Week 6 (2)

SELF CONSCIOUS EMOTIONS: But overwhelming guilt - involving such high emotional distress that the child cannot make amends, is linked to depressive symptoms as early as age

3

Laughter, which appears around ___________, reflects faster processing of information than smiling.

3 to 4 months

SELF CONSCIOUS EMOTIONS: By age __, self conscious emotions are clearly linked to self ______. Preschoolers show much more pride when they succeed in difficult rather than easy tasks, and much more shame when they fail simple rather than hard tasks

3, evaluation

becoming more emotionally positive until between ____, the parents communication evokes a broad grin called the SOCIAL SMILE.

6 and 10 weeks

Applying What We Know: FEAR? SUGGESTION: Do not force the child to approach any animal that arouses fear. Let the child move at her own pace. Demonstrate how to hold and pet the animal, showing the child that when treated gently, the animal is friendly. If the child is larger than the animal emphasises this: "Youre so big. That kitty is probably afraid of you!".

Animals

EMOTIONAL SELF REGULATION: refers to the strategies we use to adjust our emotional state to a comfortable level fo intensity so we can accomplish our goals

Emotional self regulation

ANGER AND SADNESS: . From 4 to 6 months into the second year, angry expression _______ in frequency and intensity.

INCREASE

Applying What We Know: FEAR? SUGGESTION: Reduce exposure to frightening stories stories in books and on TV until the child is better able to distinguish etween appearance and reality. Make a thorough search of the childs room for monsters, showing him that none are there. Leave a night light burning, sit by the childs bed until he falls asleep and tuck in a favourite toy for ptoection.

Monsters, ghosts and darkness

ANGER AND SADNESS: ____ infants also react with anger in a wider range of situations - when an interesting object or event is removed, an expected pleasant event does not occur, their arms or restrained or their caregiver leaves or napping.

Older

SELF CONSCIOUS EMOTIONS: influences these early self evaluative reactions

Quality of adult feedback

ANGER AND SADNESS: The rise in anger is also _____. New motor capacities enable angry infants to defend themselves or overcome obstacles. Finally, anger motivates caregivers to relieve a baby's distress and, in the case of separation, may discourage them from leaving again soon.

adaptive

SELF CONSCIOUS EMOTIONS: Besides self awareness, self conscious emotions require an additional ingredient: _________ in WHEN to feel proud, ashamed or guilty.

adult instruction

ANGER AND SADNESS: Angry actions increase with

age

EMOTIONAL SELF REGULATION: Temper tantrums tend to occur because toddlers cannot control the intense anger that often arises when an adult rejects their demands, particularly whent ey are fatigued or hungry. Toddlers whose parents are emotionally sympathetic but set limits (by not giving in tot antrums), who distract the child by offering acceptable alternatives to the prohibited activity, and who later suggest better ways to handle adult refusals display more effective __________ during the preschool years.

anger regulation strategies and social skills

FEAR: Many infants and toddlers are quite wary of strangers, although the reaction does not always occur. It depends on several factors, temperament, past experience and the current situation. When an unfamiliar adult picks up the infant in a new setting, stranger anxiety is likely. But if the adult sits still while the baby moves around a parent remains nearby, infants often show positive and curious _________

behaviour

HAPPINESS - Expressed first in _______, later through ______, contributes to many aspects of development

blissful smiles, laughter

And as infants attend to the parents face, and the parent talks and smiles, babies knit their brows, open their mouths to ___, and move their arms and legs excitedly

coo

FEAR: Eventually, as cognitive development permits toddlers to discriminate more effectively between threatening and nonthreatening people and situations, strangers anxiety and other fears of the first two years ______. This change is adaptive because adults other than caregivers will soon be important in children's development. Fear also wanes as children acquire a wider array of strategies for coping with it, as you will see when we discuss emotional self-regulation.

decline

ANGER AND SADNESS: Furthermore, older infants are better at identifying who caused them pain or removed a toy. Their anger is particularly intense when a caregiver from whom they have come to expect warm behaviour causes

discomfort

EMOTIONAL SELF REGULATION: Three year olds who can ______ when frustrated tend to become cooperative school age children with few problems.

distract themselves

EMOTIONAL SELF REGULATION: By 4 to 6 months, the ability to shift attention and engage in self soothing helps infants control emotion. Babies who more readily turn away from highly stimulating novel events or engage in self soothing are less prone to ________

distress

EMOTIONAL SELF REGULATION: . It requires several cognitive capacities -attention focusing and shifting, the ability to inhibit thought and behaviour, and planning, or actively taking steps to relieve a stressful situation.

emotional self regulation

EMOTIONAL SELF REGULATION: By age 3 to 4, pre-schoolers verbalise a variety of emotional and self-regulation strategies. For example, they know they can blunt emotions by restricting sensory input (covering their eyes or ears to block out a sight or sound) talking to themselves or changing their goals. Childrens use of these strategies means _________ over the preschool years.

fewer emotional outbursts

Infants whose parents read and respond contingently and sympathetically to their emotional cues tend to be less ________, to express more pleasurable emotion, to be more interested in exploration and to be easier to soothe.

fussy and fearful

EMOTIONAL SELF REGULATION: By age 3 to 4, pre-schoolers verbalise a variety of emotional and self-regulation strategies. For example, they know they can blunt emotions by restricting sensory input (covering their eyes or ears to block out a sight or sound) talking to themselves or changing their

goals

SELF CONSCIOUS EMOTIONS: Besides basic emotions, humans are capable of a second higher-order set of feelings, including _______ These are called self conscious emotions because each involves injury to or enhancement of our sense of self.

guilt, shame, embarassment, envy and pride

Four basic emotions - _____________ - have received the most research attention.

happiness, anger, sadness, fear

And social smiling becomes better organised and stable as babies learn to use it to evoke and sustain pleasurable face-to-face _________

interaction

EMOTIONAL SELF REGULATION: Patient, sensitive parents also encourage toddlers to describe their

internal states

ANGER AND SADNESS: Although expressions of sadness also occur in response to pain, removal of an object and brief separations, they are _________. In contrast, sadness occurs when infants are deprived of a familiar, loving caregiver or when caregiver-infant communication is seriously disrupted.

less common than anger

SELF CONSCIOUS EMOTIONS: Self conscious emotions appear in the __________, as 18 to 24 month olds become firmly aware of the self as a separate, unique individual.

middle of the second year

SELF CONSCIOUS EMOTIONS: Also, school age children no longer report guilt for any mishap, as they did earlier, but only for intentional wrongdoing such as ignoring responsibilities, cheating or lying. These changes reflect the older childs more mature sense of

morality

Around the middle of the first year, infants smile and laugh more when interacting with familiar people, a preference that strengthens the

parent-child bond

EMOTIONAL SELF REGULATION: More effective functioning of the _______increases the baby's tolerance for stimulation. Between 2 and 4 months caregivers build on this capacity by initiative face to face play and attention to objects

prefrontal cortex

EMOTIONAL SELF REGULATION:Emotional self regulation required voluntary effortful management of emotions. This capacity for effortful control improves gradually as the result of development of the

prefrontal cortex

Applying What We Know: FEAR? SUGGESTION: If the child resists going to preschool but seems content once there, the fear is probably separation. Provide a sense of warmth and caring while gently encouraging independence. If the child fears being at preschool, find out what is frightening - the teacher, the children, or a crowded, noisy environment. Provide extra support by accompanying the child and gradually lessening the amount of time you are present.

preschool or child care

SELF CONSCIOUS EMOTIONS: . In Western individualistic nations, most children are taught to feel _______ over personal achievement. In collectivist cultures such as China and Japan, calling attention o purely personal success evokes ______ and self-effacement.

pride, embarrassment

EMOTIONAL SELF REGULATION: In the second year, gains in representation and language lead to new ways of __________

regulating emotion

SELF CONSCIOUS EMOTIONS:As children develop inner standards of excellence and good behaviour and a sense of personal responsibility, the circumstances under which they experience self conscious emotions change. Unlike pre-schoolers, _______ experience pride in a new accomplishment and guilt over a transgression even when ______

school age children, no adult is present

FEAR: Once wariness develops, infants use the familiar caregiver as a __________ or point from which to explore, venturing into the environment and then returning for emotional support.

secure base

EMOTIONAL SELF REGULATION: When you remind yourself that an anxiety provoking event will be over soon, suppress your anger at a friends behaviour or decide not to see a scary horror film, you are engaging in emotional

self regulation

According to one view, ________ in which parents selectively mirror aspects of the baby's diffuse emotional behaviour, helps infants construct emotional expressions that more closely resemble those of adults

sensitive, contingent caregiver communication

SELF CONSCIOUS EMOTIONS: In Asian collectivist societies, ______ is viewed as an adaptive reminder of the importance of others judgements. Chinese parents believe that it is important for a misbehaving child to feel ashamed. As early as age two and a half they use shame to teach right from wrong, while mindful that excessive shame cvould harm self-esteem. Chinese children add the word shame to their vocabularies by age 3, much earlier than their American counterparts do.

shame

ANGER AND SADNESS: As infants become capable of intentional behaviour, they want to control their own actions and the effects they produce and will purposefully try to change an undesirable______

situation

SELF CONSCIOUS EMOTIONS: Among Western children, intense shame is associated with feelings of personal inadequacy (Im stupid) and with maladjustment - withdrawal and depression s well as intense anger and aggression towards those who participated in the shame-evoking ______

situation

By the end of the year, the smile has become a deliberate ________

social signal

becoming more emotionally positive until, between 6 and 10 weeks, the parents communication evokes a broad grin called the __________

social smile

EMOTIONAL SELF REGULATION: Infants whose parents read and respond contingently and sympathetically to their emotional cues tend to be less fussy and fearful, to express more pleasurable emotion, to be more interested in exploration and to be easier to_____

soothe

FEAR: - Like anger, fear rises during the second half of the first year into the second year. Older infants hesitate before playing with a new toy and newly crawling infants soon back away from heights. But the most frequent expression of fear is to unfamiliar adults, a response called

stranger anxiety

FEAR: Cross cultural research reveals that infant-rearing practices can modify stranger anxiety. Among the Efe hunters and gatherers of the republic of congo, where the maternal death rate is high, infant survival si safeguarded by a collective caregiving system in which, at birth, Efe babies are passed from one adult to another. Consequently, Efe infants show little

stranger anxiety

EMOTIONAL SELF REGULATION: effortful control is considered a major dimension of

temperement

FEAR: In contrast, among infants in Israeli kibbutozim (cooperative agricultural settlements) who live in isolated communities vulnerable to terrorist attacks, wariness of strangers is ____. kibbutz babies display far greater stranger anxiety than their city reared ______

widespread, counterparts