Week 6

Protein sorting, pathway A: once in the Golgi

--> lumen: lysosomes, plasma membrane, cell exterior, or stay in Golgi

Protein sorting, pathway B: no ER

--> stay in cytosol or shipped to non-endomembrane destinations, depending on its signal sequence amino terminal signal: chloroplast or mitochondria internal signal: nucleus no signal: cytosol

Ribosomal structure

2 subunits: large and small Subunits consists of rRNA (ribosomal RNA) proteins

Imagine you are following a particular tRNA through the process of translation in a eukaryote. In what order does the tRNA go through the steps listed? Note that some steps may be used more than once. 1. The polypeptide is transferred to tRNA. 2. tRNA binds the A site of the ribosome. 3. tRNA binds the P site of the ribosome. 4. The ribosome shifts, with tRNA still bound. 5. tRNA binds the E site of the ribosome.

2 → 1 → 4 → 3 → 4 → 5

For the macromolecules listed here, select the correct order for the proper flow of genetic information. 1) RNA 2) protein 3) DNA

3 → 1 → 2

The polyA tail is added immediately after the stop codon: true or false?

False

True or False: All genes in DNA code for proteins.

False

In a protein-coding region of DNA, any mutation that replaces a single nucleotide for another will replace any amino acid with any other amino acid. True or False?

False.

Protein families contain proteins with identical primary, secondary, and tertiary structures. True or False?

False.

The number of hydrogen bonds between two molecules affects how much energy is needed to break those two molecules apart. The more hydrogen bonds there are, the more energy that is required. Which of the following base pairs requires the most energy to break apart? G-C A-T A-U T-A

G-C pairing involves 3 hydrogen bonds

Which end of the mRNA is the 5' end? Which is the 3' end?

NH2 = 5' COOH = 3' mRNA is translated starting from 5′ end. The first amino acid has a free amino group. The last amino acid has a free carboxyl group.

Elongation factors

Proteins involved in the elongation phase of translation, assisting ribosomes in the synthesis of the growing peptide chain

What can a mutation do to the function of a protein?

Some mutations may affect amino acid sequence, whereas others might change the level of protein expression or time in development or type of cell in which the protein is produced; few mutations change protein function

Proteins bound targeted to be excreted to the outside of the plasma membrane are produced where?

cytosol --> rough ER then go on to --> Golgi

Translation of all proteins in a eukaryotic cell begins in ________

in the cytosol, on free ribosomes

Hydrophobic amino acids

non polar R groups composed of hydrocarbon chains or uncharged carbon rings -- buried in interior fold of proteins (hiding from H2O)

Silent mutation

one bp change; no change in amino acid

How many aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzymes must be present in cells to properly synthesize proteins?

20, one for each amino acid

Which tRNA anticodon sequence is the correct match to the mRNA codon listed below? Note: codon-anticodon base-pairing is antiparallel. 5'-CGA-3'

3'-GCU-5'

Referring to the figure, what is the anticodon of the next tRNA to enter the A site? https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/13385407,8,0,0,0/Assets/resources/4_translation_elongation/q5-1.png

3'CUU5'

What does the ability of a protein to carry out its function depend on?

3D shape

For the numbered steps below, select the option that places them in the correct order: 1) The ribosome binds to the mRNA and uses tRNAs to translate mRNA into the corresponding amino acid polypeptide sequence. 2) The spliceosome removes introns. 3) The primary structure of the polypeptide chain undergoes hierarchical foldings to form the tertiary structure. 4) RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of a gene and initiates transcription.

4 → 2 → 1 → 3

Consider the events that describe the progress of a protein that will be secreted from the cell. Which of the sequences of events correctly describes the progress of a protein that will be secreted from the cell? 1. SRP binds to the growing polypeptide chain and to the ribosome. 2. Translation resumes. 3. SRP binds to its receptor. 4. The signal sequence is cleaved. 5. Protein synthesis begins in the cytosol. 6. Translation pauses.

5 → 1 → 6 → 3 → 2 → 4

Endomembrane system

A cellular system that includes the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, the plasma membrane, and the vesicles that move between them.

Vesicle

A membrane bound sac that contains materials involved in transport of the cell

Protein sorting, pathway A: Signal-recognition particle

A protein-RNA complex that recognizes a signal peptide as it emerges from the ribosome, which takes the ribosome to the ER from there, the protein is either released into the interior of the ER, or is anchored into the membrane as a transmembrane segment

Folding domain

A region of a protein that folds in a similar way across a protein family relatively independently of the rest of the protein.

Enzymatic catalysis of the peptide bond between the growing polypeptide and the next incoming amino acid takes place in which binding site? P site E site combined A and P sites A site

A site

Golgi apparatus

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

Protein sorting and translation: Pathway A v. B

A, proteins that go to ER: sorted as they are translated B, proteins that stay in cytosol (on free ribosomes): sorted after translation

Referring to the figure, what is the codon (5'>3') that specifies the addition of Arg (amino acid argenine) to the polypeptide? https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/13385407,8,0,0,0/Assets/resources/4_translation_elongation/q5-1.png

AGA

When translating codons to amino acids, always first look for

AUG = Met

Which step occurs in the A site of the ribosome during translation? An incoming charged tRNA binds to this site. An uncharged tRNA is ejected from this site as the ribosome slides to the next codon. The tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide moves to this site as the ribosome slides to the next codon. None of the other answer options is correct.

An incoming charged tRNA binds to this site.

Lysosome

An organelle containing digestive enzymes; degrades molecules

Which of the answer choices occurs in the E site of the ribosome during translation? The tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide moves to this site as the ribosome slides to the next codon. An incoming charged tRNA binds to this site. None of the other answer options is correct. An uncharged tRNA is ejected from this site as the ribosome slides to the next codon.

An uncharged tRNA is ejected from this site as the ribosome slides to the next codon.

Where are the ribosomes that translate proteins to be secreted from the cell? in the nucleolus attached to the Golgi apparatus attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum in the cytosol

Attached to the ER Secreted proteins must be produced in a way that allows them to be on the inside of the membrane making up a vesicle, so when that vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, the protein is released through exocytosis.

Once the molecule shown here is "charged," the outlined region labeled ______ will form complementary base pairs with the codon in the ________ in the A site of the ribosome. https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/13385407,8,0,0,0/Assets/resources/4_charging_of_transfer_rnas/q4-1.png

C; mRNA

Shown here is a portion of the final mRNA sequence. Which sequence is from the corresponding DNA template strand? mRNA 5'-CCAUGUUCGAAUGGCUUG-3'

DNA is 3' to 5' antiparallel complementary strand

What does RNA polymerase bind to in order to initiate transcription? start codon mRNA RNA promoter region DNA promoter region

DNA promoter region aka the promoter

DNA: 5'-TGA-3' mRNA: anticodon: codon: amino acid:

DNA: 5'-TGA-3' = 3'-AGT-5' mRNA: 3'-ACU-5' = 5'-UCA-3' (mRNA made/written in the 5' to 3' direction) anticodon: 3'-AGU-5' (same as DNA template but replace T with U) codon: 5'-UCA-3' (mRNA in 5' to 3' direction) amino acid: Ser (look up in table)

In which ribosome site would you find the uncharged tRNA? A site E site P site

E site

A DNA mutation that affects the primary structure of the alpha-globin protein subunit would also affect the primary structure of the beta-globin protein subunit: true or false?

False

Hemoglobin would be synthesized by a ribosome on the rough ER: true or false?

False

Beta-Sheet

Folding pattern - folding back and forth on itself, forming a pleated sheet; antiparallel, more stable

Alpha-Helix

Folding pattern - twisted like a coil; secondary structure = arising from a specific pattern of hydrogen bonding between atoms of the polypeptide backbone (not the side chains)

Lumen

In eukaryotes, the continuous interior of the endoplasmic reticulum; in plants, a fluid-filled compartment enclosed by the thylakoid membrane; generally, the interior of any tubelike structure.

Consider a protein that is targeted to be an integral membrane protein on the surface of a cell. It has a specific functional domain (domain X) facing the external environment of the cell. How will this protein be oriented in the E.R.? It will be embedded in the E.R. membrane with domain X facing the cytoplasm of the cell. It will be completely within the E.R. lumen, not embedded in the membrane. It will be outside the E.R. as a peripheral membrane protein. It will be embedded in the E.R. membrane with domain X facing the lumen of the E.R.

It will be embedded in the E.R. membrane with domain X facing the lumen of the E.R.

Consider a protein that is targeted to be an integral membrane protein on the surface of a cell. It has a specific functional domain (domain Y) facing the cytoplasm of the cell. How will this protein be oriented in the Golgi? It will be outside the Golgi as a peripheral membrane protein. It will be embedded in the Golgi membrane with domain Y facing the lumen of the E.R. It will be completely within the Golgi lumen, not embedded in the membrane. It will be embedded in the Golgi membrane with domain Y facing the cytoplasm of the cell.

It will be embedded in the Golgi membrane with domain Y facing the lumen of the E.R.

Many cell functions involve communication between cells via molecular signals that must be sent from one cell to be received by a target cell. Suppose the signal to be sent is a small protein. Where would you expect to find the protein in the Golgi? It would be an integral membrane protein with its functional domain on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. It would be an integral membrane protein with its functional domain on the lumen side of the membrane. It would be in the lumen of the Golgi. It would be on the exterior of the Golgi.

It would be in the lumen of the Golgi.

What happens when mRNA loses the 5' cap?

Loses the ability to initiate. no 5' cap, translation will not start at all

Which proteins would be synthesized on the rough endoplasmic reticulum and processed in Golgi apparatus? Transcription factors that bind to DNA sequences in the nucleus. Cytoskeletal proteins actin and tubulin, which are found in the cytoplasm. Lysosomal enzymes that break down proteins in the lumen of the lysosome. DNA polymerase that functions during DNA replication

Lysosomal enzymes that break down proteins in the lumen of the lysosome. Proteins that end up in membrane-bound organelles other than mitochondria, chloroplasts, or the nucleus are translated on the rough endoplasmic reticulum and process in the Golgi apparatus.

Basic & acidic amino acids

R groups are charged and polar Basic: gains H+, + charged Acidic: loses H+, - charged R groups are located on the outside surface of folded molecule charged groups can form ionic bonds w/ each other or other molecules in environment

Which of the following reads the nucleotide sequence of a gene and synthesizes the corresponding primary transcript? DNA polymerase. ribosome. RNA polymerase.

RNA polymerase.

tRNA genes are transcribed by: DNA polymerase. RNA polymerase. spliceosome. aminoacyl tRNA synthetase.

RNA polymerase.

Protein denaturing

The breaking down of protein by pH or temperature disrupts the H+ and iconic bonds holding the tertiary structure together -- proteins lose their functional activity

Quarternary Structure

The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from several polypeptides that interact with each other

The genetic information carried by DNA is in the ___________ and their __________.

The genetic information carried by DNA is in the bases and their sequence.

Plasma membrane

The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, where some proteins are excreted out

The ribosome ______ subunit has _______ binding sites for tRNA molecules.

The ribosome large subunit has 3 binding sites for tRNA molecules.

Which step occurs in the P site of the ribosome during translation? An incoming charged tRNA binds to this site. An uncharged tRNA is ejected from this site as the ribosome slides to the next codon. The tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide moves to this site as the ribosome slides to the next codon. None of the other answer options is correct.

The tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide moves to this site as the ribosome slides to the next codon.

What will happen when the ribosome shifts one codon further on the mRNA, assuming the next codon is not a stop codon? Select all that apply: https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/13385407,8,0,0,0/Assets/resources/04_qba_for__qba/q94-1.png The tRNA that is in the A site in the figure shown will be ejected from the ribosome. The tRNA that is no longer carrying the polypeptide will be ejected from the ribosome. The tRNA carrying the polypeptide will be in the P site. A new tRNA will bind to the ribosome. The sites of the ribosomes will be relabeled (from left to right) P, A, E.

The tRNA that is in the A site in the figure shown will be ejected from the ribosome. The tRNA that is no longer carrying the polypeptide will be ejected from the ribosome. The tRNA carrying the polypeptide will be in the P site. A new tRNA will bind to the ribosome. The sites of the ribosomes will be relabeled (from left to right) P, A, E.

Tertiary Structure

The third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain. bond = ionic, hydrogen, disulfide bridges (covalent bonds), noncovalent DEFINED BY R GROUPS

Where does transcription take place? Where does translation take place?

Transcription: nucleus Translation: cytoplasm

Protein families

a group of proteins that are structurally and functionally related

This image represents _____________ and _______________ is attached at the outlined region labeled ______. https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/13385407,8,0,0,0/Assets/resources/4_charging_of_transfer_rnas/q4-1.png

a tRNA; an amino acid; A

If a mutation rendered the signal recognition particle nonfunctional, what would be the most obvious effect on the cell? a) All proteins normally secreted by the cell would remain in the cytosol. b) Proteins destined for the nucleus would remain in the cytosol. c) No proteins would arrive at their proper destinations within the cell. d) All proteins normally secreted by the cell would remain partially formed and attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

a) All proteins normally secreted by the cell would remain in the cytosol.

tRNA

adapter molecule that translates nucleic acids into amino acids

In-frame insertion

add one or more amino acids w/o changing reading frame

Translation: termination

addition of the amino acids stops and completed polypeptide chain is released from ribosome: 1. stop codon is recognized 2. release factor binds

The sequence for a portion of the DNA template strand and the corresponding mRNA that is being transcribed is shown here. mRNA 5'-GCAGCC-3' DNA template 3'-GCGCGTCGGTACA-5' Which base will the RNA polymerase add next to the growing mRNA molecule?

adenine

Open Reading Frame (ORF)

all codons on mRNA that are translated (between start and stop codon) multiple reading frames, but only one ORF

Which of the following mRNA processing events occurs in the nucleus of human cells? 5' cap addition splicing of exons excision of introns poly-A tail addition

all of them

Signal peptide

amino sequence that targets the protein to the ER

Where does transcription of mRNA begin?

at the 3' end of the gene on the DNA template strand

Which of the following is the actual event that translates the language of nucleic acids (the sequence of bases, A, T (U), C, and G) to the language of proteins (determining which amino acid will be added to the polypeptide)? establishing the correct reading frame by the ribosome attachment of the appropriate amino acid to the tRNA by aminoacyl tRNA synthetase release of the finished polypeptide at the stop codon catalysis of a new peptide bond from the growing polypeptide to the next amino acid binding of charged tRNA to the ribosome A site

attachment of the appropriate amino acid to the tRNA by aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

Which portion of DNA contains the genetic information "read" by the RNA polymerase and transmitted into mRNA? base phosphodiester bond sugar backbone

base

In the figure, which box encloses the codon currently at the P site of the ribosome? https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/13385407,8,0,0,0/Assets/resources/4_translation_elongation/q3-1.png

box B

In the figure, which box encloses the anticodon currently at the A site of the ribosome? https://www.macmillanhighered.com/brainhoney/Resource/13385407,8,0,0,0/Assets/resources/4_translation_elongation/q3-1.png

box C

Mutation

change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information

Missense mutation

change in bp leads to diff amino acid

Nonsense mutation

change in bp leads to stop codon

Proteins that prevent inappropriate folding of newly synthesized proteins are called: polymerases. ribosomes. synthetases. enzymes. chaperones.

chaperones.

Start codon

codon that signals to ribosomes to begin translation; codes for the first amino acid in a protein

Stop codon

codon that signals to ribosomes to stop translation

The primary transcript is _________ to the DNA template strand.

complementary and antiparallel

How is the amino acid held on the charged tRNA?

covalent bond

Peptide bond

covalent bond formed between amino acids carboxyl group of one reacts w/ amino group of another, and one molecule of H2O is released R groups point in diff directions

Proteins bound for the end-membrane lumen are produced where?

cytosol --> rough ER

Which sequence accurately describes the path traveled by a new protein from when it first starts to be translated to its release from the cell? cytosol → ER → Golgi → vesicle → plasma membrane → external environment plasma membrane → ER → vesicle → Golgi → cytosol → external environment nuclear envelope → ER → vesicle → Golgi → plasma membrane → external environment cytosol → Golgi → ER → vesicle → plasma membrane → external environment nucleus → ER → Golgi → vesicle → plasma membrane → external environment

cytosol → ER → Golgi → vesicle → plasma membrane → external environment

The unfolding of a protein by heat or chemical treatment is referred to as:

denaturation

An area of a polypeptide that bends in a particular way, relatively independent of the rest of the molecule, is a folding: segment. domain. lariat. region. exon.

domain.

Where does the energy the ribosome needs to move along the mRNA and form peptide bonds come from?

elongation factors are bound to GTP molecules, break their high energy bonds to provide energy for the elongation of polypeptide

The controlled release of cellular material stored in membrane-bound vesicles to the outside of the cell is an example of:

exocytosis

Hydrophilic amino acids

have permanent charge separation - one end of R group is slightly more negatively charged than the other form H-bonds w/ each other or w/ H2O molecules

Chaperone

help protect slow-folding or denatured proteins until they can attain proper 3D structure the longer proteins remain denatured, the longer hydrophobic groups are exposed to other molecules --> can prevent proper folding chaperones help by binding w/ hydrophobic groups and non polar R groups to shield them from inappropriate aggregation

Translation in eukaryotes v. prokaryotes: compare and contrast

in eukaryotes, initiation complex forms at 5' cap; prokaryotes have no 5' cap, so initiation is formed @ internal sequence called ribosomal initiation sequence; because proK initiate translation internally, prokaryotic mRNAs can code for more than one protein = polycistronic mRNAs

Proteins bound for end-membrane organelles must finish translation where?

in the ER

Protein sorting, pathway A: once in the ER

in the ER, proteins fold into correct shapes, then are either --> stay in ER or Golgi

When a charged tRNA is about to bind to the vacant A site of a ribosome, where is the growing polypeptide? in the A site in the E site The polypeptide is equally likely to be in any of the three sites. in the P site

in the P site

Consider a protein that is targeted to be excreted to the outside of the plasma membrane. Where would this protein be located in the endoplasmic reticulum? embedded as an integral membrane protein in the E.R. membrane in the lumen (inside) of the E.R. outside the E.R. as a peripheral membrane protein

in the lumen (inside) of the E.R. these proteins tend to not cross membranes but are transported via vesicles

Consider a protein that is targeted to be excreted to the outside of the plasma membrane. Where would this protein be located in the Golgi? embedded as an integral membrane protein in the Golgi membrane outside the Golgi as a peripheral membrane protein in the lumen (inside) of the Golgi

in the lumen (inside) of the Golgi these proteins tend to not cross membranes but are transported via vesicles

Where does the expression of a protein begin? in the cytoplasm in the nucleolus in the nucleus

in the nucleus

Translation: initiation

initiator AUG codon is recognized and Met is established as the first amino acid in the new peptide chain: 1. small ribosome subunit binds to the initiator tRNA (w/ help of initiation factors) and scans for AUG (tRNA base pairs w/ AUG) 2. initiator tRNA pairs w/ AUG, the only one to occupy P site, not A site. initiation factors go away. large ribosomal subunit binds

Frameshift mutation

insert or delete nucleotide --> changes reading frame

Which process is carried out by the spliceosome?

intron removal

What happens to a protein if it becomes denatured?

it unfolds

Nuclear envelope

layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell; defines the boundary of the nucleus

In which eukaryotic organelle are various macromolecules broken down and destroyed?

lysosome

A codon is made up of ___ nucleotides and is found in _______.

made up of 3 nucleotides and is found in mRNA

A anticodon is made up of ___ nucleotides and is found in _______.

made up of 3 nucleotides and is found in tRNA

The mature mRNA for BRCA1 is longer (made up of more nucleotides) than the BRCA1 ORF. Explain what makes mRNA longer than the ORF.

mature mRNA has non-coding, untranslated sequences before start codon and sequences after stop codon that aren't translated

Which of the answer choices is not considered to be a part of the endomembrane system? endoplasmic reticulum lysosome Golgi plasma membrane mitochondria

mitochondria

A protein with an internal signal sequence is most likely to be located in: the nucleus a chloroplast a mitochondrion the extracellular space the cytoplasm

nucleus The nuclear localization sequence is usually located somewhere in the middle of the amino acid sequence of a protein

Which protein level best matches the description "blocks on a string"?

primary

Endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

Smooth ER

produces and transports many of cell lipids

Rough ER

produces and transports many of cell proteins

Initiation factors

proteins that bind to ribosomal subunits and mRNA that bring components together in the correct positions to start translation

What is a ribosome made of?

rRNA and proteins

Secondary Structure

regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein bond = hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone, between C=O and NH in amino acids 2 types = alpha-helix and beta-sheet DEFINED BY INTERACTIONS IN POLYPEPTIDE BACKBONE AND INDEPENDENT OF R-GROUPS

In-frame deletion

remove one or more amino acids w/o changing reading frame

How does the ribosome find the start codon?

ribosome binding sequence - the ribosome contains complementary sequence

In a population of organisms, beneficial and harmful random mutations are retained or eliminated through the process of: selection. expression. conservation. translation. folding.

selection

In a population of organisms, beneficial and harmful random mutations are retained or eliminated through the process of: __________.

selection

Primary Structure

sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain; determines how a protein folds bond = peptide bonds that form between carboxyl group and amino group of 2 different amino acids

Protein sorting: first branch

shortly after translation begins, protein --> A. ER or B. stay in cytosol, depending on whether they have a signal peptide proteins bound for organelles in the end-membrane system (ER, Golgi, lysosome) or exterior of the cell must go to ER at this stage proteins bound for cytosol, mitochondria, chloroplasts, nucleus stay in cytosol for rest of translation

Ribosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes are: identical in structure but translate using different genetic codes. identical in structure and translate using the same genetic code. similar in structure and translate using different genetic code. similar in structure and translate using the same genetic codes.

similar in structure and translate using the same genetic codes.

Translation: elongation

successive amino acids are added one by one to the growing chain: 1. binding of aminoacyl tRNA 2. peptide bond formation - tRNA is attached to second amino acid now. when peptide bond forms, chain attaches to incoming tRNA. binding happens @ A site 3. translocation --> now amino acid (polypeptide chain) moves to P site

The fully folded structure of a functional protein composed of a single polypeptide chain is referred to as:

tertiary

Disorders of which organelle are often associated with defects in transport from compartment to compartment, resulting in poor sorting of protein components within the cell? endoplasmic reticulum the Golgi apparatus plasmids nucleus plasma membrane

the Golgi apparatus Golgi sorts & transports proteins

The gene encoding BRCA1 is longer than the mature mRNA for BRCA1. Explain what makes the gene longer than the mRNA.

the gene contains regions that aren't transcribed (introns, promoter, enhancer) into mature mRNA

Binding sites for tRNA are located in: the small ribosomal subunit. neither ribosomal subunit. both ribosomal subunits. the large ribosomal subunit.

the large ribosomal subunit

Non-protein coding genes are typically found in: the nucleolus. the endoplasmic reticulum. the cytoplasm. areas of the nucleus other than the nucleolus. mitochondria.

the nucleolus.

A double-stranded DNA molecule, only part of which is shown, is being transcribed. If the molecule is transcribed from left to right, one of the nucleotides shown in bold would be the first transcribed in this small molecule. 5′—ATGATCGGATCGATCCAT—3′ 3′—TACTAGCCTAGCTAGGTA—5′ Which sequence is the correct mRNA produced from the transcription of this DNA molecule?

the template strand would be 3′—TACTAGCCTAGCTAGGTA—5′ so the mRNA would be 5′—AUGAUCGGAUCGAUCCAU—3′

Does protein expression begin with transcription or translation?

transcription

How to tell what sequence DNA is being synthesized?

transcription template is read in 3' to 5' direction RNA is made in 5' to 3' direction check which direction transcription is moving in, then look for the DNA strand that is 3' to 5' -- this is the template strand then, use the template strand to create base pair matches of RNA that are complementary and antiparallel to 5' to 3' mRNA helps to rewrite the template strand in the 3' to 5' direction if you are presented with 5' to 3' direction

Which of the following types of RNA molecule delivers amino acids to the ribosomes? messenger RNA transfer RNA ribosomal RNA

transfer RNA

Most elements of the endomembrane system are connected by: cytoskeleton. vesicular trafficking. continuous membranes.

vesicular trafficking.

Exocytosis

when particles are enclosed in a vesicle and released from a cell