Week 2
The formation of chyme occurs in which part of the GI tract? Small intestine Large intestine Gallbladder Stomach
Stomach
Linda takes calcium and vitamin D supplements but is worried about increasing her risk for kidney stones. Which of the following standards will provide Linda with the information necessary to determine the maximum amount of nutrients that would be safe for her to consume without the risk of side effects? Recommended Dietary Allowance Adequate Intake Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range Estimated Average Requirements Tolerable Upper Intake Level
Tolerable Upper Intake Level
The inner space of the GI tract is referred to as the: villi microvilli epithelial tissue mucosal lumen
lumen
The purpose of the AMDRs is to: make recommendations for the proportions of fats, carbohydrates and proteins that make up a healthy diet. inform people how to choose from all the different food groups. allow individuals to calculate their energy needs and to determine how their diet meets these needs. encourage individuals to make healthy food choices.
make recommendations for the proportions of fats, carbohydrates and proteins that make up a healthy diet.
The older Nutrition Facts labels contain information about which minerals? Calcium and iron Calcium and zinc Iron and magnesium Iron and zinc
Calcium and iron
Daily Values are based on a ___________ kcalorie diet. 1000 1500 2000 2500
2000
Recommended Dietary Allowances were first published in which decade? 1920s 1940s 1960s 1980s
1940s
Based on the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range, what is the recommendation for carbohydrate intake? less than 10% 15%-25% 30%-40% 45%-65% greater than 70%
45%-65%
The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for a selected nutrient would meet the needs of approximately what percentage of individuals in a population? 33% 50% 75% 99%
50%
The Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) are estimated to meet the nutrient needs of what percentage of a healthy population group? 33% 50% 75% 97-98%
97-98%
The standard that provides recommendations for healthy ranges of energyyielding macronutrients is termed the: Recommended Dietary Allowance. Adequate Intake. Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range. Estimated Average Requirements. Tolerable Upper Intake Level.
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range.
When scientific evidence was insufficient to establish an EAR and thus accurately set an RDA, the DRI committee derived a(n) _____ instead. Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) Adequate Intake (AI) Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) Recommended Dietary Intake (RDI)
Adequate Intake (AI)
The pancreas is not directly part of the digestive tract, however it is essential to the digestive system as it releases enzymes which digest which of the following macronutrients? Carbohydrates Proteins Fats All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following accessory organs releases its secretions into the GI tract? Gallbladder Pancreas Salivary glands All of these are correct
All of these are correct
Why is pepsin produced in an inactive form (pepsinogen)? Because pepsinogen will not digest the cells in which it is formed. Because pepsinogen can trigger mucus formation in the gastric pits. Because pepsinogen can be activated in the small intestine. Because pepsinogen can be cleaved and activated by mucosal cells.
Because pepsinogen will not digest the cells in which it is formed.
Why do many of the hormones involved in digestion INHIBIT stomach activity? Because the process of absorbing nutrients takes time and so if there were not inhibition mechanism many of the nutrients would pass through the system and be excreted instead of being absorbed. To prevent people from gaining too much weight. To prevent the stomach from digesting pathogens or poison To conserve energy
Because the process of absorbing nutrients takes time and so if there were not inhibition mechanism many of the nutrients would pass through the system and be excreted instead of being absorbed.
The liver releases _________ which helps with the digestion of _________. Bile, Fats Bile, Proteins Bile, Carbohydrates Fats, Bile
Bile, Fats
Which is typically not found on a Nutrition Facts label? Calories from fat Calories per serving as compared to comparable products Percent daily values for key nutrients Serving size
Calories per serving as compared to comparable products
What does salivary amylase (in the saliva) break down? Carbohydrates Lipids Saliva Proteins
Carbohydrates
Which of the following meals is likely to stay in the stomach the longest? Cheeseburger, small French fries, small soft drink, ice cream Grilled chicken breast, mashed potato with butter, green beans, skim milk Tuna sandwich on whole wheat, pickle, ice tea Rice Krispies, skim milk, blueberries, coffee
Cheeseburger, small French fries, small soft drink, ice cream
Which of the following is NOT a product released by the GI tract? Mucus Enzymes Chyme Hormones
Chyme
What reference values were created specifically for the Nutrition Facts label to give consumers a benchmark with which to compare nutrients? DRI (Dietary Reference Intakes) DRV (Daily Reference Values) RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance) LRV (Label Reference Value) EAR (Estimated Average Requirement) WEV (What to Eat Values)
DRV (Daily Reference Values)
Only 50% of healthy individuals will have their physiological needs met at which level of intake? EAR RDA DRI DV UL DRV AI
EAR
The amount of a nutrient estimated to meet the needs of 50% of people in the same gender and life stage group is the: EAR. RAE. AI. RDA.
EAR
The standard that represents the average nutrient intake estimated to meet the daily requirements of 50% of healthy individuals is called the Recommended Dietary Allowance Adequate Intake Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range Estimated Average Requirement Estimated Energy Requirement
Estimated Average Requirement
The standard that represents the average nutrient intake estimated to meet the daily requirements of 50% of healthy individuals is called the: Recommended Dietary Allowance. Adequate Intake. Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range. Estimated Average Requirements. Estimated Energy Requirement.
Estimated Average Requirements.
Select all that is/are legally required on a Nutrition Facts label? Kcalories from fat Grams of protein Kcalories per serving Vitamin A content as % DV Kcalories from fiber Vitamin D content as % DV Unsaturated fat content
Kcalories from fat Grams of protein Kcalories per serving Vitamin A content as % DV
Which of the following is NOT an accessory organ of the digestive system? Liver Pancreas Salivary glands Kidney
Kidney
Which is NOT a goal of the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)? Prescribing what a person should eat each day Prevention of nutrient deficiencies Promotion of healthful eating Reduction of chronic diseases
Prescribing what a person should eat each day
The amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of about 98% of a population is known as the Adequate Intake. Daily Recommended Value. Tolerable Upper Intake Level. Recommended Dietary Allowance. Necessary and Sufficient Intake
Recommended Dietary Allowance.
The standard that represents the average nutrient intake estimated to meet the daily requirements of nearly 98% of healthy individuals is called the: Recommended Dietary Allowance. Adequate Intake. Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range. Estimated Average Requirements. Estimated Energy Requirement.
Recommended Dietary Allowance.
Which statement best describes carbohydrates information on food labels? The "Sugars" amount includes only added sugars The amount of starch is listed as a separate category The "Total Carbohydrate" amount includes starch, sugars, and fiber The "Total Carbohydrate" amount includes starch and sugars but not fiber Only refined carbohydrates need be included in the total.
The "Total Carbohydrate" amount includes starch, sugars, and fiber
Which is the FALSE statement regarding RDAs? RDAs recommend amounts of nutrients that can serve as a goal for individual intake. The RDAs are one component of the DRIs. The EARs are derived from the RDAs. RDAs are often used in menu planning.
The EARs are derived from the RDAs.
Which of the following is NOT true of the stomach? It produces pepsinogen. Parietal cells in gastric pits produce hydrochloric acid. The main function is absorption. It has 3 layers of smooth muscle.
The main function is absorption.
What does the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of a nutrient represent? The maximum amount allowed for fortifying a food A number calculated by taking twice the RDA or three times the AI The maximum allowable amount available in supplement form The maximum amount from all sources that appears safe for most healthy people The amount that can be absorbed from a typical diet.
The maximum amount from all sources that appears safe for most healthy people
Which of the following is most likely to inhibit gastric secretion and motility? The sight and smell of food The release of gastrin from the stomach The passage of chyme into the small intestine The release of bile from the gallbladder
The passage of chyme into the small intestine
Facilitated diffusion requires: a specific transport protein to help nutrients move through the cell membrane. a specific transport protein and energy to help nutrients move through the cell membrane. energy to help nutrients move through the cell membrane. enzymes to work as catalysts that help nutrients move through the cell membrane. ion channels that regulate water into and out of the cell membrane.
a specific transport protein to help nutrients move through the cell membrane.
Which of the following transport mechanisms moves substances against a concentration gradient? facilitated diffusion carrier mediated diffusion osmosis simple diffusion active transport
active transport
The variables used to calculate Estimated Energy Requirements include: age, BMI, weight and gender. age, gender, weight, height, and physical activity level. physical activity level, gender and BMI. gender, age, weight, physical activity level and proportions of kcals consumed as fats.
age, gender, weight, height, and physical activity level.
Recommended Dietary Allowances may be used to ____. measure nutrient balance of population groups assess dietary nutrient adequacy for individuals treat persons with diet-related illnesses calculate exact food requirements for most individuals recommend amounts of nutrients when there is insufficient evidence to determine the EAR
assess dietary nutrient adequacy for individuals
Pancreas secretions contain digestive enzymes and: bicarbonate ions. bile. cholecystokinin (CCK). chyme.
bicarbonate ions.
The _____________ regulates the movement of molecules in and out of cells. cytoplasm mitochondria cell membrane cell wall
cell membrane
Activity in the digestive tract begins in response to the sight and smell of food. This is referred to as the _________ response. cephalic gastric intestinal cognitive
cephalic
The RDAs (Recommended Dietary Allowances) for nutrients are generally ____. more than twice as high as anyone needs the minimum amounts that average people need designed to meet the needs of almost all healthy people designed to prevent deficiency diseases in half the population reflective of current dietary preferences
designed to meet the needs of almost all healthy people
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels are most likely to be exceeded when: large quantities of food are consumed by highly trained athletes. people are recovering from surgery and need more kcalories. dietary supplements are taken. people eat meat from wild game animals.
dietary supplements are taken.
Chewing is an important digestive function because it improves the functionality of: enzymes. hormones. mucus. peristalsis.
enzymes.
The hepatic portal circulation carries nutrients from the small intestine to the: brain. kidneys. stomach. liver.
liver.
The descriptor, Healthy, can legally be used on a food product when the product contains adequate levels of at least one selected nutrient and is low in: fat, saturated fat, sodium, and cholesterol. fat, fiber and protein. fat, sugar and cholesterol. fat, sodium and protein.
fat, saturated fat, sodium, and cholesterol.
On a food label, the product's ingredient contents are listed: in alphabetical order with the most important nutrient sources first from most abundant to least abundant ingredient by weight from least abundant to most abundant ingredient by volume
from most abundant to least abundant ingredient by weight
Hormones that control the digestive process include (CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY) gastrin secretin insulin glucagon CCK cholecystokinin parathyroid hormone
gastrin secretin CCK cholecystokinin
The EARs are very useful in research settings for evaluation of whether a group of people is likely to be consuming adequate amounts of a nutrient. Therefore, it is _____ to use the EAR values as recommended goals for dietary intake of an individual. appropriate inappropriate recommended required useful
inappropriate
The digestive tract begins at the _________ and ends at the _________. esophagus; small intestine mouth; transverse colon esophageal sphincter; pylorus mouth; anus
mouth; anus
Transit time is the rate at which food: moves through the digestive tract. is swallowed. is absorbed into the blood. is broken down into chyme.
moves through the digestive tract.
The layers of stomach and intestinal wall closest to the intestinal lumen are called: villi. microvilli. tissue. mucosa. epithelial tissue.
mucosa
Absorption occurs when: nutrients and other substances are removed from the lumen of the GI tract to enter the bloodstream. nutrients pass from the esophagus to the stomach. food or other substances are taken into the body through the mouth. food is broken down to its smallest unit. food stuffs or nutrients are removed from the large intestine.
nutrients and other substances are removed from the lumen of the GI tract to enter the bloodstream.
The digestive system includes (CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY) organs of the GI tract (mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus) salivary glands liver gallbladder pancreas kidneys spleen heart
organs of the GI tract (mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus) salivary glands liver gallbladder pancreas
The Dietary Reference Intakes may be used to ____. treat people with diet-related disorders assess adequacy of all required nutrients plan and evaluate diets for healthy people assess adequacy of only vitamins and minerals diagnose diet-related disorders
plan and evaluate diets for healthy people
Which is not a goal of the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)? prescribing what a person should eat each day prevention of nutrient deficiencies prevention of nutrient excesses reduction of chronic diseases
prescribing what a person should eat each day
Mechanisms by which nutrients can be transported across a cell membrane in the digestive tract include (CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY) simple diffusion facilitated diffusion active transport osmosis peristalsis segmentation pressure
simple diffusion facilitated diffusion active transport osmosis
When molecules move freely across the cell membrane down the concentration gradient, this is called: facilitated diffusion. carrier diffusion. osmosis. simple diffusion. active transport.
simple diffusion.
Nutrients are primarily absorbed in which of the following organs? large intestine small intestine pancreas liver stomach
small intestine
The primary site of nutrient absorption is the liver. large intestine. stomach. small intestine.
small intestine
The movement of food through the digestive tract is regulated by: the endocrine and nervous systems. the lymphatic and muscular systems. the respiratory and urinary systems. the cardiovascular system.
the endocrine and nervous systems.
The cephalic phase of gastric secretion refers to: the increased secretion of HCl and pepsinogen that occurs when the body anticipates food. the release of gastric secretions caused by stimuli acting on the stomach. the inhibitory portion of stomach activity that occurs once food has passed into the small intestine. the period of time between meals when the stomach is at rest.
the increased secretion of HCl and pepsinogen that occurs when the body anticipates food.
The lumen of the GI tract is in contact with: the mucosal layer the submucosal layer the serosal layer the muscularis externa layer
the mucosal layer
