Week 6

Identify true statements about the rules laid down by the U.S. justice system for poor people who commit offenses. (Check all that apply.)

--A judge can't add prison time on inmates because of their inability to pay fines. --The accused have a constitutional right to an attorney even if they can't afford one.

In the context of the laws on same-sex marriage, identify true statements about the federal Defense of Marriage Act. (Check all that apply.)

--It formally defined marriage as the union of one man and one woman. --It authorized all states to refuse to accept same-sex marriages from other states where it could become legal.

In the context of the laws aimed at improving the situation of women, identify the provisions of the 1972 Educational Amendments Act. (Check all that apply.)

--It requires schools receiving federal money to fund male and female athletic programs equitably. --It forbids sex discrimination in all federally funded institutions of education.

Which of the following are the projected effects of the growth of Latinx population in the United States? (Check all that apply.)

--The elements of Latinx culture will occupy a more prominent place in the U.S. culture. --They are likely to occupy more visible positions in the governments.

The governments at the state and federal levels have introduced tougher policies for offenders in recent years. In this context, identify the steps taken by the governments. (Check all that apply.)

--They have cracked down on drug dealers. --They have scaled back parole eligibility.

How do laws govern marriage in the United States? (Check all that apply.)

--They prohibit being married to more than one person at a time. --They prohibit marrying certain blood relatives.

In the context of career growth, identify the true statements about women. (Check all that apply.)

--Women often have to step out of the paid labor force to raise a family and return to it later when the children are finally grown. --Most of the positive changes regarding gender have been a result of alterations in women's educational, occupational, and family lives.

Which of the following are considered street crimes? (Check all that apply.)

--assault --robbery --illegal drug use --murder

Identify the white-collar crimes or corporate crimes. (Check all that apply.)

--bribery --embezzlement

-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- According to the reading, "Young women, late modern politics, and the participatory possibilities of online cultures," Do it Yourself Cultures are:

--created by women --technology enabled --political reference often geared to young women

use statistical evidence of racial bias to show that their race influenced the decision to seek the death penalty

--family instability --low wages

According to the reading, "Toward a New Vision," gender oppression is structured along:

--individual --institutional --symbolic

Which of the following are the benefits that legally married couples are eligible for and that unmarried couples do not enjoy? (Check all that apply.)

--inheritance rights --insurance coverage on a spouse's policy --savings from joint tax returns --visitation rights in prisons

According two class lectures, what are some traps that individuals fall into that believing that change is not possible

--one person can't make a difference --that's just the way the world operates --I don't know where to begin and I'm not an activist

According to the reading, "Young women, late modern politics, and the participatory possibilities of online cultures," which of the following are the new technologies that women are using to create change?

--social networking sites --DIY culture --blogs

According to Skolnick (1996), work tends to be structured around a male career model that involves ______.

20 years of schooling, followed by 40 years of employment and then retirement

In the context of racial discrimination, identify a true statement about the United States in 1900.

A system of official, legally sanctioned segregation had been formed to maintain unmistakable partitions between races.

According to the text (Chapter 9, Newman), when parents share household and child care responsibilities:

Children thrive intellectually and emotionally and hold less-rigid gender stereotypes

Which of the following is a true statement about corporate misbehavior in the United States?

Corporate misbehavior poses greater economic threats to Americans than street crime does.

According to Peterson (1996), identify a true statement about the effects of divorce laws in the United States.

Divorced husbands typically experience an increase in their standard of living.

According to Newman (Chapter 9), most women have moved out of traditionally female occupations

False

According to the reading, "Toward a New Vision," in order to create change, the first step is to stop viewing race, class, gender as interlocking categories of analysis.

False

According to the reading, "Toward a New Vision," we must resist reconceptualizing race, class, gender as categories of analysis

False

According to the reading, "Young women, late modern politics, and the participatory possibilities of online cultures," Do it Yourself Cultures and social networking are not forms of political participation

False

True or false: In the context of the multiple dimensions of inequality, dichotomous thinking discourages a ranking of differences and inequalities.

False Reason: This is false. In the context of the multiple dimensions of inequality, dichotomous thinking encourages a ranking of differences and inequalities. Dichotomous, either/or thinking corners people into thinking about groups as opposing forces.

True or false: Americans still disapprove of interracial marriage by a margin of three to one at present.

False Reason: This is false. Since 1967, public opinion regarding interracial marriage has shifted. In 1968, Americans still disapproved of interracial marriage by a margin of three to one. Fifty years later, the majority of Americans approve of it.

True or false: Sociologists usually talk about predictions rather than projections.

False Reason: This is false. Human behavior is notoriously erratic. Therefore, sociologists usually talk about projections rather than predictions, implicitly acknowledging the impossibility of foretelling the future with any certainty.

True or false: Men are predominant as both offenders and victims in intimate and sex-related violence.

False Reason: This is false. Men are more likely than women to be victims of violence. Except for intimate and sex-related violence, men predominate as both offenders and victims.

True or false: In the American criminal justice system, defendants cannot be judged by a jury of their peers.

False Reason: This is false. One of the hallmarks of the American criminal justice system is that defendants are entitled to be judged by a jury of their peers. In theory, such an arrangement is designed to overcome the individual bias and arbitrariness of having a single person, namely the judge, render all verdicts.

True or false: The recent trend toward searching for the biological underpinnings to gendered behavior suggests that people will stop relying on anatomical and genetic explanations of gendered characteristics.

False Reason: This is false. The recent trend toward searching for the biological underpinnings to gendered behavior suggests that people might someday rely more on anatomical and genetic explanations of gendered characteristics.

Identify a result of the increasing popularity of working families.

Fewer people will publicly condemn working mothers as negligent parents.

According to Livingston and Brown (2017), which of the following is true of interracial marriage in the United States?

Four in ten Americans say that growing rates of intermarriage are a change for the better in society.

Identify a true statement about the situations of poor women who face daunting obstacles in leaving abusive relationships.

Governmental programs that may have helped these women leave in the past have been dismantled in recent years.

According to conflict sociologist Jeffrey Reiman (Reiman and Leighton, 2013), why are corporate crimes considered less dangerous than face-to-face street crimes?

Harm that results from illegitimate activities is usually considered more serious than harm that is a by-product of standard business activities.

______ can actually deepen the inequalities that gave rise to disproportionate incarceration in the first place.

Imprisonment

According to Griffin (1986), identify an impact of the mere existence of rape on women.

It denies them the right of self-determination.

Identify a true statement about the first law against miscegenation.

It stated that a white woman who married a Black slave became a slave herself.

According to J. D. Hall (1995), identify a true statement about lynching in the 20th century.

It was a tool of psychological intimidation.

Identify a true statement about rape case trials in the American legal system.

Lack of consent becomes difficult to prove in court if women cannot prove that they physically or verbally resisted assault.

Identify a reason why the economic incentive for white men to engage in interracial sex was stronger in the early 19th century.

Lighter-skinned, mixed-race slaves typically fetched a higher price at market.

According to the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life (2008), identify a true statement about the growth of non-Christian religious groups in the United States.

More than four times as many immigrants as native-born Americans report non-Christian religious affiliations.

According to Wolfe (2000), which of the following is a true statement about the racial landscape of the United States in 1900?

Most Americans simply took the divided racial landscape of the United States for granted.

Identify a characteristic of a typical American family in the present scenario.

Mothers depend on paid caregivers, friends, or teachers to fulfill the traditional maternal role.

______ give attorneys the ability to strike a potential juror from the jury without offering any explanation.

Peremptory challenges

In the context of legislative attempts to address race and class biases in death penalty cases, Kentucky became the first state to pass a ______ in 1998.

Racial Justice Act

Identify a benefit that is enjoyed solely by legally married couples and not by unmarried people.

Social Security benefits

The continuing influx of Latinx immigrants will virtually ensure that the ______.

Spanish language will occupy a more prominent place in the U.S. culture

According to the American Association of University Women (2014), identify a true statement about sexual harassment in the United States.

The majority of women who are sexually harassed on the job are harassed by a supervisor or senior colleague.

Which of the following was a characteristic of a typical American family 50 years ago?

The normal family was thought to be one with a female homemaker and a male breadwinner.

Which of the following is a true statement about the federal prisons in the United States?

The population of prisoners does not accurately reflect the general population.

Which of the following statements is true about the laws on marriage in the United States?

The state determines the lawful age at which people can marry.

According to Crittenden (2001), identify a true statement about married women in the 18th century.

Their legal identity was submerged into that of their husbands.

Identify a scenario about the future of race that is the opposite of a new version of the melting pot in which race and ethnicity become obsolete.

There would be more, rather than fewer, ethnoracial boundaries.

In the context of the quality of legal representation, which of the following statements is true about the lawyers who represent defendants from poor backgrounds in capital cases?

These lawyers have limited resources available for investigative work.

Identify a true statement about wealthy or powerful individuals who face a possible death sentence.

They can usually afford effective legal representation.

Which of the following statements is true about people who come from multiracial heritages in modern society?

They feel less pressure to claim a single, identifying race label than they did in the past.

Identify a true statement about teach-ins, which are a variation on the sit-in theme.

They have become a popular means of creating awareness of and mobilizing political action over global issues.

Identify a true statement about people who have a multiracial heritage in the United States.

They have been endorsed in some respects by the U.S. Census Bureau.

Identify a true statement about sociologists.

They implicitly acknowledge the impossibility of foretelling the future with any certainty.

Identify a statement that reflects the condition of women in the 18th century.

They lost the right to execute contracts once they got married.

In the context of corporate crime, identify a true statement about corporations.

They rarely receive heavy criminal punishment when their dangerous actions violate the law.

Which of the following statements is true about elected legislators or politicians in the United States?

They tend to live lives of privilege.

According to Chapter 9 in your book, we can safely project is that ten, twenty, or fifty years from now, racial and ethnic identities and the color lines that divide us will not take the form they take today

True

According to Newman, although family structures have changed, most jobs are still based on the assumption that an employee can and should work long hours without worrying about childcare and other household needs.

True

According to Newman, the ability to ignore race always reflects power and privilege

True

According to the reading, "Toward a New Vision," the classroom can be a place where individuals of different power statuses can come together and discuss

True

True or false: Sexual assault is a reflection of broader patterns of gender inequality.

True Reason: This is true. Sexual assault is a reflection of broader patterns of gender inequality. In the past, rape was considered a crime against men. Any interest a husband took in his wife being sexually victimized probably reflected a concern with his own status, the loss of his male honor, and the devaluation of his sexual property.

Identify a true statement about intimate-partner abuse in the United States.

Women are far more likely than men to be beaten by someone they know.

According to The Sentencing Project (2019), a feature of the federal prisons in the United States is that ______.

a majority of the prisoners are men

According to Lemire (2002), most American states enacted miscegenation laws to prevent ______.

a mixing of the races

In the context of the laws that specifically address women's concerns, in 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that _____.

all-male public colleges and universities have to admit women

Huge multinational companies will continue to expand their list of economically and socially "legitimate" types of families as long as ______.

an inclusive definition of family continues to make good business sense

Contemporary prisons operate for all intents and purposes as the poorhouses of the United States because they hold prisoners who ______.

are unable to pay fines for misdemeanors

Deferred prosecutions are meant to ______.

avoid drastic punishment that could destroy the accused companies

As couples in which both partners work outside the home become the norm, employers have to ______.

be accommodative of employees' desire to achieve balance between their work and family lives

Single people and couples who downplay family life in pursuit of advancement in their workplace are referred to as ______.

career-oriented workers

Single parents and couples who downplay careers in the interests of their families are known as ______.

child-oriented workers

According to Siegel (2004), in the past, rape was ______.

considered a crime against men's property

The mission statement of the National Organization of Men Against Sexism (NOMAS) recognizes that gender inequality cannot be remedied without _____.

considering the multiple forms that racial and economic exploitation take

In the context of the laws that specifically address women's concerns, in 1993, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that victims of workplace harassment ______.

could win lawsuits without having to prove that the offensive behavior left them psychologically damaged

To protest against increasing cruelty toward animals, Puppies and Humans Organization (PHO), an animal rights group, stages a variation of a sit-in by laying down and pretending to be dead in front of a lab that conducts tests on animals. The sit-in variation in the above scenario is called ______.

die-in

______ are sit-ins where protesters lie down and simulate death.

die-ins

In the context of corporate crime, the U.S. Justice Department has instituted a form of corporate probation to ______.

ease the inconvenience of prosecution for corporate wrongdoers

Some conflict sociologists, such as Quinney (1970), argue that the law is typically created by _____.

economic elites who control the production and distribution of major resources in society

In the United States, laws are determined by the actions of ______.

elected legislators

In the context of work that takes place within households, what will propel society toward equality between partners?

fathers taking on more child care responsibilities

The movements for social change that tend to be the most effective and long-lasting must successfully frame the unfairness of particular social phenomena to ______.

gain support from various segments of the population

In the context of the laws aimed at improving the situation of women, a provision of the 1993 Family and Medical Leave Act is that it ______.

guarantees some working mothers and fathers up to 12 weeks of unpaid sick leave per year to care for a new child or a sick relative

According to Talbot (2002), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1998 that in cases of men harassing other men, a plaintiff could win a suit ______.

if the harasser was motivated by a general hostility toward all men

Identify a factor that has led to the growth of non-Christian religious groups in the United States.

immigration to the United States

In the United States, the economic incentive for white men to engage in interracial sex became strong in the early 19th century when the ______.

importation of slaves was outlawed

In recent years, governments at the state and federal levels have implemented tougher policies for offenders and have introduced "three-strike" laws. The "three-strike" laws ______ for three-time offenders.

impose lengthy mandatory prison sentences

According to the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (2019), sexual harassment charges filed by men ______ from the year 1997 to 2018.

increased

A recent trend in ideas about sex and gender differences is the ______.

increased awareness that sex and gender are not fixed and immutable

According to Arendell (1984), divorce laws in the United States, which were revised in the 1970s to make the termination of marriages less adversarial and more fair, have ______.

increased the number of women who become poor after a divorce

If personal and institutional discrimination have now been replaced by equality of opportunity, then the path to upward mobility runs directly through one's ______.

individual qualifications

The National Organization of Men Against Sexism (NOMAS) defines itself as an organization that _____.

is pro-feminist, gay-affirmative, and anti-racist

Huge multinational companies implement discrimination protection based on sexual orientation because ______.

it increases workers' satisfaction and hence motivation, productivity, and loyalty

According to Newman, the "normal" American Family consisting of two heterosexual parents: a breadwinner father and a stay - at - home mother and their children currently makes up ________ of the families in the United States

less than 25%

According to Griffin (1986), an effect of the existence of rape on women is that it _____.

limits their freedom of social interaction

For a social movement to be effective and long-lasting, it must ______.

make use of current technologies to spread the word and mobilize resources

The concept of the ______ involves race and ethnicity becoming obsolete in society.

melting pot

According to nationwide surveys, the majority of whites feel that ______.

members of other racial groups have equal chances in getting jobs

According to sociologists, the balance of power in a household begins to shift when ______.

men take on more of the mundane domestic tasks

Sexual contact and marriage between people of different races is called

miscegenation

In the context of gender and violence, according to Gilligan (2004), men are ______.

more likely than women to be victims of violence

According to Rennison and Welchans (2000), a trend seen in the rates of intimate-partner abuse in the United States is that ______.

only about half of the cases of nonlethal intimate violence against women are reported to the police

According to some conflict sociologists, such as Quinney (1970), the law is a ______.

political instrument used by specific groups to further their own interests

According to the tri-racial system proposed by Eduardo Bonilla-Silva (2004), the category of collective Blacks includes ______.

poor Latino/as

Reverse racists are accused of "playing the race card" to ______.

promote a self-serving political agenda

According to Baldauf (2000), in the context of lynching in the 20th century, the Ku Klux Klan's original charter was to _______ after the emancipation of slaves.

protect white women's chastity

In the United States, the most frequently committed but least reported violent crime is ______.

rape

People can undermine or overcome disadvantage by ______, which shows them that everyone is dominant and disadvantaged simultaneously.

recognizing the multiple intersecting dimensions of privilege

According to Uggen and Blackstone (2004), most feminist sociologists interpret sexual harassment as an attempt to _____.

reinforce positions of power

Which of the following was likely to be a common dimension for Black Americans and white Americans in 1900?

religious affiliation

Individuals who cite continuing racial discrimination as an impediment to their educational or economic achievement are branded as ______.

reverse racists

Organized, large - scale, collective actions directed at influencing institutional change are known as:

social movements

The Civil Rights Movement, the Living Wage Movement, and the Labor Movement are examples of ______.

social movements

According to Chapter 9 in your book, social movements have not completely altered the institutional landscape because:

social structures are highly complex and often do not operate in a straight line

Despite the differences between a Black American and a white American in 1900, they were likely to ______.

speak the same language

When politicians talk about fighting crime, or when news outlets report fluctuations in crime rates, they are usually referring to ______ rather than other types of crimes.

street crimes

To people who believe that the values of tolerance, equality, and respect for difference are what define the United States as a culture, the growing religious diversity symbolizes a ______.

strengthening of society

Sit-ins where experts on a particular topic organize an extended open forum consisting of lectures and free discussions that is designed to create support for a particular movement are known as ______.

teach-ins

In the context of the response to rape victims, the American legal system ______.

tends to favor men's interests by focusing on women's consent or blameworthiness

In the context of the laws on same-sex marriage, in 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that ______.

the Defense of Marriage Act was unconstitutional

In the United States, research indicates that prosecutors are most likely to file charges against cases of rape and sexual assault when ______.

there is evidence of violence

According to Bowker (1993), a study of several battered and formerly battered women in the United States found that the vast majority ______.

tried a number of active strategies to end the violence directed against them

According to Jeffrey Reiman (Reiman and Leighton, 2013), costly corporate acts are considered less dangerous than face-to-face street crime because people _____.

typically perceive being harmed by a street criminal as a more terrifying experience than being harmed indirectly by a white-collar criminal

According to the tri-racial system proposed by Eduardo Bonilla-Silva (2004), the category of whites includes ______.

urban Native Americans

In the context of legislative attempts to address racial and class prejudices in death penalty cases, the purpose of the Racial Justice Act is that it allows defendants in capital cases to ______.

use statistical evidence of racial bias to show that their race influenced the decision to seek the death penalty

For people who believe that the national strength of the United States depends on a common system of spirituality and moral thought, religious diversity signifies a ______.

weakening of society

Employees who are about to be laid off or whose factory is about to be shut down resolve to remain on their jobs and continue producing without pay. These employees are utilizing the tactic of ______.

work-ins