Week 3

Tachycardia is an early sign of low cardiac output that occurs because of

baroreceptor activity.

A patient presents to the emergency department with a diastolic blood pressure of 132 mm Hg, retinopathy, and symptoms of an ischemic stroke. This symptomology is likely the result of

hypertensive crisis.

A type of shock that includes brain trauma that results in depression of the vasomotor center is cardiogenic.

False

Chronic elevation of myocardial wall tension results in atrophy.

False

New-organ damage is a function of both the stage of hypertension and its duration.

False

A patient presenting with fever, hypotension, and lactic acidosis is most likely to be experiencing what type of shock?

Septic

Overproduction of nitric oxide is an important aspect of the pathophysiologic process of what type of shock?

Septic

Left-sided heart failure is characterized by

pulmonary congestion

A middle-aged patient has a follow up visit for a recorded blood pressure of 162/96 mm Hg taken 3 weeks ago. The patient has no significant past medical history and takes no medications, but smokes 1 1/2 packs of cigarettes per day, drinks alcohol regularly, and exercises infrequently. The patient is about 40 lbs. overweight and admits to a high-fat, high-calorie diet. At the office visit today, the patient's blood pressure is 150/92 mm Hg. What is the least appropriate intervention for this patient at this time?

Begin antihypertensive drug therapy.

After being diagnosed with hypertension, a patient returns to the clinic 6 weeks later. The patient reports "moderate" adherence to the recommended lifestyle changes and has experienced a decreased from 165/96 to 148/90 mm Hg in blood pressure. What is the most appropriate intervention for this patient at this time?

Continue lifestyle modifications only.

Administration of which therapy is most appropriate for hypovolemic shock?

Crystalloids

Increased preload of the cardiac chambers may lead to which patient symptom?

Edema

Which serum biomarker(s) are indicative of irreversible damage to myocardial cells?

Elevated CK-MB, troponin I, and troponin T

Restriction of which electrolytes is recommended in the management of high blood pressure?

Sodium

What compensatory sign would be expected during periods of physical exertion in a patient with limited ventricular stroke volume?

Tachycardia

High blood pressure increases the workload of the left ventricle, because it increases

afterload.

The majority of cases of anaphylactic shock occur when a sensitized individual comes in contact with

antibiotics.

The majority of cardiac cells that die after myocardial infarction do so because of

apoptosis

Administration of a vasodilator to a patient in shock would be expected to

decrease left ventricular afterload.

Primary treatment for myocardial infarction (MI) is directed at

decreasing myocardial oxygen demands.

Aortic regurgitation is associated with

diastolic murmur.

Constrictive pericarditis is associated with

impaired cardiac filling.

Hypotension associated with neurogenic and anaphylactic shock is because of

peripheral pooling of blood.

An erroneously low blood pressure measurement may be caused by

positioning the arm above the heart level.

An abnormally wide (more than 0.10 second) QRS complex is characteristic of

premature ventricular complexes.

Hypertrophy of the right ventricle is a compensatory response to

pulmonary stenosis.

Beta-blockers are advocated in the management of heart failure because they

reduce cardiac output.

Cardiogenic shock is characterized by

reduced cardiac output.

The majority of tachydysrhythmias are believed to occur because of

reentry mechanisms.

Hypertension with a specific, identifiable cause is known as _____ hypertension.

secondary

A patient with a history of myocardial infarction continues to complain of intermittent chest pain brought on by exertion and relieved by rest. The likely cause of this pain is

stable angina.

Pulse pressure is defined as

systolic pressure - diastolic pressure.

The progressive stage of hypovolemic shock is characterized by

tachycardia

The effect of nitric oxide on systemic arterioles is

vasodilation

An example of an acyanotic heart defect is

ventricular septal defect.

Rheumatic heart disease is most often a consequence of

β-hemolytic streptococcal infection.

Which blood pressure reading is considered to be indicative of prehypertension according to the JNC-7 criteria?

128/82

A patient is diagnosed with cardiogenic shock. The patient is hyperventilating and is therefore at risk for the respiratory complication of respiratory acidosis.

False

A patient is exhibiting severe dyspnea and anxiety. The patient also has bubbly crackles in all lung fields with pink, frothy sputum. This patient is most likely experiencing

acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema.

In contrast to all other types of shock, the hyperdynamic phase of septic shock is associated with

high cardiac output.