week 14-phys 2 (Female reproductive system/menstrual cycle/pregnancy quizzes)

Which of the following statements regarding menopause is INCORRECT? A. As women approach their mid-40s to mid-50s, menstrual periods become less frequent and finally cease. B. The onset of menopause is associated with the ovaries losing their sensitivity to FSH and LH. C. Menopause is due to the absence of potential follicles within the ovaries. D. Symptoms of menopause may include hot flashes, heavy sweating, vaginal dryness and insomnia.

Menopause is due to the absence of potential follicles within the ovaries.

In addition to its basic physiological functions, one of the hormones associated with pregnancy has been shown in women to produce a calming effect in the CNS and create a strong desire to nurture, protect and build relationships. This hormone is: A. Prolactin B. Inhibin C. Estrogen D. Oxytocin

Oxytocin

Regarding a normal menstrual cycle, where is the hormone progesterone produced? A. Progesterone is produced by the thecal cells that surround the follicle. B. Progesterone is produced by the anterior pituitary. C. Progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum. D. Progesterone is produced by the developing follicle.

Progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum.

Which one of the following best describes the function of progesterone? A. Progesterone prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy. B. Progesterone stimulates the development of ovarian follicles. C. Progesterone maintains the corpus luteum. D. Progesterone stimulates ovulation.

Progesterone prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy.

Regular consistent breast-feeding of a newborn can result in a period of decreased fertility for the nursing mother. This decreased fertility is because: A. Oxytocin inhibits growth and development of the endometrium. B. Prolactin inhibits ovulation by inhibiting the synthesis and release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). C. Regular breast-feeding inhibits production of estrogen, which leads to decreased libido. D. Prolactin secretion "rescues" the corpus luteum and maintains progesterone production.

Prolactin inhibits ovulation by inhibiting the synthesis and release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

During parturition (labor), prostaglandins PGE2 and PGF2-α are produced. Which of the following statements best describes the function of these prostaglandins? A. Prostaglandins PGE2 and PGF2-α stimulate local production of estrogen. B. Prostaglandins PGE2 and PGF2-α increase the intracellular calcium concentration of uterine smooth muscle, thereby increasing its contractility. C. Prostaglandins PGE2 and PGF2-α induces up regulation of oxytocin receptors. D. Prostaglandins PGE2 and PGF2-α stimulate the growth and development of the breasts, preparing them for lactation.

Prostaglandins PGE2 and PGF2-α increase the intracellular calcium concentration of uterine smooth muscle, thereby increasing its contractility.

After ovulation in a normal menstrual cycle, what structure is responsible the production of progesterone? A. The ovarian follicles B. The placenta C. The corpus luteum D. The trophoblasts

The corpus luteum

Once conception takes place, which of the following must occur for the pregnancy to proceed? A. The corpus luteum must secrete progesterone to sustain the endometrium. B. The pituitary must secrete HCG to maintain the corpus luteum. C. The pituitary must secrete prolactin to sustain the placenta. D. The placenta must secrete FSH to maintain ovarian function.

The corpus luteum must secrete progesterone to sustain the endometrium.

Regarding the sequence of events known as the ovarian cycle, which of the following statements is FALSE? A. The developing follicle produces progesterone. B. The anterior pituitary releases FSH and LH. C. FSH stimulates a follicle to develop. D. The hypothalamus releases GnRH

The developing follicle produces progesterone.

What is the source of estrogen and progesterone during the last 7 months of pregnancy? A. The anterior pituitary B. The corpus luteum C. The ovary D. The placenta

The placenta

Oxytocin is responsible for: A. maintaining normal calcium levels. B. causing contraction of the uterus during labor. C. preventing milk release from the mammary glands. D. production of breast milk in the mammary glands.

causing contraction of the uterus during labor.

Under the influence of luteinizing hormone (LH), progesterone is synthesized by cells of the ovary. LH specifically stimulates a rate limiting enzyme that in turn increases production of progesterone. This rate limiting enzyme is: A. aromatase B. cholesterol desmolase C. sulfatase D. 3 - beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

cholesterol desmolase

Which cells produce the majority of estrogens? A. the cells of the corpus luteum B. granulosa cells of the follicle. C. the cells of anterior pituitary D. endometrial cells

granulosa cells of the follicle.

Below is a list of structures and (in brackets) a hormone that they produce. Which list is correct? A. hypothalamus (FSH); anterior pituitary (GnRH); follicle (estrogens); corpus luteum (LH) B. hypothalamus (GnRH); anterior pituitary (estradiol); follicle (LH); corpus luteum (progesterone) C. hypothalamus (estrogens); anterior pituitary (FSH); follicle (progesterone); corpus luteum (estrogens) D. hypothalamus (GnRH); anterior pituitary (FSH & LH); follicle (estrogens); corpus luteum (progesterone)

hypothalamus (GnRH); anterior pituitary (FSH & LH); follicle (estrogens); corpus luteum (progesterone)

Where does normal fertilization of the egg by a sperm occur? A. in the cervix. B. in the uterus. C. in the ampulla of the fallopian tube. D. in the abdominal cavity between ovary and fallopian tube.

in the ampulla of the fallopian tube.

An indication that ovulation has taken place is A. A drop in body temperature. B. An increase in serum LH levels. C. An increase in serum progesterone levels. D. An increase in serum estrogen levels.

An increase in serum progesterone levels.

What do the thecal cells produce? A. Mucus B. Luteinizing hormone(LH) C. Estrogens D. Androgens

Androgens

In the graph below represents plasma hormone levels as a function of time during a normal menstrual cycle. Which of the lettered points on the time axis represents the time of ovulation?

C

Which one of the curves shown below best represents the normal pattern of progesterone secretion during the menstrual cycle?

D

Assuming a regular menstrual cycle of 28 to 30 days, ovulation would be expected to occur between: A. Days 6 and 8 B. Days 14 and 16 C. Days 22 and 24 D. Days 1 to 2.

Days 14 and 16

At the conclusion of a normal menstrual period, menstruation ends and estrogen levels in the blood begin to rise rapidly. What is the source of the estrogen? A. Corpus luteum B. Developing follicles within an ovary. C. The endometrium D. The anterior pituitary gland

Developing follicles within an ovary.

The hormone primarily responsible for development of ovarian follicles prior to ovulation is: A. Chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) B. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) C. Luteinizing hormone D. Progesterone

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Regarding the hormone Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG), which of the following statements is correct? A. HCG stimulates the corpus luteum to continue production of progesterone and estrogen. B. HCG has biologic activity similar to GnRH. C. HCG is produced by the embryoblast. D. The trophoblast begins secreting human HCG approximately 2 days before ovulation.

HCG stimulates the corpus luteum to continue production of progesterone and estrogen.

Over the counter pregnancy tests are based on the detection of a specific hormone excreted of large amounts of in urine early in the pregnancy. This hormone is: A. Progesterone B. Pregnenolone C. Estradiol D. Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

What is the role of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the female menstrual cycle? A. LH causes release of FSH from the anterior pituitary. B. LH maintains the secondary sex characteristics. C. LH allows the frequency of pulses of GnRH to increase. D. LH induces ovulation.

LH induces ovulation.

Which one of the following effects does luteinizing hormone (LH) produce? A. LH stimulates the growth of a few follicles each month. B. LH stimulates ovulation and maintains the corpus luteum. C. LH prepares the uterus for pregnancy. D. LH establishes and maintains the secondary sex characteristics.

LH stimulates ovulation and maintains the corpus luteum.

Where is the hormone progesterone produced? A. By the thecal cells that surround the follicle. B. In the anterior pituitary. C. In the corpus luteum. D. By the developing follicle.

In the corpus luteum.

As the time of delivery of a newborn draws near, the fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis increases production of cortisol. The cortisol induces several physiological changes in the fetus to ensure survival outside of the womb. Which of the following in NOT a physiological change induced by fetal cortisol? A. Increased production of thyroid hormone. B. Increased glycogen storage and gluconeogenesis in the fetal liver. C. Structural maturity of the lung tissue. D. Increased synthesis of pregnenolone by the fetal liver.

Increased synthesis of pregnenolone by the fetal liver.