Week 11 - Practise Quiz (Plant Structure and Function)

Which statement regarding transport in phloem is true? A. It proceeds from source tissue to sink tissue. B. It is the same process as transport in xylem. C. It always moves in the direction of leaves to roots. D. It always moves in the direction of roots to leaves. E. It requires no energy inputs from the plant.

A. It proceeds from source tissue to sink tissue.

Active transport in the phloem occurs during A. both loading and unloading of sugars. B. loading of sugars only. C. unloading of sugars only. D. movement of water from sieve tube elements back into xylem. E. movement of water from xylem into sieve tube elements.

A. both loading and unloading of sugars.

Although mistletoes are able to photosynthesize, they are considered to be hemiparasites because they A. depend on other plants for water and minerals. B. have root nodules containing nitrogen-fixing rhizobia. C. capture and digest insects. D. have nonfunctioning chlorophyll. E. cling to woody plants for physical support.

A. depend on other plants for water and minerals.

The advantage of adding organic fertilizers (as opposed to inorganic fertilizers) to soils is that organic fertilizers A. leach from soil. B. improve the structure of soil. C. add clay particles to the soil. D. allow for a more rapid increase in nutrients. E. are available in specific nutrient formulas for specific problems.

B. improve the structure of soil.

The roots and shoots of plants show _______ growth, meaning that they continue to grow throughout life; in contrast, most leaves and flowers show _______ growth, meaning that they reach an adult state and stop growing. A. simple; complex B. indeterminate; determinate C. incomplete; complete D. determinate; indeterminate E. complex; simple

B. indeterminate; determinate

Suppose you are studying tropical plants in a Costa Rican cloud forest and find a tree that is a eudicot in the forest ecosystem. This plant most likely has a(n) _______ system. A. adventitious root B. taproot C. rhizoid root D. terminal root E. fibrous root

B. taproot

Plants primarily absorb mineral nutrients directly from A. their own leaves. B. the soil. C. their own flowers. D. soil microorganisms. E. the air.

B. the soil.

One advantage to using inorganic fertilizers (as opposed to organic fertilizers) is that A. they improve the physical properties of the soil. B. they can be taken up almost instantaneously. C. their quality is better than that of organic fertilizers. D. they contain minerals in their proper ionic form. E. None of the above

B. they can be taken up almost instantaneously.

Carnivorous plants acquire nutrients in nutrient-poor soils by A. being parasitic. B. trapping insects and digesting them. C. trapping bacteria to aid in digestion. D. fixing nitrogen. E. having very efficient nitrate uptake systems.

B. trapping insects and digesting them.

When traveling through sieve tube elements, dissolved sugars and other substances move from sources to sinks by traveling A. horizontally, by combining with xylem so the products move together. B. vertically, through sieve plates formed of plasmodesmata. C. horizontally, from companion cells on one side to companion cells on the other side. D. horizontally, from phloem cells oriented adjacent to each other. E. vertically, through the open ends of each sieve tube.

B. vertically, through sieve plates formed of plasmodesmata.

Lianas are vines that are rooted in the ground in rainforests. They have many adaptations for attaching to trees and climbing into the canopy, where they produce many leaves and spread horizontally. These adaptations are most essential in helping lianas to A. avoid herbivory. B. reproduce efficiently. C. find light for photosynthesis. D. save energy during growth. E. compete for water.

C. find light for photosynthesis.

Lianas are vines that are rooted in the ground in rainforests. They have many adaptations for attaching to trees and climbing into the canopy, where they produce many leaves and spread horizontally. These adaptations are most essential in helping lianas to A. compete for water. B. save energy during growth. C. find light for photosynthesis. D. reproduce efficiently. E. avoid herbivory.

C. find light for photosynthesis.

Plants acquire minerals A. by growing toward them. B. by recycling them. C. from the soil solution. D. from rainwater. E. from soil microbes.

C. from the soil solution.

The development of mycorrhizae A. is independent of host plant gene expression. B. involves chemical signaling by the plant only. C. is enhanced by compounds secreted by plant roots. D. involves chemical signaling by the fungus only. E. involves penetration into the symplast of the host plant cells.

C. is enhanced by compounds secreted by plant roots.

The vascular system in plants is most analogous to which animal system? A. Reproductive B. Digestive C. Excretory D. Circulatory E. Respiratory

D. Circulatory

Primary growth occurs at the A. wood. B. fruit. C. lateral meristems. D. apical meristems. E. quiescent center.

D. apical meristems.

Even the largest monocots like palm trees cannot approach the size of the largest woody eudicot species because they lack A. xylem. B. phloem. C. primary growth. D. bark. E. secondary growth.

E. secondary growth.

If you were going to try to get non-legumes to nodulate for the nutritional benefit of the plants, which part of the plants would you work on modifying? A. Roots B. Flowers C. Leaves D. Stems E. Petioles

A. Roots

The three tissue systems of a vascular plant, which form during embryogenesis and develop into all plant organs and cell types, are the _______ tissue systems. A. dermal, vascular, and ground B. cork, pith, and epidermal C. xylem, phloem, and photosynthetic D. vessel, tracheid, and fiber E. root, stem, and leaf

A. dermal, vascular, and ground

The growth of _______ is finite, or determinate. A. leaves B. stems C. both roots and stems D. both stems and leaves E. roots

A. leaves

The movement of photosynthate into the phloem is called A. loading. B. entering. C. placement. D. placing. E. removal.

A. loading.

Venus flytrap plants obtain various nutrients from their prey, but their greatest gain is used for protein synthesis. That nutrient is A. nitrogen. B. carbon. C. calcium. D. hydrogen. E. energy.

A. nitrogen.

An aphid is found drinking sugars and amino acids from a melon plant. Its stylet must have entered the A. phloem. B. endodermis. C. pericycle. D. guard cells. E. xylem.

A. phloem.

The ________ provides sugar to the phloem, while the ________ removes it. A. source; sink B. sink; leaf C. source; leaf D. sink; root E. leaf; source

A. source; sink

One way that leaves differ from stems and roots is that only leaves A. typically show finite growth. B. can perform photosynthesis. C. lack a vascular system. D. consist of a single layer of cells. E. are formed from three primary meristems.

A. typically show finite growth.

Xylem transports A. water from the roots to the leaves. B. amino acids. C. mineral ions from the leaves to the roots. D. carbohydrates. E. water up and down the plant.

A. water from the roots to the leaves.

The major function of the xylem tissue of a plant is to move A. water upward to all cells of the plant. B. water downward to all cells of the plant. C. sugars upward to all cells of the plant. D. both water and sugars throughout the plant. E. sugars downward to all cells of the plant.

A. water upward to all cells of the plant.

In what way does the petiole of a eudicot leaf represent an adaptation of the leaf for photosynthesis? A. It stores the products of photosynthesis. B. It orients the leaf to receive maximum sunlight. C. It contains the most photosynthetic cells. D. It contains structures for gas exchange. E. It prevents the leaf from losing water.

B. It orients the leaf to receive maximum sunlight.

Which statement about mycorrhizae is true? A. They involve an interaction between a bacterium and a plant. B. They increase the functional surface area of a root system. C. They are very unusual in nature and are found only in specialized plant groups. D. They spread via plant seeds. E. They form structures that exclude oxygen.

B. They increase the functional surface area of a root system.

The outer layer of a cactus plant that protects it against both water loss and pathogens is called the A. epidermis. B. cuticle. C. pericycle. D. ground tissue. E. stomata.

B. cuticle.

Photosynthetic plants that steal from other plants are known as _______, while those that cannot carry out photosynthesis are called _______. A. hemiparasites; protoparasites B. hemiparasites; holoparasites C. protoparasites; holoparasites D. hemiparasites; parasites E. parasites; holoparasites

B. hemiparasites; holoparasites

The veins of a leaf consist of A. mesophyll cells. B. vascular cells. C. epidermal cells D. stomata. E. guard cells.

B. vascular cells.

Stomatal opening and closing are regulated by A. sucrose. B. nitrogen. C. CO2 concentrations. D. oxygen. E. rhizobia.

C. CO2 concentrations.

In what way does the petiole of a eudicot leaf represent an adaptation of the leaf for photosynthesis? A. It contains structures for gas exchange. B. It stores the products of photosynthesis. C. It orients the leaf to receive maximum sunlight. D. It contains the most photosynthetic cells. E. It prevents the leaf from losing water.

C. It orients the leaf to receive maximum sunlight.

Redwood trees can grow to be 300 feet tall because they have rigid bundles of cells that support the tree the way rebar supports a tall building. What type of cell supports the redwood and allows the tree to grow so tall? A. Sclerenchyma sclereids B. Epidermal cuticle C. Sclerenchyma fibers D. Parenchyma E. Collenchyma

C. Sclerenchyma fibers

An aphid feeds on plant sap (sugars) by boring a hole into the plant. To reach the plant sap, the aphid must bore into what specific plant structure? A. Vessel element B. Guard cell C. Sieve tube element D. Companion cell E. Parenchyma

C. Sieve tube element

Which leaf structures allow for gas exchange with the environment? A. Stem B. Hairs C. Stomata D. Cuticle E. Epidermal cells

C. Stomata

What is a major advantage of extensive fibrous root systems, such as those present in grasses? A. They prevent air and water from leaving the soil. B. They can store more nutrients than other root types. C. They hold soil in place and prevent erosion. D. They grow much more rapidly than taproots. E. They support very tall, heavy plants.

C. They hold soil in place and prevent erosion.

Organic fertilizers, such as humus A. can easily be formulated to meet the nutritional needs of a crop. B. contain large quantities of nutrients that are directly taken up by plant roots. C. can improve the soil. D. are more readily leached out of the soil than inorganic fertilizers are. E. release their nutrients to the soil slowly.

C. can improve the soil.

A plant growing in a boggy area and having leaves covered with dead insects can best be described as A. opportunistic. B. hemiparasitic. C. carnivorous. D. holoparasitic. E. nitrogen-fixing.

C. carnivorous.

Unlike movement of fluid in the xylem, sap in the phloem typically moves A. from the base of a plant to its tip. B. relatively slowly. C. either up or down the stem. D. in only one direction. E. from low to high solute concentration.

C. either up or down the stem.

In some cases, plants and certain bacteria and fungi have a relationship, or symbiosis, in which both organisms benefit. The term describing this relationship is A. commensalism. B. partnership. C. mutualism. D. parasitism. E. competition.

C. mutualism.

Adaptations of plant stems, roots, and leaves are based on the need for plants to A. be active only during the day. B. undergo sexual reproduction. C. obtain resources while remaining stationary. D. continue to grow throughout their lifetimes. E. avoid predators.

C. obtain resources while remaining stationary.

The loading of sucrose into phloem companion cells in a source tissue A. is passive. B. causes a negative pressure potential in the phloem. C. requires metabolic energy. D. releases metabolic energy. E. results in the loss of water from the sieve tube cell.

C. requires metabolic energy.

Sugar moves from a sugar beet's root to its new leaves. The sugar travels through a system composed of cells attached end to end and connected by plasmodesmata, which form a set of pores. The sugar is traveling through _______, which are _______. A. vessel elements; dead B. sieve tube elements; dead C. sieve tube elements; alive D. phloem elements; dead E. vessel elements; alive

C. sieve tube elements; alive

Mineral nutrients enter the plant body directly from the soil by means of uptake A. through the stems. B. by the leaves. C. through the roots. D. from digested food molecules. E. into vascular tissue.

C. through the roots.

The evaporative loss of water from the leaf is called A. transportation. B. translocation. C. transpiration. D. transformation. E. transcention.

C. transpiration.

_______ meristems produce three _______ that in turn give rise to _______. A. Lateral; apical meristems; tissue systems B. Lateral; tissue systems; apical growth C. Apical; tissue systems; apical growth D. Apical; primary meristems; tissue systems E. Apical; lateral meristems; lateral growth

D. Apical; primary meristems; tissue systems

Which statement about phloem transport is false? A. A high pressure potential is maintained in the sieve tubes. B. It requires metabolic energy. C. It depends on mechanisms for loading solutes into the phloem at sources. D. At sinks, solutes are actively transported into sieve tube elements. E. It takes place in sieve tubes.

D. At sinks, solutes are actively transported into sieve tube elements.

Which statement about mycorrhizae is true? A. They form structures that exclude oxygen. B. They spread via plant seeds. C. They are very unusual in nature and are found only in specialized plant groups. D. They increase the functional surface area of a root system. E. They involve an interaction between a bacterium and a plant.

D. They increase the functional surface area of a root system.

Organic fertilizer, such as humus, must undergo _______ to make its nutrients available so plants can take them up. A. nitrogen fixation B. ion exchange C. proton pumping D. bacterial decomposition E. addition of inorganic nutrients

D. bacterial decomposition

The process of nitrogen fixation is the A. release of nitrogen into the atmosphere. B. release of ammonia into the atmosphere. C. production of nitrogen-bearing compounds in plants. D. conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia. E. uptake of atmospheric nitrogen by plants.

D. conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia.

Roses and other broad-leaved flowering plants are examples of A. pteridophytes. B. bryophytes. C. monocots. D. eudicots. E. gymnosperms.

D. eudicots.

To attract rhizobial bacteria, plants from the bean family secrete _______ into the soil. A. nucleic acids B. oleic acids C. protons D. flavonoids E. lycopene

D. flavonoids

A plant wilts when A. water moves into the vacuole. B. its average cell pressure potential is positive. C. there is excess water in the soil. D. its average cell pressure potential is zero. E. the stomata are closed.

D. its average cell pressure potential is zero.

Plants are capable of indeterminate growth because of their A. cortex. B. epidermis. C. xylem. D. meristem tissues. E. regions of nondividing cells.

D. meristem tissues.

Leaf blades are attached to stems by A. buds. B. nodes. C. veins. D. petioles. E. bud scales.

D. petioles.

Plants' unequal initial cell division, which leads to formation of the _______, also contributes to _______ polarity. A. cotyledons; bilateral B. meristems; bilateral C. cotyledons; apical-basal D. suspensor; apical-basal E. suspensor; radial

D. suspensor; apical-basal

The development of prop roots in plants such as corn and some palm trees is essential to the plants because they cannot A. store nutrients underground. B. form fibrous roots. C. form adventitious roots. D. thicken stems by secondary growth. E. gather nutrients from the soil.

D. thicken stems by secondary growth.

Plant organization consists of dermal, vascular, and ground A. organ systems. B. tissues. C. organs. D. tissue systems. E. cells.

D. tissue systems.

The internal pressure in a plant cell, caused by resistance of the cell wall as the cell takes up water, is called _______ pressure. A. wilting B. potential C. membrane D. turgor E. solute

D. turgor

Which of the following structures are modified leaves? A. Aboveground prop roots B. The "eyes" in a potato C. The green fleshy part of a cactus D. Runners of strawberry plants E. Tendrils on a vine

E. Tendrils on a vine

A gardener removes the terminal buds on a group of chrysanthemums but leaves all axillary buds intact. How is this likely to affect the plants? A. They will die. B. Their growth will slow down. C. There will be little effect, because meristems are still present. D. Their growth will accelerate. E. They will become shorter and bushier.

E. They will become shorter and bushier.

Eudicots have how many cotyledons? A. Six B. Three C. Four D. One E. Two

E. Two

Macronutrients A. are so called because they are more essential than micronutrients. B. are obtained by the process of photosynthesis. C. include manganese, boron, and zinc, among others. D. function as catalysts. E. are required in concentrations of at least 1 gram per kilogram of plant dry matter.

E. are required in concentrations of at least 1 gram per kilogram of plant dry matter.

Osmosis A. results in the bursting of plant cells placed in pure water. B. continues until the pressure potential equals the water potential. C. proceeds independently of solute concentrations. D. requires ATP. E. can cause a cell to become turgid.

E. can cause a cell to become turgid.

Aphids have been used to help biologists analyze the A. structure of phloem cells. B. water potential of phloem sap. C. types of cells present in phloem. D. direction of flow of phloem sap. E. chemical content of phloem sap.

E. chemical content of phloem sap.

The association of plant roots with mycorrhizal fungi A. is deleterious to the plant. B. provides an energy source for the plant. C. decreases root surface area. D. retards root function. E. increases nutrient uptake—especially phosphate.

E. increases nutrient uptake—especially phosphate.

The openings on the underside of a leaf, which allow both water and air to pass into the leaf, are called A. guard cells. B. pores. C. veins. D. pupils. E. stomata.

E. stomata.

Secondary growth in woody plants comes from two types of lateral meristem: vascular cambium, which produces _______, and cork cambium, which produces _______. A. wood; inner bark B. wood; inner bark and outer bark C. inner bark; outer bark D. outer bark; inner bark E. wood and inner bark; outer bark

E. wood and inner bark; outer bark