradation pathway. N-terminal serine proteins have a long half life and are therefore preferentially degraded by lysosomes

Which of the following is a cell accumulation disorder? A. Alzheimer's B. Parkinson's C. Myocardial Infarction D. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus E. Aplastic anemia

D. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Which of the following is NOT true. The primary cilia has... A. a 9+0 microtubule arrangement B. is anchored to the cell via basal body C. is developed from one centriole following cell division D. a 9+2 microtubule arrangement

D. a 9+2 microtubule arrangement

Which of the following characteristics do not affect the osmotic pressure exerted by a solute in solution? A. Solution temperature B. Concentration C. Degree of solute dissociation in solution D. molecular weight of the solute E. Gas constant

D. molecular weight of the solute

Old man suffers CHF w/ impaired left ventricular fcn. Thus, his kidneys activate the RAS system to increase BP, resulting in SOB, pulmonary edema, peripheral edema, and worsening body conditions. This is due to which of the following? A. kidney sensing failure B. kidney control center failure C. kidney effector system failure D. normal kidney response that results in worsening disease

D. normal kidney response that results in worsening disease

Where is stereocillia NOT found? A. Epididymis B. Sensory hair cells of the inner ear C. proximal ductus deferens D. proximal convoluted tubule of kidney

D. proximal convoluted tubule of kidney

19 yr old man with history of drug overdose. Treatment requires knowledge of cytochrome p450 in hepatocytes A. Lysosomes B. Peroxisomes C. Proteasomes D. sER E. Golgi

D. sER key word is drug overdose -> detoxify and cytochrome p450

What does drug increases transcription and causes DNA hypomethylation via inhibition of DNA methyltransferase?

Decitabine

Positive supercoiling.... A. is introduced during DNA replication and transcription B. makes DNA strand separation less difficult C. makes DNA strand separation more difficult D. A & B E. A & C

E. A & C

Autophagy refers to... A. Removal and subsequent membrane vesicle breakdown within cells B. Breakdown of cytoplasmic proteins in the lysosomal compartment C. A process that generates energy and amino acids D. autophagosome formation followed by digestion via lysosomal hydrolases E. All of the Above

E. All of the Above

Newborn infant has syndactyly, characteristic of a failed apoptosis between digits. This type of cell death is characteristic by which of the following features? A. Cell Lysis B. Inflammatory response C. Loss of ion homeostasis D. Loss of plasma membrane integrity E. Cell shrinkage

E. Cell shrinkage

A precursor protein intended to fcn with a lysosome fails to receive a proper lysosomal tag while it is being processed. Therefore, the protein will be sent to... A. Peroxisome B. Mitochondrion C. Cytosol D. Nucleus E. Outside the cell

E. Outside the cell If there is no M6P (Mannose 6 Phosphate), then there will be no lysosome formation. Vesicle sent to plasma membrane.

Infant has accumulation of sphingomyelin due to an inherited disorder. This is an example of a.... A. Glycolipid B. Glycerophospholipid C. Ganglioside D. Essential Fatty Acid E. Sphingophospholipid F. ω-6 fatty acid

E. Sphingophospholipid

Which variable is not controlled by homeostasis? BP Blood glucose Heart rate PaO2 Blood pH

Heart Rate

Assume standard cellular concentrations and osmolarity (300 mOsm). If the cell were bathed in a solution containing 140 mM NaCl and 20 mM CaCl2, then what would the solution be defined as? (Reflection coefficient -> NaCl = CaCl2 = 1) A. Hypo-osmotic, Hypo-tonic B. Hypo-osmotic, Iso-tonic C. Hypo-osmotic, hypertonic D. Iso-osmotic, , Hypo-tonic E. Iso-osmotic, Iso-tonic F. Iso-osmotic, hypertonic G. Hyper-osmotic, Hypo-tonic H. Hyper-osmotic, Iso-tonic I. Hyper-osmotic, hypertonic

I. Hyper-osmotic, hypertonic 280 NaCl + 60 CaCl2 = 340 mOsm

What is derived from the incomplete oxidation of fatty acids?

Ketone bodies

What alkaloids are anti-mitotic and anti-microtubule agents used in cancer

Vinca Alkaloids i.e. Vinblastine, VinCristine

Which of the following is an anti-apoptotic factor? bax bad bcl-2

bcl-2

Which intermediate filament is most characteristic of epithelial cells? actin cytokeration desmin (gfap) glial fib integrin laminin vimentin

cytokeration

karyokinesis

division of nucleus

Pavlov's dog is an example of which mechanism? negative feedback positive feedback feed-forward regulation redundancy hierarchy

feed forward regulation

The presence of an unsaturated fatty acid makes the membrane susceptible to damage by __________?

free radicals (ROS)

75mM NaCl + 10mM glycerol Osmolarity? Tonicity?

mOsm = unit Osmolarity? 150+10 / hypo Tonicity? 150 / hypo * Initially cell swells, but after equilibrium the glycerol will draw water back into the cell, causing swelling

150 mM NaCl + 300mM Urea Osmolarity? Tonicity?

mOsm = unit Osmolarity? 300 + 300/ hyper Tonicity? 300 mOsm Nacl/ iso * Initially cell shrinks, but after equilibrium the urea will draw water back into the cell

150mM NaCl + 50mM glycerol Osmolarity? Tonicity?

mOsm = unit Osmolarity? 300 +50/ hyper Tonicity? 300 NaCl/ iso * Initially cell shrinks, but after equilibrium the glycerol will draw water back into the cell

170mM NaCl + 10mM glycerol Osmolarity? Tonicity?

mOsm = unit Osmolarity? 340 +10 / hyper Tonicity? 340 /hyper * Initially cell shrinks, but after equilibrium the cell will continue to shrink

300mM Urea Osmolarity? Tonicity?

mOsm = unit Osmolarity? Iso Tonicity? Hypotonic *Since urea is a permeant solute *Urea will enter the cell to equilibrate drawing water, after equilibration, long term change to cell causing swelling and lysing

In what type of cell death does cell swelling occur?

necrosis

In what type of cell death is the plasma membrane integrity compromised?

necrosis

Which of the following is not a way tumor cells metastasize? local spread transcoelemic spread blood spread lymph spread neuronal spread

neuronal spread

ABC transporter is what kind of transport?

primary active

Which organelle is the site if steroid hormone synthesis? A. Free ribosomes B. peroxisomes C. rER D. sER

smooth ER

T/F. The more double bonds on a PUFA, the lower the melting temperature.

True

What drug inhibits DNA gyrase?

Ciprofloxacin

Which of the following is not true? Complex lipids are classified based on.. A. the lipid component B. hydrophobicity C. the non-lipid component D. what it is derived from

C. the non-lipid component

A defect in what mechanoreceptor leads to the formation of polycystic kidney disease?

The primary cilia in the epithelial kidney cells functions as a mechanoreceptor, monitoring the flow of fluid through the proximal convoluted tubule