Week 9 Learning, Week 10 psy 201, Psy 201 week 7, Psy week 6, Week 5, Psy 201 Week 2, Week 1 Psy 201, psy week 3

The correlation coefficient indicates the weakest relationship when ________.

Closest to 0

Alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines are central nervous system depressants that affect GABA neurotransmission. cocaine...

Cocaine, amphetamine, cathinones, and MDMA are all central nervous stimulants that agonize dopamine neurotransmission, while nicotine and caffeine affect acetylcholine and adenosine, respectively. Opiate drugs serve as powerful analgesics through their effects on the endogenous opioid neurotransmitter system, and hallucinogenic drugs cause pronounced changes in sensory and perceptual experiences. The hallucinogens are variable with regards to the specific neurotransmitter systems they affect.

Color is not a physical property of our environment. What function (if any) do you think color vision serves?

Color vision probably serves multiple adaptive purposes. One popular hypothesis suggests that seeing in color allowed our ancestors to differentiate ripened fruits and vegetables more easily.

Which is the most statistically valuable way to examine the reading levels of cancer patients with the readability of typical cancer pamphlets?

Compare two distributions

Promotion

Career advancement opportunity

A little girl at the local elementary school is writing symphonies for full orchestra at age 7. You're curious to know about the child's personality and other psychological qualities. Which type of study would you conduct?

Case Study

Sigmund Freud developed his theory of human personality by conducting in-depth interviews over an extended period of time with a few clients. This type of research approach is known as a(n): ________.

Case study

Individual differences in circadian rhythms are known as a person's

Chronotype

Emily's mouth starts to water whenever she gets ready to eat fresh baked pizza. Recently she noticed that she now salivates when she drives past her favorite pizza shop on the way to school even though she cannot see or smell the pizza from inside the car.

Classical Conditioning

Occupational Health Psychology

Concerned with the overall well-being of both employees and organizations. Occupational therapist, research scientist, consultant, human resources (HR) specialist, professor

If you are studying the impact of a new type of teaching curriculum in the psychology classroom, the classroom where the old curriculum is still taught is considered the ________.

Control group

One finding of this study was that mothers from high poverty neighborhoods reported lower levels of stress after giving birth to a VLBW infant. What type of study seeks to understand the relationship between variables such as neighborhood poverty and maternal stress?

Corretial

Research that compares multiple segments of the population at the same time is known as ________.

Cross sectional

Substance use disorder is defined in

DSM-5 as a compulsive pattern of drug use despite negative consequences. Both physical and psychological dependence are important parts of this disorder.

The pattern of variation in data is called the

Distribution

A technique that records the electrical activity produced by the brain's neurons through the use of electrodes placed on the surface of the head is called ________.

EEG

Which of the following exemplifies the Hawthorne effect?

Elementary students who behave well when an observers come watch their class to take note on the effectiveness of discipline

Humanistic Psychology

Emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans and rejects that psychology should focus on problems and disorders.

Researchers might use ________ when providing participants with the full details of the experiment could skew their responses. Multiple Choice Question

Deception

Industrial/organizational psychology is essentially the study of people:

In the workplace

Persistence (Intrusion)

Inability to forget undesirable memoriesTraumatic events

The ________ is controlled by the experimenter, while the ________ represents the information collected and statistically analyzed by the experimenter.

Independent ; dependent

In order for an experiment to be considered falsifiable, ________.

It should be able to be disproved

n order for an experiment to be considered predictable, ________.

It should make assumptions about future events

Work demands

Extra work requirements, insecurity of position

Communication

Feedback

The motor cortex sends messages to specific regions of the body to create movement. In which part of the cerebral cortex is it located?

Frontal lobe

A noninvasive neuroimaging technique that produces very clear and detailed images of the structures and activities in the brain in response to magnetic fields is called ________.

Functional MRI

William James's focus on how mental activities help a person adapt to his or her environment is known as

Functionalism

Wertheimer, Koffka, Köhler

Gestalt Psychology

Why are programs designed to educate people about the dangers of using tobacco products just as important as developing tobacco cessation programs?

Given that currently available programs designed to help people quit using tobacco products are not necessarily effective in the long term, programs designed to prevent people from using these products in the first place may be the best hope for dealing with the enormous public health concerns associated with tobacco use.

psyche

Greek word for soul

Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device?

HOMES acronym to remember the names of the 5 great lakes

Grandma had a stroke that damaged her left frontal lobe. We can expect she will ________.

Having troubles controlling movements on the right side of the body

Ryan is conducting an experiment on the type of breakfast eaten by high schoolers and their wakefulness and alertness during the day. Which is the best way for Ryan to prevent experimenter bias?

He should not know what they ate for breakfast

What advantages exist for researching the potential health benefits of hypnosis?

Healthcare and pharmaceutical costs continue to skyrocket. If alternative approaches to dealing with these problems could be developed that would be relatively inexpensive, then the potential benefits are many.

What is amplitude?

Height of a wave

________ is the major opioid drug of abuse.

Heroin

The researchers believe there will be more aggression in males who have consumed alcohol compared to males who have not consumed alcohol.

Hypothesis

A(n) ________ is a testable prediction that is arrived at logically from a(n) ________.

Hypothesis; theory

Which organization reviews research conducted using animal subjects?

IACUC

________ is to animal research as ________ is to human research.

IACUC;IRB

Automatic processing

If someone asks you what you ate for lunch today, more than likely you could recall this information quite easily. or the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words. Automatic processing is usually done without any conscious awareness. Recalling the last time you studied for a test is another example of automatic processing

Behaviorism people

Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, B. F. Skinner

Which practice is an example of Theory X management?

Keystroke monitoring

According to Albert Bandura, ________.

Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

For this image, select the monocular cue that lets you know that the red cube is closer than the blue one. Note that for this picture, multiple cues may apply, but only one correct answer will be presented.

Light and shadow

[Select] is known for recommending foot-pedal trash cans, shelves in refrigerators doors, and improving employee motivation.

Lillian Gilbreth

Explain how the processes of stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination are considered opposites.

In stimulus generalization, an organism responds to new stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus. For example, a dog barks when the doorbell rings. He then barks when the oven timer dings because it sounds very similar to the doorbell. On the other hand, stimulus discrimination occurs when an organism learns a response to a specific stimulus, but does not respond the same way to new stimuli that are similar. In this case, the dog would bark when he hears the doorbell, but he would not bark when he hears the oven timer ding because they sound different; the dog is able to distinguish between the two sounds

For this image, select the monocular cue that indicates that the part of the pier going from left to right in the center of the picture is farther away than the part that is in the lower part of the picture. Note that for this picture, multiple cues may apply, but only one correct answer will be presented.

Linear perspective

A(n) ________ uses magnetic fields to create pictures of a given tissue.

MRI

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI):

MRI that shows changes in metabolic activity over time

Hallucinogens

Marijuana, LSD, Peyote, mescaline, DMT, dissociative anesthetics including ketamine and PCPIncreased heart rate and blood pressure that may dissipate over timeMild to intense perceptual changes with high variability in effects based on strain, method of ingestion, and individual differences

Financial rewards

Salary and benefits

Congenital deafness is ________.

Something your born with

Which statement best illustrates a negative correlation between the number of hours spent watching TV the week before an exam and the grade on that exam?

Students who watch TV preform more poorly on their exams

Supervision and feedback

Support, recognition, fairness

A(n) ________ is a list of questions developed by a researcher that can be administered in paper or online form.

Survey

halo effect:

Teams are given credit for their successes. but individuals within a team are blamed for team failures (Naquin & Tynan, 2003).

________ is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland that plays a role in regulating biological rhythms and immune function.

Meletonin

Which psychological domain would include a study of abnormal psychology?

Mental and physical health

Which section of a scholarly article would be most valuable to another researcher wanting to replicate the experiment?

Method

If Miguel wants to replicate Sara's study, which section of Sara's research article will be most valuable to him?

Methods

A/an ________ acts on the cerebellum to interfere with coordination and balance, producing the staggering gait of drunkenness.

Moderate dose of alcohol

Which of the following is not an example of a primary reinforcer? The question has been evaluated. Your choice is incorrect. Multiple Choice Questionfood

Money

________ cues require only one eye.

Monocular

*What area are human factors psychologists researching when they study when and how people decide to respond to engine failure during flight?

Not cognative engenereeing

For each of the following drugs, determine whether or not it is a hallucinogen Alcohol:

Not hallucinogen

For each of the following drugs, determine whether or not it is a hallucinogen Amphetamines:

Not hallucinogen

For each of the following drugs, determine whether or not it is a hallucinogen Barbiturates:

Not hallucinogen

For each of the following drugs, determine whether or not it is a hallucinogen Caffeine:

Not hallucinogen

For each of the following drugs, determine whether or not it is a hallucinogen Heroin:

Not hallucinogen

For each of the following drugs, determine whether or not it is a hallucinogen Nicotine:

Not hallucinogen

For each of the following drugs, determine whether or not it is a hallucinogen Opium:

Not hallucinogen

The negative health consequences of both alcohol and tobacco products are well-documented. A drug like marijuana, on the other hand, is generally considered to be as safe, if not safer than these legal drugs. Why do you think marijuana use continues to be illegal in many parts of the United States?

One possibility involves the cultural acceptance and long history of alcohol and tobacco use in our society. No doubt, money comes into play as well. Growing tobacco and producing alcohol on a large scale is a well-regulated and taxed process. Given that marijuana is essentially a weed that requires little care to grow, it would be much more difficult to regulate its production. Recent events suggest that cultural attitudes regarding marijuana are changing, and it is quite likely that its illicit status will be adapted accordingly.

Correlation means all of the following EXCEPT that ________.

One variable causes another

Which brain part is critical for regulating REM sleep?

Pons

Aleena has been in time out three times today for runnning on the hiking trails. Her parents decide to pop her hand each time she runs ahead of them on the trails. They hope that adding this adverse stimulus will teach her to stop running ahead. What form of operant conditioning are they using?

Positive punishment

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?

Positive punishment

The researcher asked parents to complete survey questions related to their mobile phone use and their child's mealtime behavior. She found that as mobile phone use increased so did problematic mealtime behavior. What is the technical term for this relationship between variables?

Positve correlation

Carbon monoxide poisoning often damages the occipital lobe of the brain. What might we expect when this part of the brain is damaged?

Problems visually

Arianna was an accomplished gymnast in her youth but hasn't been to the gym for nearly 10 years. Despite this, with some prompting from her old coach, she's able to do almost her entire uneven bar routine. This is an example of

Procedural memory

Coworkers

Professional relations or adequacy

In the scientific method, a hypothesis is a(n) ________.

Proposed explanation

What is the effect of prosocial modeling and antisocial modeling?

Prosocial modeling can prompt others to engage in helpful and healthy behaviors, while antisocial modeling can prompt others to engage in violent, aggressive, and unhealthy behaviors.

________ does not explain how we hear high frequencies.

Temporal theory

cue overload principle

That is, to be effective, a retrieval cue cannot be overloaded with too many memories.

signal detection theory

The ability to identify a stimulus when it is embedded in a distracting background is called signal detection theory.

retrieval.

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as

Research on interviewing has shown that

The first impressions and interactions before the interview even begins have an impact on getting a job offer

If the sound of your toaster popping up toast causes your mouth to water, what are the UCS, CS, and CR?

The food being toasted is the UCS; the sound of the toaster popping up is the CS; salivating to the sound of the toaster is the CR.

Which best fits the continual-activation theory of dreaming?

The function of sleep is to process, encode, and transfer data from short term memory to long term memory

Which of the techniques discussed would be viable options for you to determine how activity in the reticular formation is related to sleep and wakefulness? Why?

The most viable techniques are fMRI and PET because of their ability to provide information about brain activity and structure simultaneously.

Both reflexes and instincts help an organism

adapt to its environment and do not have to be learned.

positive reinforcement:

adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior

positive punishment:

adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior

The ________ gland secretes epinephrine.

adrenal

The opponent-process theory is supported by ________.

after images

Depressants are ________ of the GABA neurotransmitter, which has a quieting effect on the brain.

agonists

Most stimulants are ________ for the neurotransmitter dopamine.

agonists

postdoctoral training program:

allows young scientists to further develop their research programs and broaden their research skills under the supervision of other professionals in the field

Stage 1 sleep is characterized by ________ waves.

alpha

partial reinforcement

also referred to as intermittent reinforcement, the person or animal does not get reinforced every time they perform the desired behavior.

punishment

always decreases a behavior

first group of rats in the maze

always received a food reward at the end of the maze, so the payoff for learning the maze was real and immediate. T

The loudness of a sound is determined by the ________ of sound waves.

amplitude

Keesha finds it helpful to unwind at the end of the day by practicing meditation. This is defined as

an act of focusing on one target to increase awarness of the moment

Based on the data above, were children (boys and girls) more likely to show physical aggression if they had seen an aggressive model or a non-aggressive model?

an aggressive model

Based on the data above, were children (boys and girls) more likely to show verbal aggression if they had seen an aggressive model or a non-aggressive model?

an aggressive model

Stress is a result of

an employee's perception that the demands placed on them exceed their ability to meet them (Gyllensten & Palmer, 2005), such as having to fill multiple roles in a job or life in general, workplace role ambiguity, lack of career progress, lack of job security, lack of control over work outcomes, isolation, work overload, discrimination, harrassment, and bullying (Colligan & Higgins, 2005).

Teamwork is

an essential part of the modern workplace

verifiability:

an experiment must be replicable by another researcher

Associative learning occurs when

an organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment

n negative reinforcement,

an undesirable stimulus is removed to increase a behavior

Implicit memories are long-term memories that

are not part of our consciousness.

Explicit memories

are those we consciously try to remember, recall, and report.

prefrontal cortex:

area in the frontal lobe responsible for higher-level cognitive functioning

In classical conditioning, organisms learn to

associate events that readily happen together

parasympathetic nervous system

associated with routine, day-to-day operations of the body

When a person or animal makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together, they are exemplifying ________ learning.

associative

Theory X: assumes workers are inherently lazy and unproductive; managers must have control and use punishments

assumes workers are inherently lazy and unproductive; managers must have control and use punishments

Theory Y:

assumes workers are people who seek to work hard and productively; managers and workers can find creative solutions to problems; workers do not need to be controlled and punished

The ________ says that memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information.

atikison-shiffrin model

Matthias watched his older brother get arrested for selling drugs. He followed the steps of the modeling process to know that he doesn't want to get involved with selling drugs himself. These steps are:

attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation

True or False: Ebbinghaus found that memory for information drops off rapidly and eventually levels off after 30 days. He called this the forgetting curve and his research demonstrated that 80% of what you learn is lost in the first 30 days after learning.

True

The [Select] is responsible for enforcing federal laws that make it illegal to discriminate against a job applicant or an employee.

U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity

The [Select] (1) is responsible for enforcing federal laws that make it illegal to discriminate against a job applicant or an employee.

U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Damage to the ________ disrupts one's ability to comprehend language, but it leaves one's ability to produce words intact.

Wernicke's area

memory-enhancing strategy:

a technique to help make sure information goes from short-term memory to long-term memory

A meta-analysis of experimental studies found that physical attractiveness

benefited individuals in various job-related outcomes such as hiring, promotion, and performance review (Hosoda, Stone-Romero, & Coats, 2003).

If your memory of the home run you hit in the softball game becomes exaggerated to enhance your own performance, then you have fallen prey to a common memory tendency to distort your memories to fit your feelings about the world. This is called

bias

Cues that require two ears are referred to as ________ cues.

binaural

________ depth cues require the use of both eyes.

binocular

Based on the data above, did boys or girls on the average show more physical aggression toward the Bobo doll?

boys

soma

cell body

depressant is a drug that tends to suppress

central nervous system activity

An individual may suffer from ________ if there is a disruption in the brain signals that are sent to the muscles that regulate breathing.

central sleep apnea

cause-and-effect relationship:

changes in one variable cause the changes in the other variable; can be determined only through an experimental research design

wakefulness:

characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior

One of the methods used to reduce accidents in the workplace is a

checklist. airplane industries use checklists

neurotransmitter

chemical messenger of the nervous system

hormone:

chemical messenger released by endocrine glands

psychoactive drugs:

chemical substances that alters brain functioning, causing changes to consciousness, perception, mood, and thoughts

________ cycles occur roughly once every 24 hours.

circadian

________ psychology focuses on the causes, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of different types of behavioral and emotional disorders.

clinical

inner ear

cochlea and basilar membrane

Over-the-counter ________ poses a risk for abuse because of the way it mimics the body's natural pain-reducing ________.

codeine; opiates

This school of thought studies the mental processes of thinking, memory, and judgment.

cognative

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC):

committee of administrators, scientists, veterinarians, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving animal participants

cross-sectional research:

compares multiple segments of a population at a single time

lateralization:

concept that each hemisphere of the brain is associated with specialized functions

The behavior caused by the conditioned stimulus is called the

conditioned response (CR). In the case of Pavlov's dogs, they had learned to associate the tone (CS) with being fed, and they began to salivate (CR) in anticipation of food.

In Pavlov's work with dogs, the "psychic secretions" were ________.

conditioned responses

Pavlov paired the tone with the meat powder over and over again, the previously neutral stimulus (the tone) also began to elicit salivation from the dogs. Thus, the neutral stimulus became the

conditioned stimulus (CS), which is a stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly being paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Hearing loss resulting from damage to the bones of the middle ear is called ________ hearing loss.

conductive

________ operate best under bright light conditions.

cones

If you are studying depression rates during the cold winter months, a potential ________ could be the stress of the busy holiday season.

confounding

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

connects the brain and spinal cord to the muscles, organs and senses in the periphery of the body

Awareness of internal and external stimuli is

consciousness

reliability: consistency and reproducibility of a given result

consistency and reproducibility of a given result

autonomic nervous system

controls our internal organs and glands

transduction:

conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential

vestibulo-ocular reflex:

coordination of motion information with visual information that allows you to maintain your gaze on an object while you move.

Research that compares multiple segments of the population at the same time is known as ________.

cross sectional

binocular cue:

cue that relies on the use of both eyes

monocular cue:

cue that requires only one eye

Diversity training educates participants about

cultural differences with the goal of improving teamwork.

lens:

curved, transparent structure that provides additional focus for light entering the eye

hertz (Hz):

cycles per second; measure of frequency

extinction:

decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus

Slow-wave sleep is a sleep stage characterized by (1) sleep, not dreaming (2), and high (3) muscle tone.

deep (1) not dreaming (2) high (3)

longitudinal fissure:

deep groove in the brain's cortex

job satisfaction:

degree of pleasure that employees derive from their job

Importantly, social factors and body language can influence the outcome of the interview. These include influences, such as the

degree of similarity of the applicant to the interviewer and nonverbal behaviors, such as hand gestures, head nodding, and smiling (Bye, Horverak, Sandal, Sam, & Vivjer, 2014; Rakić, Steffens, & Mummendey, 2011).

Jake is in a deep sleep, which is characterized by ________ waves.

delta

stimulus generalization:

demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

The ________ receive(s) incoming signals from other neurons.

dendrites

Alcohol and barbiturates are examples of

depressents

sulcus (plural: sulci)

depressions or grooves in the cerebral cortex

sulcus (plural: sulci):

depressions or grooves in the cerebral cortex

suggestibility

describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories

operational definition:

description of what actions and operations will be used to measure the dependent variables and manipulate the independent variables

How could you design an experiment around the social learning theory?

determine how long it takes for someone to master a complex yoga move by looking at someone else

statistical analysis:

determines how likely any difference between experimental groups is due to chance

job analysis:

determining and listing tasks associated with a particular job

Two other learning processes—stimulus discrimination and stimulus generalization—are involved in

determining which stimuli will trigger learned responses.

A psychologist is interested in observing and recording infants' temperaments for changes and stability as the children age to young adulthood. He plans to study these children's temperaments as they evolve into personalities for 18 years. This psychologist's perspective is most likely the ________ perspective of psychology.

developmental

Which psychological domain would include a study of learning and conditioning?

developmental

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP):

device used to treat sleep apnea; includes a mask that fits over the sleeper's nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the person's airways, forcing them to remain open

Prior to conditioning, the dogs

did not salivate when they just heard the tone because the tone had no association for the dogs.

membrane potential

difference in charge across the neuronal membrane

just noticeable difference:

difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli

Decreased sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus is known as ________.

difference threshhold

place theory of pitch perception:

different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies

Which of the following describes insomnia?

difficulties staying or falling asleep

Light energy with very low amplitude would be perceived as ________.

dim

evolutionary psychology:

discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection

3-year-old Lacy always gets her favorite juice in her Scooby-Doo cup, so she drinks readily. But now the Scooby-Doo cup is in the dishwasher, so mom puts her juice in the Dora the Explorer cup that is identical to the Scooby-Doo cup except for the decorations. Lacy refuses to drink because she ________.

discriminates between the cups

John got terribly sick after eating a burger at a local fast-food chain. He cannot even drive past that restaurant without feeling nauseous. Oddly enough, he can eat at and pass several other fast food burger joints and not feel ill. What is most likely happening here?

discrimination

diabetes:

disease related to insufficient insulin production

Which of the following describes sleep apnea?

disorder characterized by pauses in breaking lasting at least 10 seconds during sleep

While Julie was hypnotized, she acknowledged the fact that her arm was in ice water and knew that it should hurt, but didn't actually feel pain. Which theory of hypnosis does this support?

dissociated view

A wavelength is measured by the ________ between one wave peak and the next wave peak.

distance

hindbrain:

division of the brain containing the medulla, pons, and cerebellum

midbrain:

division of the brain located between the forebrain and the hindbrain; contains the reticular formation

Cocaine blocks the reuptake of ________.

dopamine

antagonist

drug that blocks or impedes the normal activity of a given neurotransmitter

agonist

drug that mimics or strengthens the effects of a neurotransmitter

orientation period

during which the new employee is provided information regarding the company history, policies, and administrative protocols such as time tracking, benefits, and reporting requirements. An important goal of orientation training is to educate the new employee about the organizational culture, the values, visions, hierarchies, norms and ways the company's employees interact—essentially how the organization is run, how it operates, and how it makes decisions.

Which of the following statements most closely aligns with humanism?

each person is inherently good and motivated to be healthy functioning individual

tympanic membrane:

eardrum

Lillian Gilbreth studied

efficiency improvements that were applicable in the workplace, home, and other areas. She is credited with the idea of (b) putting shelves on the inside of refrigerator doors and (c) foot-pedal-operated garbage cans.

________ is when our recollections of the past are done in a self-enhancing manner.

egocentric bias

action potential

electrical signal that moves down the neuron's axon

psychological dependence:

emotional, rather than a physical, need for a drug which may be used to relieve psychological distress

Organizational psychology is interested in

employee relationships and organizational culture

The fact that Elon can remember more words on his German test while taking the exam inside his classroom (instead of the testing center) can be explained by the

encoding specificity principle

The three functions of memory are ________.

encoding, storage, retrieval

Our memory has three basic functions:

encoding, storing, and retrieving information.

Typically, REM cycles are concentrated toward the ________ of a night of sleep.

end

pineal gland:

endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin

Explicit memory is divided into

episodic memory and semantic memory.

Equal Pay Act requires that

equal pay for men and women in the same workplace who are performing equal work

somatosensory cortex:

essential for processing sensory information from across the body, such as touch, temperature, and pain

Ivan Pavlov

established the principles of classical conditioning through the experiments with dogs

Which of the following are the best examples of skills that psychology students will develop during their course of study?

evaluating information and using critical thinking skills

performance appraisal:

evaluation of an employee's success or lack of success at performing the duties of the job

The belief that sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day is consistent with ________ theories about sleep.

evolutionary

________ psychology seeks to study the ultimate biological causes of a behavior.

evolutionary

Existing theories ________.

evolve, change, can be expanded, modified and even replaced

double-blind study:

experiment in which both the researchers and the participants are blind to group assignments

single-blind study:

experiment in which the researcher knows which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group

The only way to determine if there is a cause and effect relationship between two variables is to do ________ research.

experimental

Long-term memories you have to consciously think about are

explicit

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct?

eye witness misidentification leading cause of wrongful convictions

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct?1

eyewitness testimony are vulnerable to the power of suggestion

Stephen has a tumor in his brain and doctors want to assess what areas are impacted. They want a clear picture of the brain, but also want to see changes in the brain's blood flow. What imaging technique will they use?

fMRI

conductive hearing loss:

failure in the vibration of the eardrum and/or movement of the ossicles

persistence:

failure of the memory system that involves the involuntary recall of unwanted memories, particularly unpleasant ones

inattentional blindness:

failure to notice something that is completely visible because of a lack of attention

sensorineural hearing loss:

failure to transmit neural signals from the cochlea to the brain

procedural justice:

fairness by which means are used to achieve results in an organization

Recall of false autobiographical memories is called

false memory syndrome

myelin sheath

fatty substance that insulates axons

euphoric high:

feelings of intense elation and pleasure from drug use

stage 1 sleep:

first stage of sleep; transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep; the period during which a person drifts off to sleep

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed interval

Monthly paychecks are an example of which type of reinforcement schedule?

fixed interval

Napoleon's regular salary is likely on a

fixed interval schedule

Ben has a job with a landscape service. He works about 35 hours each week. He is always paid on Friday afternoon, and his salary is always the same.

fixed intraval

Sue makes simple fabric dolls for a local craft store. The store only takes the dolls in sets of 25. For every 25 dolls she delivers, the store pays her $10.

fixed ratio

An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event is a (an) ________.

flashbulb memory

An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event, such as 9/11, is a ________.

flashbulb memory

behaviorism:

focus on observing and controlling behavior

psychoanalytic theory

focus on the role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behavior

Transactional leaders do not:

focus on worker input regarding assigning goals

functionalism

focused on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment

After Trial #11, the "No Food Until Trial 11" group performed more like the ________ group.

food on every trial

Which group seems to have reached the dotted reference line most quickly?

food on every trial

hypothalamus:

forebrain structure that regulates sexual motivation and behavior and a number of homeostatic processes; serves as an interface between the nervous system and the endocrine system

Which type of psychologist would most likely be asked to serve as an expert witness during a court case?

forensic

operant conditioning... :

form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated

operant conditioning:

form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated

The ________ is a small indentation of the retina that contains cones.

fovea

Pitch is determined by the ________ of sound waves.

frequency

In the late 1800s, this approach examined how the mind operates and how conscious thoughts in the mind have continually evolved since the beginning of time.

functionalism

In the late 19th century, the early school of psychology that was heavily influenced by biology was ________.

functionalism

Which school of psychology was more likely to focus on the operation of the entire mind instead of specific parts?

functionalism

According to research by Hoogendoorn, Oosterbeek, & van Praag, which type of sales team is likely to bring in the most profits?

gender balenced

A CS and UCS are associated so the CS now produces a CR without presentation of the UCS. If a new stimulus that is similar to the CS also produces the CR, we have an example of ________.

generalization

Pavlov conditions a dog to salivate when he rings a bell. Now he changes the bell to one with a much deeper tone and the dog salivates, even though the bell is clearly different from the original one. Responding to a new stimulus as if it were the original CS is ________.

generalization

The two major hormones secreted from the pancreas are:

glucagon and insulin

What do you think is going to happen on Trial #12 for the "no food until Trial 11" group?

graph c

empirical:

grounded in objective, tangible evidence that can be observed time and time again, regardless of who is observing

experimental group:

group designed to answer the research question; experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, so any differences between the two are due to experimental manipulation rather than chance

work team:

group of people within an organization or company given a specific task to achieve together

The pituitary gland secretes ________ during sleep, which aids in maturation.

growth hormone

For each of the following drugs, determine whether or not it is a hallucinogen Marijuana:

hallucinogen

For each of the following drugs, determine whether or not it is a hallucinogen Mescaline:

hallucinogen

For each of the following drugs, determine whether or not it is a hallucinogen PCP:

hallucinogen

One well-recognized negative aspect of organizational culture is a culture of

harassment, including sexual harassment.

psychological dependence

has an emotional, rather than physical, need for the drug and may use the drug to relieve psychological distress.

primary reinforcer:

has innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water, shelter, sex)

secondary reinforcer:

has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (e.g., money, gold stars, poker chips)

Baddeley and Hitch (1974)

have proposed a model where short-term memory itself has different forms

Amplitude

height of a wave

What aspect of an office workstation would a human factors psychologist be concerned about?

height of chair

latent content:

hidden meaning of a dream, per Sigmund Freud's view of the function of dreams

A/an________ affects the CNS and leads to dizziness, nausea, and eventually a loss of consciousness.

high dose of alcohol

The medulla, pons, and cerebellum are collectively called the

hindbrain

pons:

hindbrain structure that connects the brain and spinal cord; involved in regulating brain activity during sleep

H.M. was unable to form any new semantic memories because of the removal of his ________.

hippocampus

A(n) [Select] psychologist may examine the layout of an office and consider new ways to optimize the productivity and health of the employees.

human factors

Elton Mayo's studies at the Western Electric's Hawthorne Works in Chicago began with a study of the physical work environment but evolved into studying [Select] like motivation and interpersonal relations.

human interaction factors

Cognitive engineering Includes

human software interactions in complex automated systems, especially the decision-making processes of workers as they are supported by the software system How do workers use and obtain information provided by software?

An impairment of eating, drinking, temperature regulation, or sexual behavior suggests possible damage to the ________.

hypothalmus

Recognition happens when you

identify information that you have previously learned after encountering it again.

recognition:

identifying previously learned information after encountering it again, usually in response to a cue

equipotentiality hypothesis:

if part of one area of the brain involved in memory is damaged, another part of the same area can take over that memory function (Lashley, 1950).

computerized tomography (CT) scan:

imaging technique in which a computer coordinates and integrates multiple x-rays of a given area

In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus is presented

immediately before an unconditioned stimulus

punishment:

implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior

reinforcement:

implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior

predictability:

implies that a theory should enable us to make predictions about future events

fairness:

implies that all data must be considered when evaluating a hypothesis

Wernicke's area:

important for speech comprehension

The ultimate goal of an occupational health psychologist is to

improve the overall health and well-being of an individual, and, as a result, increase the overall health of the organization

Failure to notice something that is completely visible because of a lack of attention is called ________.

inattentional blindness

Domain 5: Mental and Physical Health

includes abnormal psychology, therapy, and health psychology

Biological Domain

includes neuroscience, consciousness, and sensation

Domain 4: Social and Personality

includes the study of personality, emotion, motivation, gender, and culture

Hawthorne effect:

increase in performance of individuals who are noticed, watched, and paid attention to by researchers or supervisors

Which variable is manipulated by the experimenter?

independent variable

field of I-O psychology can be divided into three broad areas

industrial, organizational, and human factors

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS):

infant (one year old or younger) with no apparent medical condition suddenly dies during sleep

generalize

inferring that the results for a sample apply to the larger population

Mentoring is a form of

informal training in which an experienced employee guides the work of a new employee

retroactive interference:

information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory

information passes through three distinct stages in order for it to be stored in long-term memory.

levels of processing:

information that is thought of more deeply becomes more meaningful and thus better committed to memory

Both instincts and reflexes are

innate (unlearned) behaviors that organisms are born with

biological clock:

innate timing device controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus

semantic encoding:

input of words and their meaning

Before a university researcher can test their hypotheses by collecting data, a(n) ________ must provide ethical oversight.

institutional review board

biological rhythm:

internal cycle of biological activity

For this image, select the monocular cue that best indicates that the duck is behind the bars. Note that for this picture, multiple cues may apply, but only one correct answer will be presented.

interposition

positron emission tomography (PET) scan:

involves injecting individuals with a mildly radioactive substance and monitoring changes in blood flow to different regions of the brain

cochlea

is a fluid-filled, snail-shaped structure that contains the sensory receptor cells (hair cells) of the auditory system

Hypnosis

is a state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli. In the therapeutic setting, a clinician often will use relaxation and suggestion in an attempt to alter the thoughts and perceptions of a patient. Hypnosis has also been used to draw out information believed to be buried deeply in someone's memory.

flashbulb memory

is an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event

Downsizing

is an increasingly common response to a business's pronounced failure to achieve profit goals, and it involves laying off a significant percentage of the company's employees.

Workplace violence

is any act or threat of physical violence, harassment, intimidation, or other threatening, disruptive behavior that occurs at the workplace. It ranges from threats and verbal abuse to physical assaults and even homicide (Occupational Safety & Health Administration, 2014).

Fixed ratio Reinforcement

is delivered after a predictable number of responses (e.g., after 2, 4, 6, and 8 responses).High response rate with pauses after reinforcement Piecework—factory worker getting paid for every x number of items manufactured

Variable ratio Reinforcement

is delivered after an unpredictable number of responses (e.g., after 1, 4, 5, and 9 responses).High and steady response rate Gambling

Fixed interval Reinforcement

is delivered at predictable time intervals (e.g., after 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes).Moderate response rate with significant pauses after reinforcement Hospital patient uses patient-controlled, doctor-timed pain relief

Variable interval Reinforcement

is delivered at unpredictable time intervals (e.g., after 5, 7, 10, and 20 minutes).Moderate yet steady response rate Checking Facebook

Episodic memory

is information about events we have personally experienced

Alcohol intoxication

is measured for legal and medical uses in terms of Blood Alcohol Content (BAC). A BAC of 0.10 (0.10% or one-tenth of one percent) means that there are 0.10 g of alcohol for every 100 ml of blood. While a BAC of 0.0 is sober, in the United States a BAC of 0.08 is legally intoxicated, and above that is considered very impaired. BAC levels above 0.40 are potentially fatal. At rather low doses, alcohol use is associated with feelings of euphoria. As the dose increases, people report feeling sedated. Generally, alcohol is associated with decreases in reaction time and visual acuity, lowered levels of alertness, and reduction in behavioral control.

positive punishment

is scolding a student to get the student to stop texting in class. In this case, a stimulus (the reprimand) is added in order to decrease the behavior (texting in class).

Encoding

is the act of getting information into our memory system through automatic or effortful processing.

retrieval

is the act of getting information out of storage and into conscious awareness through recall, recognition, and relearning.

Long-term memory (LTM)

is the continuous storage of information. Unlike short-term memory, long-term memory storage capacity is believed to be unlimited. It encompasses all the things you can remember that happened more than just a few minutes ago.

Storage

is the creation of a permanent record of information

Visual encoding

is the encoding of images

Acoustic encoding

is the encoding of sounds, words in particular

Amnesia

is the loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma.

Memory

is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time.

Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 amends the Civil Rights Act

it prohibits job (e.g., employment, pay, and termination) discrimination of a woman because she is pregnant as long as she can perform the work required.

Job stress affects

job satisfaction

third form of retrieval is relearning, and it's

just what it sounds like. It involves learning information that you previously learned.

Which practice is an example of Theory X management?

keystroke monitoring

Semantic memory is

knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts. Semantic memory is typically reported as facts.

KSAs describe the [Select] required for a job.

knowledge, skills, and abilities

Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true?

known for establishing conditions classical conditioning

If a researcher found a correlation coefficient of -.85 between amount of exercise and weight, this would indicate that the more people exercise, the ________ they weigh.

lESS

nonverbal cues are important in an interview. Liden, Martin, & Parsons (1993) found that .

lack of eye contact and smiling on the part of the applicant led to lower applicant ratings.

cataplexy:

lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles

absentmindedness:

lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention or our focus being somewhere else

forebrain:

largest part of the brain, containing the cerebral cortex, the thalamus, and the limbic system, among other structures

If you dream about your teeth falling out and your friend tells you it is really about anxiety over your new job, her interpretation represents the ________ content of your dream.

latent

Learning that does not reveal itself until it is needed is called

latent learning

Acquiring knowledge and skills through experience is called ________.

learning

The basic idea behind observational learning is that

learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say

What was the most important takeaway from Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs?

learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus

classical conditioning:

learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior

latent learning:

learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it

wavelength:

length of a wave from one peak to the next peak

Do we need more or less sleep as we age?

less

retina:

light-sensitive lining of the eye

Müller-Lyer illusion

lines appear to be different lengths although they are identical. (a) Arrows at the ends of lines may make the line on the right appear longer, although the lines are the same length. (b) When applied to a three-dimensional image, the line on the right again may appear longer although both black lines are the same length.

task-oriented

lists in detail the tasks that will be performed for the job. Each task is typically rated on scales for how frequently it is performed, how difficult it is, and how important it is to the job.

trough:

lowest point of a wave

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):

magnetic fields used to produce a picture of the tissue being imaged

axon

major extension of the soma

The self-referencing effect refers to ________.

making the material you are trying to memorize personally meaningful to you

Based on the data above, were boys more likely to show physical aggression if they had seen a male model or a female model?

male

random assignment:

method of experimental group assignment in which all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group

archival research

method of research using past records or data sets to answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or relationships

checklist:

method used to reduce workplace accidents

The substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, and reticular formation can all be found in the

midbrain

reticular formation:

midbrain structure important in regulating the sleep/wake cycle, arousal, alertness, and motor activity

ventral tegmental area (VTA)

midbrain structure where dopamine is produced: associated with mood, reward, and addiction

incus:

middle ear ossicle; also known as the anvil

malleus:

middle ear ossicle; also known as the hammer

stapes:

middle ear ossicle; also known as the stirrup

absolute threshold:

minimum amount of stimulus energy that must be present for the stimulus to be detected 50% of the time

When the source of a memory is confused, like you think the storyline of a t.v. show you watched actually happened to you in real life, it is called

misattribution

three errors of distortion:

misattribution, suggestibility, and bias

In a study, researchers asked one group of participants to watch a video about two friends in an unpleasant argument. They asked another group of participants to watch the same video, but told participants that it was a video of two friends enjoying a lively discussion. Afterwards, the researchers notice that participants who were told the discussion was an argument were more likely to falsely report that the people in the video were yelling, frowning, and getting angry. This is an example of

misinformation effect

When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stitches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________.

misinformation effect paradigm

The person who performs a behavior that serves as an example is called a ________.

model

REM sleep is part of the sleep cycle, and so it occurs ________ during the night.

multiple times

Multiple sclerosis involves a breakdown of the ________.

myelin sheath

The most common treatment for ________ involves the use of amphetamine-like medications.

narcolepsy

unconditioned response (UCR):

natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus

Susan is undergoing chemotherapy, which makes her feel nauseous. Now she feels nauseous the moment she walks into the doctor's office. What is the unconditioned response in this situation?

nausea

During resting potential, before the electric charge is sent, the inside of a neuron has a ________ charge.

negative

There is ________ correlation between the number of hours of sleep a person gets and how tired they feel.

negative

Stare at the white dot for 30-60 seconds and then move your eyes to a blank piece of white paper. What do you see? This is known as

negative afterimage, and it provides empirical support for the opponent-process theory of color vision.

janette comes home too late after her high school party. She loses her driving privileges for two weeks. A month later, Janette is at another party and she is supposed to be home in a half hour. The loss of driving privileges is a [Select 1] [Select 2] .

negative punisher

_______ is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior. Multiple Choice Question

negative punishment

Dave has a splitting headache. He decides to go for a run and like magic the headache disappears. The next time he has a headache, he is thinking about going for a run. The disappearance of the headache is a [Select 1] [Select 2].

negative reinforcer

The dependent variable in this study was ________.

number of errors made while running through the maze

variable ratio reinforcement schedule:

number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded

frequency:

number of waves that pass a given point in a given time period

Everyone in a company knows the story of how the company was founded, and they share it with new employees as a legend, complete with jargon and slang that one would only understand as an employee of that company. Which aspect of organizational culture is being described?

observable artifacts

Which aspect of organizational culture is identified by a company's language (jargon, slang, and humor) and narratives (stories and legends)?

observable artifacts

Implicit procedural memory is often studied using

observable behaviors

Industrial psychology focuses on

on hiring and maintaining employees

opiate/opioid:

one of a category of drugs that has strong analgesic properties; opiates are produced from the resin of the opium poppy; includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine

hallucinogen

one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences, often with vivid hallucinations

hallucinogen:

one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences, often with vivid hallucinations

parasomnia:

one of a group of sleep disorders characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep

monaural cue:

one-eared cue to localize sound

Classical conditioning involves pairing a behavior and a consequence (reinforcements and punishments).

operant conditioning

Skinner

operant conditioning

Susanna's parents give her an allowance every day that her bed is made and her room is picked up. Her parents are utilizing principles of

operant conditioning

codeine:

opiate with relatively low potency often prescribed for minor pain

Our bodies naturally produce ________ to reduce pain and produce euphoria.

opioids

Which category of drugs mimic endogenous pain-killing systems within the body?

opiotes

Each hemisphere of the brain controls the______ of the body. This is referred to as ___________ The hemispheres are connected by the __________ which allows the two sides to communicate with each other.

opposite side lateralization. corpus callosum

The ________ carries visual information from the retina to the brain.

optic nerve

operant conditioning

organisms learn to associate a behavior and its consequence (Table 1). A pleasant consequence makes that behavior more likely to be repeated in the future.

in classical conditioning, also known as Pavlovian conditioning,

organisms learn to associate events—or stimuli—that repeatedly happen together.

In operant conditioning,

organisms learn, again, to associate events—a behavior and its consequence (reinforcement or punishment). A pleasant consequence encourages more of that behavior in the future, whereas a punishment deters the behavior

Management, leadership, and the structure of a company are all principles studied in [Select] (1) psychology.

organizational

Management, leadership, and the structure of a company are all principles studied in [Select] psychology.

organizational

chunking:

organizing information into manageable bits or chunks

Middle ear

ossicles: malleus, incus, and stapes

population:

overall group of individuals that the researchers are interested in

If your ________ is activated, you will feel relatively at ease.

parasympathetic nervous system

The somatosensory cortex is an area just behind the motor cortex that receives information from the skin's sensory receptors and movements from different body parts. In which part of the cerebral cortex is it located?

parietal lobe

deafness:

partial or complete inability to hear

lucid dream:

people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 states

people may not be discriminated against due to the nature of their disability.

__________is often used for the supervisor to communicate specific concerns about the employee's work and to positively reinforce elements of good performance.

performance appraisal

job analysis play a role in

performance appraisal as well as any goals that have been set by the employee or by the employee and supervisor.

rapid eye movement (REM) sleep:

period of sleep characterized by brain waves very similar to those during wakefulness and by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids

Growth hormone is secreted by the ________ while we sleep.

pituitary gland

The fact that the base of the basilar membrane responds best to high frequencies supports the ________ theory of hearing.

place

hypothesis:

plural: hypotheses) tentative and testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables

blind spot:

point where we cannot respond to visual information in that portion of the visual field

visible spectrum:

portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can see

transformational leadership

possess four attributes to varying degrees: They are charismatic (highly liked role models), inspirational (optimistic about goal attainment), intellectually stimulating (encourage critical thinking and problem solving), and considerate (Bass, Avolio, & Atwater, 1996).

Which type of reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities that are not learned?

primary

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

primary

Frederick Taylor (1911) strived to engineer workplaces to increase productivity,

productivity, based on the ideas he set forth in (b) his book, The Principles of Scientific Management. (c) Taylor designed this steam hammer at the Midvale Steel Company. (credit c: modification of work by "Kheel Center, Cornell University"/Flickr)

continual-activation theory:

proposes that dreaming is a result of brain activation and synthesis; its assumption is that, during REM sleep, the unconscious part of the brain is busy processing procedural memory

receptor

protein on the cell surface where neurotransmitters attach

Drugs designed to restore neurotransmitter balance in the brain are known as

psychotropic meds

deception:

purposely misleading experiment participants in order to maintain the integrity of the experiment

If every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate in a study, then it is considered a ________.

random sample

sleep spindle:

rapid burst of high frequency brain waves during stage 2 sleep that may be important for learning and memory

There are three ways you can retrieve information out of your long-term memory storage system:

recall, recognition, and relearning.

Agonists and antagonists mimic or impede neurotransmitters by binding to ________.

receptors

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.

recignition

The process of encoding always involves

recoding

Forgetting

refers to loss of information from long-term memory.

Latent learning is learning that is not

reinforced and not demonstrated until there is motivation to do so

Reinforcement differs from punishment in that ________.

reinforment is any outcome that leads to an increase in a behavior and a punishment is an outcome that leads to a decrease in that behavior

somatic nervous system:

relays sensory and motor information to and from the CNS

You give the students the Psychology test you designed. Because you want to make sure you created a good test, you have them take the test on one Friday, and then again the next Friday. You find that the average score for the first try is 83, but the average score the next time is only 61.

reliability

sleep debt:

result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

Ménière's disease:

results in a degeneration of inner ear structures that can lead to hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo, and an increase in pressure within the inner ear

spontaneous recovery:

return of a previously extinguished conditioned response

continuous reinforcement:

rewarding a behavior every time it occurs

shaping:

rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior

fixed interval reinforcement

schedule is when behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time. For example, June undergoes major surgery in a hospital. D

Douglas McGregor (1960) combined

scientific management (a theory of management that analyzes and synthesizes workflows with the main objective of improving economic efficiency, especially labor productivity) and human relations into the notion of leadership behavior. His theory lays out two different styles called Theory X and Theory Y.

developmental psychology:

scientific study of development across a lifespan

Stickers on a sticker chart are an example of which type of reinforcer?

seconadary

Murder is the

second leading cause of death in the workplace. It is also the primary cause of death for women in the workplace.

stage 2 sleep:

second stage of sleep; the body goes into deep relaxation; characterized by the appearance of sleep spindles

Money is an example of which type of reinforcer?

secondary

pituitary gland:

secretes a number of key hormones, which regulate fluid levels in the body, and a number of messenger hormones, which direct the activity of other glands in the endocrine system

pancreas:

secretes hormones that regulate blood sugar

thyroid:

secretes hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and appetite

gonad:

secretes sexual hormones, which are important for successful reproduction, and mediate both sexual motivation and behavior

illusory correlation:

seeing relationships between two things when in reality no such relationship exists

evolutionary psychology:

seeks to understand human behavior as the result of psychological adaptation and natural selection

According to Sigmund Freud, which of the following is a way to access the unconscious mind?

seemingly innocent slips of the toungue

According to the principles of social learning theory, Claire is likely to demonstrate aggressive behavior if she

sees a character on TV get rewarded for being violent towards another character

________ is what happens when information is detected by a sensory receptor, like when Maggie's optic nerves pick up a light flashing in the distance.

sensation

________ is what happens when information is detected by a sensory receptor, like when Sharif's auditory nerves pick up a sound in the distance.

sensation

When the hearing problem is associated with a failure to transmit neural signals from the cochlea to the brain, it is called

sensorineural hearing loss

Memory of brief events, like the smell of french fries you pass on the way to the corner store, are stored in ________ memory.

sensory

thalamus:

sensory relay for the brain

The longitudinal fissure

separates brain into two halves

control group:

serves as a basis for comparison and controls for chance factors that might influence the results of the study—by holding such factors constant across groups so that the experimental manipulation is the only difference between groups

fixed ratio reinforcement schedule:

set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded

sexual harassment:

sexually-based behavior that is knowingly unwanted and has an adverse effect of a person's employment status, interferes with a person's job performance, or creates a hostile or intimidating work environment

Jackie wants her dog to bring her the mail each day after it's dropped in through the mail slot. Instead of trying teach her dog, Dodger, all at once, she begins by giving him treats each time he goes to the mail slot. This is an example of

shaping

Jarren wants his dog to play dead when he says "bang, bang!" so he begins by giving him a treat each time that he crouches down after giving the command. Eventually he'll get him to roll over and then to lay on his back with his legs outstretched. This is an example of

shaping

Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is ________.

shaping

Rewarding successive approximations towards a target behavior is known as

shaping

Richard is teaching his son, Cody, to throw darts. At first, he gives Cody a piece of candy each time the dart hits the dartboard. As time progresses, Richard starts only rewarding Cody when the dart hits one of the inner rings of the dartboard. Finally, Richard only rewards Cody when he hits the bullseye. This example best illustrates the concept of ________.

shaping

Which statement below is true about psychoanalytical psychology?

sigmund Freud believed that understanding a person's unconcious or early childhood memory could help a person experiencing anxiety or depression

Which of the following is an effective method to help you remember the names of all 50 states? 1

sing the 50 states to happy birthday

adrenal gland

sits atop our kidneys and secretes hormones involved in the stress response

Which person was most interested in studying learned behavior?

skinner

________ occurs when there is a chronic deficiency in sleep.

sleep debt

________ causes disruptions in cognition and memory deficits.

sleep depervation

sleep apnea:

sleep disorder defined by episodes during which breathing stops during sleep

obstructive sleep apnea:

sleep disorder defined by episodes when breathing stops during sleep as a result of blockage of the airway

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD):

sleep disorder in which the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur; sleepers have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams

night terror:

sleep disorder in which the sleeper experiences a sense of panic and may scream or attempt to escape from the immediate environment

narcolepsy:

sleep disorder in which the sufferer cannot resist falling to sleep at inopportune times

sleep rebound:

sleep-deprived individuals will experience longer sleep latencies during subsequent opportunities for sleep

interaural timing difference:

small difference in the time at which a given sound wave arrives at each ear

synapse

small gap between two neurons where communication occurs

fovea:

small indentation in the retina that contains cones

________ is the study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others

social

Lewin is considered the founder of

social psychology and much of his work and that of his students produced results that had important influences in organizational psychology.

The peripheral nervous system is composed of the

somatic and autonomic systems

________ is another word for sleepwalking.

somnambulism

interaural level difference:

sound coming from one side of the body is more intense at the closest ear because of the attenuation of the sound wave as it passes through the head

temporal theory of pitch perception:

sound's frequency is coded by the activity level of a sensory neuron

cone:

specialized photoreceptor that works best in bright light conditions and detects color

rod:

specialized photoreceptor that works well in low light conditions

vertigo:

spinning sensation

Dave has been working with a therapist to give up smoking. He has learned to stop having cravings when he sees someone about to light up a cigarette and thinks he is free. Then he goes to a party, sees a guy about to light up, and experiences strong cravings. What is going on?

spontaneous recovery

sleep:

state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness

homeostasis

state of equilibrium—biological conditions, such as body temperature, are maintained at optimal levels

hypnosis:

state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli

tolerance:

state of requiring increasing quantities of the drug to gain the desired effect

activation-synthesis theory:

states that dreams don't actually mean anything. Instead, dreams are merely electrical brain impulses that pull random thoughts and imagery from our memories.

ology

suffix that denotes "scientific study of"

A person's conscience and voice of reason and goodness is the

superego

cerebral cortex:

surface of the brain that is associated with our highest mental capabilities

Based on Susan's nervousness and on her physiological responses, what part of Susan's nervous system is being activated?

sympathetic division

The space between a sending and receiving neuron is called a____

synapse

methadone:

synthetic opioid that is less euphorogenic than heroin and similar drugs; used to manage withdrawal symptoms in opiate users

memory:

system or process that stores what we learn for future use

negative punishment:

taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior

negative reinforcement:

taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?

taking your dog to the dog park at 4pm every day

Leo is a human factors psychologist who breaks down the steps in the factory production lines. He recently visited a cheese factory and recorded the process needed for each employee to get to his or her station. Leo found three recommendations for making the process more safe and effective. This is an example of

task analysis

There are two related but different approaches to job analysis—

task-oriented and worker-oriented.

Gretchen recently reported randomly hearing songs, and voices from the past. An MEG (magnetoencephalography) revealed she had a tumor causing neurons in the ________ lobe to occasionally fire at random, triggering these auditory illusions.

temporal

Scientific hypotheses are ________ and falsifiable.

testable

experimental research:

tests a hypothesis to determine cause and effect relationships

correlational research:

tests whether a relationship exists between two or more variables

Recoding

that is, taking the information from the form it is delivered to us and then converting it in a way that we can make sense of it

Federal anti-discrimination laws are enforced by

the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. These laws make it illegal to discriminate against a job applicant or an employee because of the person's race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, disability, or genetic information.

synesthesia:

the blending of two or more sensory experiences, or the automatic activation of a secondary (indirect) sensory experience due to certain aspects of the primary (direct) sensory stimulation.

sample:

the collection of individuals on which we collect data

In organizational psychology,

the focus is on social interactions and their effect on the individual and on the functioning of the organization.

transactional leadership,

the focus is on supervision and organizational goals, which are achieved through a system of rewards and punishments (i.e., transactions). Transactional leaders maintain the status quo: They are managers.

Encoding involves the

the input of information into the memory system

In a structured interview,

the interviewer asks the same questions of every candidate, the questions are prepared in advance, and the interviewer uses a standardized rating system for each response. With this approach, the interviewer can accurately compare two candidates' interviews.

priming:

the process by which recent experiences increase a trait's accessibility.

Tolman argued about latent learning that

the rats had formed a "cognitive map" of the maze but did not demonstrate this knowledge until they received reinforcement.

sensory adaptation

the reduction in sensitivity after prolonged exposure to a stimulus

Organizational psychology is a discipline interested in how

the relationships among employees affect those employees and the performance of a business. This includes studying worker satisfaction, motivation, and commitment. This field also studies management, leadership, and organizational culture, as well as how an organization's structures, management and leadership styles, social norms, and role expectations affect individual behavior.

mere-exposure effects:

the result of developing a more positive attitude towards a stimulus after repeated instances of mere exposure to it.

A sound's purity is called its ________.

timbre

The quality of a sound that is affected by frequency, amplitude, and timing of the sound wave is known as ________.

timbre

________ occurs when a drug user requires more and more of a given drug in order to experience the same effects of the drug.

tolerence

diversity training:

training employees about cultural differences with the goal of improving teamwork

immutable characteristic:

traits that employers cannot use to discriminate in hiring, benefits, promotions, or termination; these traits are fundamental to one's personal identity (e.g. skin color and hair texture)

When a memory fades over time, it is called

transience

cornea

transparent covering over the eye

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 makes it illegal

treat individuals unfavorably because of their race or color of their skin: An employer cannot discriminate based on skin color, hair texture, or other immutable characteristics, which are traits of an individual that are fundamental to her identity, in hiring, benefits, promotions, or termination of employees

There are three types of cone cells, one for each primary color.

trichromatic

binaural cue:

two-eared cue to localize sound

observational learning:

type of learning that occurs by watching others

procedural memory:

type of long-term memory for making skilled actions, such as how to brush your teeth, how to drive a car, and how to swim

declarative memory:

type of long-term memory of facts and events we personally experience

delta wave:

type of low frequency, high amplitude brain wave characteristic of stage 3 and stage 4 sleep

theta wave:

type of low frequency, low amplitude brain wave characteristic of the end of stage 1 sleep

When H.M. had his hippocampus removed, he was

unable to form new semantic memories

Light energy with very high amplitude would be perceived as ________.

very bright

K-complex:

very high amplitude pattern of brain activity associated with stage 2 sleep that may occur in response to environmental stimuli

biological perspective

view that psychological disorders like depression and schizophrenia are associated with imbalances in one or more neurotransmitter systems

Attention Includes

vigilance and monitoring, recognizing signals in noise, mental resources, and divided attention How is attention maintained? What about tasks maintains attention? How to design systems to support attention?

pinna:

visible part of the ear that protrudes from the head

The property that differentiates the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can see from the part we cannot see is ________.

wavelength

perception:

way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced

theory:

well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena

sensation:

what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor

depolarization

when a cell's charge becomes positive, or less negative

transience

which means that memories can fade over time.

Which researcher was more likely to use recording devices and objective measures to examine the mind?

william james

Mentoring is recognized to be particularly important to the career success of

women (McKeen & Bujaki, 2007) by creating connections to informal networks, adopting a style of interaction that male managers are comfortable with, and with overcoming discrimination in job promotions.

rotating shift work:

work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis

Human factors psychology is the study of how

workers interact with the tools of work and how to design those tools to optimize workers' productivity, safety, and health. These studies can involve interactions as straightforward as the fit of a desk, chair, and computer to a human having to sit on the chair at the desk using the computer for several hours each day.

________ is another name for short-term memory

working memory

blocking:

you can't access stored information

anterograde amnesia

you cannot remember new information, although you can remember information and events that happened prior to your injury. The hippocampus is usually affected

Francis is studying the relationship between personality traits and drug abuse. If she determines that there is a significant relationship between these two variables, that means her study would have a p-value of ________ or less.

.05

Researchers generally use a p-value of ________ as a cutoff for determining if data is statistically significant.

.05

The stimuli for hearing, or audition, are (1), which have several physical characteristics. The physical characteristic of amplitude or height of sound waves is transformed into the subjective experience of (2), which is measured in units called (3). The frequency (cycles per second) of sound waves is transformed into the subjective experience of (4), which for humans range from about 20 to 20,000 Hertz (HZ), the unit of measure for frequency.

(1) Soundwaves (2) Loudness (3) Decibels (4) Pitch

Fill in the missing words Creating memories involves three processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Remembering something important requires us to(1)____________ it well by attending to the information. After the information has made it into our awareness with some level of meaning, then we are tasked with rehearsing it long enough for it to be properly (2)_________. If all goes well, the information should be available for (3)___________.

(1) encode (2)stored (3) retrieval

There are two components of long-term memory: explicit and implicit. Explicit memory includes (1) Implicit memory includes (2)

(1) episodic and semantic memory. (2)procedural memory and things learned through conditioning

The hue that we perceive (red, green, etc.) depends on the (1) [Select] of the light, whereas the brightness of the light depends on [Select] (2).

(1) wavelength (2) amplitude

Neurotransmitter: Dopamine (1)Involved in (2)Potential Effect on Behavior

(1)Mood, sleep, learning (2)Increased pleasure, suppressed appetite

If the signal exceeds threshold, it is pushed out of the cell body and down the ________ (1) toward the __________ (2) between this neuron and the next one.

(1)axon (2)synapse

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a sleep stage characterized by (1) eye movements, (2) , and (3) muscle tone

(1)quick, fast (2) dreaming (3) low

Miguel used to love eating pizza, and would salivate at even the thought of a warm, cheesy, slice. Sadly, one night he became violently ill after eating some restaurant pizza that was improperly cooked, and now he feels sick just thinking about eating pizza again. Try to identify each of the "parts" of Miquel's classically conditioned situation: Fill in the missing words. Before conditioning: Food Poisoning (UCS) →_______(1)This is the automatic, unconditioned response to getting food poisoning (UCR) During conditioning: (NS)____(2) + (UCS)_______(3) → (UCR)_____(4) After conditioning: (CS)_____(5) → (CR)_______(6)

(1)sickness/sick/vomit/nausea (2) blank? since neutral- wouldn't cause sickness? 3)Food Poisoning/food poisoning 4)Sickness/sick/vomit/nausea 5)Pizza 6)Sickness/sick/vomit/nausea

peak:

(also, crest) highest point of a wave

higher-order conditioning:

(also, second-order conditioning) using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus

sleepwalking:

(also, somnambulism) sleep disorder in which the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors

(STM):

(also, working memory) holds about seven bits of information before it is forgotten or stored, as well as information that has been retrieved and is being used

PhD:

(doctor of philosophy) doctoral degree conferred in many disciplinary perspectives housed in a traditional college of liberal arts and sciences

PsyD:

(doctor of psychology) doctoral degree that places less emphasis on research-oriented skills and focuses more on application of psychological principles in the clinical context

Which questions would a clinical psychologist most likely address when studying Alzheimer's disease?

.... What is the change of getting AD

Which of these groups of questions would a biopsychologist most likely address when studying Alzheimer's disease?

....... What medications could influence chemicals in the brain

Neurotransmitter: Glutamate (1)Involved in (2)Potential Effect on Behavior

1)Memory, learning 2)Increased learning, enhanced memory

Neurotransmitter: Beta-endorphin (1)Involved in (2)Potential Effect on Behavior

1)Pain, pleasure 2)Decreased anxiety, decreased tension

The part of the nervous system that prepares the body to respond to threatening events is the ________ division, and the part that helps the body to maintain a normal state of balance is the ________ division.

1)Sympathetic 2) parasympathetic

The group with food on every trial is making about ________ wrong turns on the average on Trial #6.

16

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory.1

16th bday party

In Milgram's controversial study on obedience, nearly ________ of the participants were willing to administer what appeared to be lethal electrical shocks to another person because they were told to do so by an authority figure.

2/3

The audible range for humans is ________.

20-20,000 Hz

A circadian rhythm is a biological clock that dictates fluctuations in heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, and body temperature over roughly

24 hrs

Researchers must ________ important concepts in their studies so others would have a clear understanding of exactly how those concepts were defined.

Operationalize

Which researcher studied types of conditioned reflexes?

Pavlov

behaviorism and the contributions of

Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner to psychology

Theory X :-

People dislike work and avoid it. People avoid responsibility. People want to be told what to do. Goals are achieved through rules and punishments.

The ________ is a sensory relay station where all sensory information, except for smell, goes before being sent to other areas of the brain for further processing.

Thalamus

The significance of the lesion study of Phineas Gage's damaged brain is that it provided evidence that ________.

That frontal lobe is involved in controlling personality traits, emotion, inhibitory control, and goal setting abilities

sympathetic nervous system:

involved in stress-related activities and functions

Atkinson-Shiffrin model (A-S):

memory model that states we process information through three systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term me

Timbre

refers to a sound's purity, and it is affected by the complex interplay of frequency, amplitude, and timing of sound waves

Procedural justice

refers to the fairness of the processes by which outcomes are determined in conflicts with or among employees.

Broca's area:

region in the left hemisphere that is essential for language production

Occupational health psychology (OHP) deals with

the stress, diseases, and disorders that can affect employees as a result of the workplace

one of Tolman's classic experiments, he observed the behavior of

three groups of hungry rats that were learning to navigate mazes.

hyperpolarization

when a cell's charge becomes more negative than its resting potential

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

when a rabbit goes to the bathroom in the litter box, she gets a piece of carrot

debriefing:

when an experiment involved deception, participants are told complete and truthful information about the experiment at its conclusion

observer bias:

when observations may be skewed to align with observer expectations

encoding specificity principle (Tulving & Thomson, 1973):

when people encode information, they do so in specific ways

hemisphere

: left or right half of the brain

What is a Skinner box and what is its purpose?

A Skinner box is an operant conditioning chamber used to train animals such as rats and pigeons to perform certain behaviors, like pressing a lever. When the animals perform the desired behavior, they receive a reward: food or water.

A(n) ________ facilitates or mimics the activity of a given neurotransmitter system.

Agoinists

Who proposed observational learning?

Albert Bandura

Sedative-Hypnotics ("Depressants")

Alcohol, barbiturates (e.g., secobarbital, pentobarbital), Benzodiazepines (e.g., Xanax) Decreased heart rate, blood pressure Low doses increase relaxation, decrease inhibitions. High doses can induce sleep, cause motor disturbance, memory loss, decreased respiratory function, and death.

The electromagnetic spectrum includes ________.

All are correct. (xray, infrared light, radio waves)

What did the researchers, who identified the Hawthorne effect, see as evidence that employee performance was influenced by something other than the physical work conditions?

Any change in a variable, such as lighting levels, let to an improvement in productivity

Using existing records to try to answer a research question is known as

Archival

Which test designed for the Army was used for recruits who were not fluent in English?

Army Beta

Height and weight are positively correlated. This means that ________.

As height increases typically weight does too

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is also known as ________.

Blocking

What conclusions can we draw from the results of the research done by Robert Michael and his colleagues? Select all that apply. Select all correct answers

Brain imaging might not influence... Study did not replicate

fixed interval reinforcement schedule:

behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time

________, which play a supportive role in the nervous system, vastly outnumber ________.

1.) Glial cells 2.) Neurons

Neurotransmitter: Serotonin (1)Involved in (2)Potential Effect on Behavior

1.) Mood, sleep 2.) Modulated mood, suppressed appetite

The storage capacity of long-term memory is ________

Essentially limitless

Workload

Time pressure, tedium

Structuralism

Wilhelm Wundt

depth perception:

ability to perceive depth

Most I-O psychologists have a

master's or doctorate degree.

statistic:

a numerical result computed from a sample (e.g., mean, proportion)

*Research on interviewing has shown the importance of

Not making limited eye contact and not smiling

A major criticism of Freud's early theories involves the fact that his theories were ________.

Not testable

Which best describes the basic steps of the scientific method?

Observation, question, hypothesis, experiment, analize results, prove or disprove hypothesis

The visual cortex processes visual information. In which part of the cerebral cortex is it located?

Occipital lobe

Why do you think humans are especially sensitive to sounds with frequencies that fall in the middle portion of the audible range?

Once again, one could make an evolutionary argument here. Given that the human voice falls in this middle range and the importance of communication among humans, one could argue that it is quite adaptive to have an audible range that centers on this particular type of stimulus.

Differentiate the evolutionary theories of sleep and make a case for the one with the most compelling evidence.

One evolutionary theory of sleep holds that sleep is essential for restoration of resources that are expended during the demands of day-to-day life. A second theory proposes that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which increase in darkness. The first theory has little or no empirical support, and the second theory is supported by some, though not all, research.

Based on the last paragraph, which of the following statements is assumed by the theory we have been discussing?

Only some brain activity is conscious , other brain activity is disconnected from the conscious all together

Last week, little Jack got a bag of cookies from the cabinet and ate them all. When his mother found out, she didn't let him watch television that evening as punishment. The next day, Jack thinks about having cookies, but decides that it is not a great idea.

Operant Conditioning

Mittens the cat just happened to brush against the refrigerator when Jana, her owner, was in the kitchen. Jana said, "Oh, you want some milk!" and gave her a little bowl. Mittens started hanging out near the refrigerator more often, which meant she brushed against it more often. Jana thought it was cute, so she gave her milk every time she brushed the refrigerator. Soon, mittens learned that brushing against the refrigerator was a sure way to get some milk.

Operant Conditioning

Sympathetic activation is associated with ________.

Pupil dilation and increased heart rate

Performance appraisals

are typically documented several times a year, often with a formal process and an annual face-to-face brief meeting between an employee and his supervisor.

forensic psychology:

area of psychology that applies the science and practice of psychology to issues within and related to the justice system

cognitive psychology

area of psychology that focuses on studying thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and actions.

clinical psychology:

area of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior

sport and exercise psychology:

area of psychology that focuses on the interactions between mental and emotional factors and physical performance in sports, exercise, and other activities

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN):

area of the hypothalamus in which the body's biological clock is located

Which is the correct order of steps in the modeling process?

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

Longitudinal research is complicated by high rates of ________.

attrition

hair cell:

auditory receptor cell of the inner ear

Zahara asks Blake how many times he ate pizza in the last week, and he's quickly able to respond with "twice." This is an example of

automatic processing

consciousness: awareness of internal and external stimuli

awareness of internal and external stimuli

Which of the following degrees would be the minimum required to teach psychology courses in high school?

bachelors degree

Who developed the idea that short-term memories get "filed away" in three different areas of the brain: a visuo-spatial area, a phonological loop for auditory memories, and an episodic buffer for multi-modal memories with storylines?

baddeley and hitch

Auditory receptor cells are embedded within the ________, which is found in the ________.

basilar membrane; cochlea

Slow-wave sleep typically occurs during the ________ stage of the sleep cycle.

beginning

variable interval reinforcement schedule:

behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed

law of effect:

behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged

optic nerve:

carries visual information from the retina to the brain

________ is loss of muscle tone or control that is often associated with narcolepsy.

cataplexy

When a neuron receives a signal, it travels down the dendrite to the _______dendrite cell body neurotransmitter synapse , where it is processed.

cell body

semipermeable membrane

cell membrane that allows smaller molecules or molecules without an electrical charge to pass through it, while stopping larger or highly charged molecules

neuron

cells in the nervous system that act as interconnected information processors, which are essential for all of the tasks of the nervous system

neuron:

cells in the nervous system that act as interconnected information processors, which are essential for all of the tasks of the nervous system

signal detection theory:

change in stimulus detection as a function of current mental state

physical dependence:

changes in normal bodily functions that cause a drug user to experience withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of use

transformational leadership style:

characteristic of leaders who are charismatic role models, inspirational, intellectually stimulating, and individually considerate and who seek to change the organization

transactional leadership style:

characteristic of leaders who focus on supervision and organizational goals achieved through a system of rewards and punishments; maintenance of the organizational status quo

Which of the following describes parasomnia?

characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity while you sleep

Human factors psychologists often recommend [Select] procedural rules attention steps task analysis checklists to reduce accidents in the workplace, especially to ensure all components of a procedure are properly functioning.

check listst

Cillian can remember a great deal of numbers because he groups them all in sets of 3 and thinks of them as batting averages. He is using the technique of ________.

chunking

In ________ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior.

classical conditioning

Pavlov's

classical conditioning

Two forms of associative learning are ________ and ________.

classical conditioning and operant conditioning

Erma sells hotdogs for one dollar each in the stands at the local professional baseball stadium. For every hotdog she sells, she puts 25 cents in her pocket and 75 cents in her boss's change purse.

continuous

________ reinforcement is giving a reinforcer every time that a behavior is displayed.

continuous

Ivan Pavlov's experiments show

how stimulus-response bonds are formed

________ is an example of a monocular cue.

interposition

top-down processing:

interpretation of sensations is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts

In observational learning

we learn by watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say.

classical conditioning is a process by which

we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events.

Instead of rewarding only the target behavior, in shaping

we reward successive approximations of a target behavior.

Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between two variables?

-.90

If the results of a study are not likely to be caused simply by chance, it is considered ________.

Statistically significant

If two different variables are not related at all, they probably have a correlation coefficient of ________.

0

Tiyanna was in her dorm room taking a hot shower, when someone came in to use the restroom. They flushed the toilet and the water instantly turned freezing cold. It made Tiyanna jump to the side to avoid the cold water, as she stood there shivering and waiting. The same thing happened again a few more times during the next week. Later, when Tiyanna was brushing her teeth in the bathroom, someone else flushed the toilet, and she felt her body shiver. Try to identify each of the "parts" of Tiyanna's classically conditioned situation: Fill in the missing words. Before conditioning: (UCS)_______1 → ________2(UCR) During conditioning: (NS)________ 3+ (UCS)______4 → (UCR)_____5 After conditioning: (CS)_______6 → (CR)________7

1 Cold water 2 Shiver/shivering/being cold 3 Toilet flushing/toilet flush 4 Cold water/cold 5 Shiver/shivering/being cold 6 Toilet flushing/toilet flush 7 Shiver/shivering/being cold

A researcher is testing young children to see if they can learn to associate a red circle with an event that the child enjoys. She sets up an experiment where a toy bear dances. The infants predictably love the toy bear and stare at it when it makes noise and dances. She then trains the child by showing a big red circle on a screen in front of the child and, immediately after that, the bear appears and dances off to the side. The bear is only visible right after the red circle appears and the child must turn his or her head to see the bear. In this study, the unconditioned stimulus is [Select 1] baby does not turn head baby turns head dancing bear red circle , the unconditioned response is the [Select 2] dancing bear baby does not turn head red circle baby turns head , the conditioned stimulus is the [Select 3] dancing bear baby turns head baby does not turn head red circle , and the conditioned response is the [Select 4] baby does not turn head red circle dancing bear baby turns head . The neutral stimulus is the [Select 5] baby turns head dancing bear red circle baby does not turn head and the response to the neutral stimulus is the 6_______

1 Dancing bear 2 Turns head 3 red circle 4 baby turns head 5 red circle 6 baby does no turn head

In the classic Pavlov experiment, the unconditioned stimulus is the [Select1] the conditioned stimulus is the [Select2] the unconditioned response is the [Select3] no salivation food tone salivation , and the conditioned response is the [Select4] food no salivation salivation tone .

1 Food 2 Tone 3 Salvation 4 Salvation

Punishment ________ the likelihood that a behavior will occur while reinforcement ________ the likelihood of a behavior.

1 decrease 2 increase

The purpose of___________1 is to decrease a behavior. The purpose of ______2 is to increase a behavior. Positive punishment works by _____3 an adverse stimulus in order to _________4 a behavior. Negative reinforcement works by _________5 an adverse stimulus in order to ________6 a behavior. Positive _________7 works by ________8 a stimulus in order to increase a behavior. ______________9 punishment works by taking ________10 a stimulus in order to decrease a behavior.

1 punishment 2 reinforcement 3 adding 4 decrease/reduce 5 removing/taking away 6 increase 7 reinforcement 8 adding 9 Negative 10 away/removing

The organ of Corti on the ________ within the ________ changes vibrations into impulses that travel to the auditory nerve.

1) Basilar membrane 2) cochlea

Larry and Claire are hiking on a trail in the Rocky Mountains. As they walk, the trail becomes less distinguishable and is overgrown with brush. Suddenly, a man holding an axe jumps in front of them. This scares both of them; their hearts begin to pump faster and their breathing increases. They begin running in the opposite direction to get away from the man. Larry and Claire's response to run away was triggered by the ________ division of the ________ nervous system, which stimulated the ________ gland to produce the hormones ________.

1) Sympathetic 2)autonomic 3)adrenal 4) norepinephrine 5) epinephrine

Julie was watching television while studying for her biology exam. Chances are, she will forget the information because she failed to _________it. This is an example of _______failure. Emanuel read his psychology notes a few weeks ago, but he hasn't looked at the information since then. Now that it's time for his exam, he can only remember pieces of what he learned. This is an example of _________ memory .Felicia decided to take organic chemistry and biology at the same time. When she takes the chemistry exam, she gets confused because the concepts from biology are getting in the way. This is an example of . _______________

1) encode 2) encoding 3) decay 4) interference

As Larry and Claire begin to run, they hear the man calling them. He yells, "Wait! I didn't mean to scare you. I am a forest ranger, trying the clear part of this trail. Please don't run away." Larry and Claire stop running and turn around to look at the man. They notice that he is dressed in a typical forest ranger uniform and see his identification badge. Not feeling threatened any longer, both Larry and Claire begin to feel "calmed down" and walk back toward the forest ranger to resume their hike on the trail. Their heart rate and breathing began to return to a natural balance in their bodies. These new feelings were triggered by the ________ division of the ________ nervous system, which communicated with the activated ________ gland to stop secreting the energy-producing hormones. The question has been evaluated. Your choice is correct. Multiple Choice Question

1) parasympathetic 2) autonomic 3)adrenal

Neurotransmitter: Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA (1)Involved in (2)Potential Effect on Behavior

1)Brain function, sleep 2) Decreased anxiety, decreased tension

When resting, the inside of a cell has a ________ charge. During action potential, the cell briefly has a ________ charge.

1.) Negative 2.) Positive

Based on the slides you have just viewed, identify the independent variable or variables in this study. You may choose one or more than one option below.

1.) Orientation of the bar 2.) Presence or absence of TMS pulse

Neurotransmitter: Norepinephrine (1)Involved in (2)Potential Effect on Behavior

1.)Heart, intestines, alertness 2.)Increased arousal, suppressed appetite

An action potential involves Sodium moving ________ the cell and Potassium moving ________ the cell.

1.)Inside 2.) Outside

Neurotransmitter: Acetylcholine (1)Involved in (2)Potential Effect on Behavior

1.)Muscle action, memory 2.)Increased arousal, enhanced cognition

The site where dendrites receive signals from other neurons is the 1_________ . This information is then processed in the 2__________ , and if the signal is strong enough, the message is pushed through and travels down the 3___________ . The signal travels to the end of the axon to the4_________ where another signal triggers neurotransmitters to be released, passing through the synaptic cleft onto the5 __________ of another neuron.

1.)Synapses 2.)cell body (soma) 3.)axon 4.)terminal buttons 5.)Dendrites

What is the dependent variable in the McCabe and Castel study?

3 diff questions that were related by subject

All three groups are making about ________ wrong turns on the average on Trial #1.

30

Waylan's boss asks him to write his own performance review, then his boss compiles reviews from peers, supervisors, and customers for them to discuss at their meeting. This is an example of

360 degree feedback appraisal

The visible spectrum includes light that ranges from about ________.

400-700nm

Adults generally need ________ hours of sleep.

7-9

When Claire shows up for her shift at the restaurant, she follows a(n) [Select] to ensure she is ready to work and that everything is safe.

A checklist details the steps and tasks to perform in order to reduce workplace accidents and increase workplace safety.

What is the difference between a reflex and a learned behavior?

A reflex is a behavior that humans are born knowing how to do, such as sucking or blushing; these behaviors happen automatically in response to stimuli in the environment. Learned behaviors are things that humans are not born knowing how to do, such as swimming and surfing. Learned behaviors are not automatic; they occur as a result of practice or repeated experience in a situation.

Perception is ________.

A way for sensory information to be organized, interpreted and experienced

_______ is most well-known for proposing his hierarchy of needs.

Abraham Maslow

________ focused on the potential of humans to be creative, have a positive outlook and pursue higher values through a process of self-actualization.

Abraham Maslow

humanistic peeps

Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers

________ refers to the minimum amount of stimulus energy required to be detected 50% of the time.

Absolute threshold

Blocking (forgetting)

Accessibility of information is temporarily blocked Tip of the tongue

Transience (forgetting)

Accessibility of memory decreases over time - Forget events that occurred long ago

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, name and describe the three stages of memory

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, memory is processed in three stages. The first is sensory memory; this is very brief: 1-2 seconds. Anything not attended to is ignored. The stimuli we pay attention to then move into our short-term memory. Short-term memory can hold approximately 7 bits of information for around 20 seconds. Information here is either forgotten, or it is encoded into long-term memory through the process of rehearsal. Long-term memory is the permanent storage of information—its capacity is basically unlimited.

law of effect

According to the law of effect, behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely to be repeated, and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences are less likely to be repeated (Thorndike, 1911).

Given the incredible diversity among the various areas of psychology that were described on this page and the previous pages, how do they all fit together?

Although the different perspectives all operate on different levels of analyses, have different foci of interests, and different methodological approaches, all of these areas share a focus on understanding and/or correcting patterns of thought and/or behavior.

Which is primarily responsible for regulating our perceptions of and reactions to aggression and fear?

Amygdala

Classical Conditioning Conditioning approach: Stimulus timing:

An unconditioned stimulus (such as food) is paired with a neutral stimulus (such as a bell). The neutral stimulus eventually becomes the conditioned stimulus, which brings about the conditioned response (salivation). The stimulus occurs immediately before the response.

Why is an undergraduate education in psychology so helpful in a number of different lines of work?

An undergraduate education in psychology hones critical thinking skills. These skills are useful in many different work settings.

Peer review is an important part of publishing research findings in many scientific disciplines. This process is normally conducted anonymously; in other words, the author of the article being reviewed does not know who is reviewing the article, and the reviewers are unaware of the author's identity. Why would this be an important part of this process?

Anonymity protects against personal biases interfering with the reviewer's opinion of the research. Allowing the reviewer to remain anonymous would mean that they can be honest in their appraisal of the manuscript without fear of reprisal.

Downsizing has commonly shown to result in a period of lowered productivity for the organizations experiencing it. What might be some of the reasons for this observation?

Answers may vary, but they should include factors like lower job satisfaction, higher job stress, disruption of organizational culture, and other factors related to the concepts covered.

How would you handle the situation if you were being sexually harassed? What would you consider sexual harassment?

Answers may vary, but they should include telling the person that you are not comfortable with these actions and then reporting it to human resources. The definition of sexual harassment may discuss the sexual nature of the event, feelings of discomfort, fear, or anxiety, and recurrences of events.

If you designed an assessment of job satisfaction, what elements would it include?

Answers may vary, but they should include that the assessment would include more than one question to try to understand the reasons for the level of job satisfaction. It may also include questions that assess the importance of emotional and cognitive job satisfaction factors.

What might be useful mechanisms for avoiding bias during employment interviews?

Answers will vary, but they could include clear measurement standards for answer and applicant quality, ensuring diversity in interviewers or multiple interviews with different diverse interviewers, and clear education about the nature of bias for interviewers and those who make hiring decisions.

One of the recommendations that therapists will make to people who suffer from insomnia is to spend less waking time in bed. Why do you think spending waking time in bed might interfere with the ability to fall asleep later?

Answers will vary. One possible explanation might invoke principles of associative learning. If the bed represents a place for socializing, studying, eating, and so on, then it is possible that it will become a place that elicits higher levels of arousal, which would make falling asleep at the appropriate time more difficult. Answers could also consider self-perpetuating cycle referred to when describing insomnia. If an individual is having trouble falling asleep and that generates anxiety, it might make sense to remove him from the context where sleep would normally take place to try to avoid anxiety being associated with that context.

What societal and management attitudes might have caused organizational psychology to develop later than industrial psychology?

Answers will vary. You should allude to the fact that organizational psychology finds social relations of employees important and that historically workers were thought of more as individual machines rather than a social group.

Many of the examples of I-O psychology are applications to businesses. Name four different non-business contexts that I-O psychology could impact?

Answers will vary. You should identify organizations that are dedicated to accomplishing specific tasks, in the general sense. Examples are hospitals, non-profit organizations, government agencies (including the military), law enforcement, universities, schools, and so on.

Cocaine has two effects on synaptic transmission: it impairs reuptake of dopamine and it causes more dopamine to be released into the synapse. Would cocaine be classified as an agonist or antagonist? Why?

As a reuptake inhibitor, cocaine blocks the normal activity of dopamine at the receptor. The function causing more dopamine to be released into the synapse is agonist because it mimics and strengthens the effect of the neurotransmitter. Cocaine would be considered an agonist because by preventing the enzymatic degradation of the neurotransmitters, it increases the potential time that these neurotransmitters might be active in the synapse.

Which of the following items is not a part of KSAs?

Aspiration

The type of memory processing that is done without conscious awareness is known as

Automatic

Charlie used to smoke on his lunch break at work. He smoked in a particular area at work each lunch break. Even though he quit smoking, Charlie still finds himself craving a cigarette whenever he goes back to his old smoking area. What should Charlie do to avoid this trigger?

Avoid the old smoking area entirely

________ is well known for his research on animals and pigeons. He even created an operant conditioning chamber designed to reward animals for specific behaviors.

BF skinner

Random assignment is important in grouping participants in a research study because _______

Balences out what might naturally exist

What might happen to your memory system if you sustained damage to your hippocampus?

Because your hippocampus seems to be more of a processing area for your explicit memories, injury to this area could leave you unable to process new declarative (explicit) memories; however, even with this loss, you would be able to create implicit memories (procedural memory, motor learning and classical conditioning).

A psychologist who studies the interaction between hormones and behavior is called a

Behavioral endocrinalogist

The behaviorist approach to psychology emerged as a response to what practices by other psychologists of that era?

Behaviorists studied objectively observable behavior partly in reaction to the psychologists of the mind who were studying things that were not directly observable.

_______________provide exceptions for employers to deny someone employment for certain occupations.

Bona fide occupational qualifications (BFOQs)

Compare and contrast implicit and explicit memory.

Both are types of long-term memory. Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall. Explicit memory is also called declarative memory and is subdivided into episodic memory (life events) and semantic memory (words, ideas, and concepts). Implicit memories are memories that are not part of our consciousness; they are memories formed from behaviors. Implicit memory is also called non-declarative memory and includes procedural memory as well as things learned through classical conditioning.

Compare and contrast classical and operant conditioning. How are they alike? How do they differ?

Both classical and operant conditioning involve learning by association. In classical conditioning, responses are involuntary and automatic; however, responses are voluntary and learned in operant conditioning. In classical conditioning, the event that drives the behavior (the stimulus) comes before the behavior; in operant conditioning, the event that drives the behavior (the consequence) comes after the behavior. Also, whereas classical conditioning involves an organism forming an association between an involuntary (reflexive) response and a stimulus, operant conditioning involves an organism forming an association between a voluntary behavior and a consequence.

Chemical messengers are used in both the nervous system and the endocrine system. What properties do these two systems share? What properties are different? Which one would be faster? Which one would result in long-lasting changes?

Both systems involve chemical messengers that must interact with receptors in order to have an effect. The relative proximity of the release site and target tissue varies dramatically between the two systems. In neurotransmission, reuptake and enzymatic breakdown immediately clear the synapse. Metabolism of hormones must occur in the liver. Therefore, while neurotransmission is much more rapid in signaling information, hormonal signaling can persist for quite some time as the concentrations of the hormone in the bloodstream vary gradually over time.

Which of the following is true about REM sleep?

Both that it occurs latter at night and that it accounts for about 20-55% of our total sleep time

What did Sigmund Freud believe about dreams?

Both that they can be analyzed in order to understand unconscious needs and desires and that the primary function of dreams is wish fulfillment (the idea that dreaming allows us to act out the desires that we must repress during the day).

The central nervous system is comprised of the ________.

Brain and spinal cord

Cognitive task analysis

Breaking down the elements of a cognitive task How are decisions made?

Task analysis

Breaking down the elements of a task How can a task be performed more efficiently? How can a task be performed more safely

Before psychology became a recognized academic discipline, matters of the mind were undertaken by those in ________.

philosophy

Cara is 17 years old. Cara's mother and father both drink alcohol every night. They tell Cara that drinking is bad and she shouldn't do it. Cara goes to a party where beer is being served. What do you think Cara will do? Why?

Cara is more likely to drink at the party because she has observed her parents drinking regularly. Children tend to follow what a parent does rather than what they say.

In this section, conjoined twins, Krista and Tatiana, were described as being potential participants in a case study. In what other circumstances would you think that this particular research approach would be especially helpful and why?

Case studies might prove especially helpful using individuals who have rare conditions. For instance, if one wanted to study multiple personality disorder then the case study approach with individuals diagnosed with multiple personality disorder would be helpful.

The wrinkly surface of the brain is called the ________.

Cerebral cortex

What are the implications of compromised immune function as a result of exposure to chronic stress?

Chronic stress can lead to increased susceptibility to bacterial and viral infections, and potentially an increased risk of cancer. Ultimately, this could be a vicious cycle with stress leading to increased risk of disease, disease states leading to increased stress and so on.

Frank goes out with some friends to a new restaurant near campus. He gets fish-and-chips, but he also drinks a few too many mixed drinks and gets sick. The next time he goes to the restaurant, he avoids the fish-and-chips because the very thought of them makes him feel nauseous.

Classical Conditioning

Which of the following is the correct order of events describing the movement of an electrical charge through a neuron?

Dendrite, cell body, axon

Stimulants

Cocaine, amphetamines (including some ADHD medications such as Adderall), methamphetamines, MDMA ("Ecstasy" or "Molly"). Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature. Increased alertness, mild euphoria, decreased appetite in low doses. High doses increase agitation, paranoia, can cause hallucinations. Some can cause heightened sensitivity to physical stimuli. High doses of MDMA can cause brain toxicity and death.

According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, ________ in the retina are responsive to red, green, and blue.

Cones

This study focused on tai-chi as a clinical treatment for ADHD. The researchers found significant correlations with improvement in ADHD behavior and motor control. They did not find that tai-chi caused these improvements. What additional component is needed for this to be an experimental study that could assess whether tai-chi caused these improvements?

Control group

In the "climber study" example where the infants chose either the helper or hinderer toy, why did researchers move the helper toy to the infant's right side and left side?

Control variables

Jonas wants to understand the relationship between head size and intelligence. What type of study might he perform?

Correatial

If you had to choose a descriptive label for the reasoning error that was intentionally embedded in this article, which one of the following would you choose as the best?

Correlation does not imply causation

A therapist develops a new approach to treating depression using exercise and diet along with regular counseling sessions. For all of her new clients who agree to be in her test of the therapy approach, she randomly assigns half to receive her new form of treatment and the other half receive the traditional form of treatment that the therapist has offered for many years. She uses a respected, standardized measure of depression before the beginning of her therapy and then again after 3 months of treatment. She uses the difference between these before and after measures to indicate the change in level of depression. The difference in the level of depression between the before and after measures is ________.

Dependent

What measures the effects of the independent variable?

Dependent

Symptoms of ________ may be improved by REM deprivation.

Depression

________ research is generally preliminary and non-experimental research intended to gather information.

Descriptive

Research studies that do not test specific relationships between variables are called

Descriptive studies

The three main categories of research are

Descriptive, correlational, experimental

Design teams for car manufacturers are known as [Select] (1) teams.

Design teams for car manufacturers are considered creative teams because they are used to develop innovative possibilities or solutions.

If you live in a city with lots of buildings, walls, and straight lines, you will probably perceive the lines in the Müller-Lyer illusion as being

Different lengths

Generally, humans are considered diurnal which means we are awake during the day and asleep during the night. Many rodents, on the other hand, are nocturnal. Why do you think different animals have such different sleep-wake cycles?

Different species have different evolutionary histories, and they have adapted to their environments in different ways. There are a number of different possible explanations as to why a given species is diurnal or nocturnal. Perhaps humans would be most vulnerable to threats during the evening hours when light levels are low. Therefore, it might make sense to be in shelter during this time. Rodents, on the other hand, are faced with a number of predatory threats, so perhaps being active at night minimizes the risk from predators such as birds that use their visual senses to locate prey.

McCabe and Castel conducted experiments to assess whether a brain image influenced the way students perceived the quality of a scientific article. Across three experiments, they found that students rated the quality of scientific reasoning higher when a brain image was present. Their research would indicate that the study ________.

Does replicate

Which questions would a biopsychologist most likely address when studying depression?

Does the lack of exercise affect the nervous system...

When both the researchers and the participants do not know which conditions the participants are assigned to, the research design is known as ________.

Double Blind

Some people claim that sleepwalking and talking in your sleep involve individuals acting out their dreams. Why is this particular explanation unlikely?

Dreaming occurs during REM sleep. One of the hallmarks of this particular stage of sleep is the paralysis of the voluntary musculature which would make acting out dreams improbable.

What does the activation-synthesis theory propose about dreaming?

Dreams are the interpretation of the random firing of neurons in our brain stem

Which type of brain imaging is especially helpful in the study of sleep disorders?

EEG

Weber's law

Ernst Weber's discovery that the difference threshold is a constant fraction of the original stimulus and bigger stimuli require larger differences to be noticed

The margin of error describes the ________.

Expected amount of variation

If a researcher wants to understand if eating more bananas causes increased irritability, what type of study should they perform?

Experimental

Informed consent means clearly explaining all of the following EXCEPT

Explaining hypothesis to participents

Knowing the capital of Texas

Explicit

Knowing the word for "flower" in Japanese

Explicit

Remembering the time you fell out of a tree when you were five

Explicit

Solving a geometry problem

Explicit

Research indicates that sensorineural hearing loss is usually caused by ________.

Exposure to loud noise

Suggestibility (Distortion)

False memories Result from leading questions

Cognitive Psychology

Focuses not just on behavior, but on on mental processes and internal mental states.

Behaviorism

Focuses on observing and controlling behavior through what is observable. Puts an emphasis on learning and conditioning.

Psychodynamic Psychology

Focuses on the role of the unconscious and childhood experiences in affecting conscious behavior

________ psychologists might help a judge decide which parent should have custody of a child or evaluate a defendant's mental competence to stand trial.

Forensic

Absentmindedness (forgetting)

Forgetting caused by lapses in attention Forget where your phone is

Freud's theory of the unconscious.

Freud believed that we are only aware of a small amount of our mind's activity, and that most of it remains hidden from us in our unconscious. The information in our unconscious affects our behavior, although we are unaware of it.

Clayton Brothers' law firm is hiring. Which type of interview should the firm use as a predictor of future job performance?

Interviews that are structured

What area of the eye controls the size of the pupil?

Iris

Healthcare professionals often work rotating shifts. Why is this problematic? What can be done to deal with potential problems?

Given that rotating shift work can lead to exhaustion and decreased mental efficiency, individuals working under these conditions are more likely to make mistakes on the job. The implications for this in the health care professions are obvious. Those in health care professions could be educated about the benefits of light-dark exposure to help alleviate such problems.

Susan, a college freshman, is taking college algebra. She never liked math and fears she will probably not do well in this first math course. She stays up all night studying for the first exam, and the next morning, she enters the classroom to take the test. As she sits down and takes out her pencils, she feels nervous; she begins to sweat, her stomach is upset, and her heart begins to race. What is happening to Susan?

Her body is preparing to respond to stress

A researcher is interested in the ability of a certain psychotherapy to reduce a client's anxiety. Read each of the three statements below and determine which statement is a testable research hypothesis.

Hey hypothesis is that more psycological sessions will be directly associated with increasingly lower ratings on a 10 point scale

David was hospitalized after a car accident, and due to injury to his ________, he has trouble with newer memories but still retains older memories.

Hippocampus

Which questions would a social psychologist most likely address when studying Alzheimer's disease?

How do societies in other cultures provide care for AD

Which questions would a cognitive psychologist most likely address when studying Alzheimer's disease?

How does ones decisons, memory and language...

What is an employer not allowed to ask in a job interview?

How old you are

This school of thought, developed in the 1950s and 1960s, focuses on the potential of individuals and each person's unique viewpoint.

Humanistic

The body's biological clock is located in the ________

Hypothalamus

The pituitary gland, sometimes called the "master gland," carries out instructions from the ________.

Hypothalamus

Which part of the brain plays a critical role in regulating homeostasis?

Hypothalamus

The ________ play a role in controlling slow-wave sleep.

Hypothalamus and thalamus

What is the brain structure that performs a variety of functions, including the regulation of hunger and sexual behavior?

Hypothalmus

Janice predicts that study habits amongst college students will improve with increased sleep.

Hypothesis

What types of studies would be most convincing regarding the effectiveness of meditation in the treatment for some type of physical or mental disorder?

Ideally, double-blind experimental trials would be best suited to speak to the effectiveness of meditation. At the very least, some sort of randomized control trial would be very informative.

Climbing a tree

Implicit

For each of the following cases, determine if you would need implicit or explicit memory.Speaking your native language:

Implicit

Hearing a French speaker and later noticing French food more often wherever you go

Implicit

Writing using pen and paper

Implicit

Opening a present:

Implicit memory

Some argue that animal research is inherently flawed in terms of being ethical because unlike human participants, animals do not consent to be involved in research. Do you agree with this perspective? Given that animals do not consent to be involved in research projects, what sorts of extra precautions should be taken to ensure that they receive the most humane treatment possible?

In general, the fact that consent cannot be obtained from animal research subjects places extra responsibility on the researcher to ensure that the animal is treated as humanely as possible and to respect the sacrifice that the animal is making for the advancement of science. Like human research, the animals themselves should also receive some of the benefits of the research, and they do in the form of advanced veterinary medicine, and so on.

How did the object of study in psychology change over the history of the field since the 19th century?

In its early days, psychology could be defined as the scientific study of mind or mental processes. Over time, psychology began to shift more towards the scientific study of behavior. However, as the cognitive revolution took hold, psychology once again began to focus on mental processes as necessary to the understanding of behavior.

What is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?

In negative reinforcement you are taking away an undesirable stimulus in order to increase the frequency of a certain behavior (e.g., buckling your seat belt stops the annoying beeping sound in your car and increases the likelihood that you will wear your seatbelt). Punishment is designed to reduce a behavior (e.g., you scold your child for running into the street in order to decrease the unsafe behavior.)

A researcher is interested in the effects of a famous author on the persuasiveness of a message. He recruits 50 college students to be in his study and randomly assigns 25 to be in the "high prestige" group and 25 to the be in the "low prestige" group. All of the students read the same document about the importance of improving mental health services at the college. But the 25 students in the "high prestige" group read on the document that the author is the chairperson of the Psychology Department. The 25 students in the "low prestige" group read on the document that the author is a psychology undergraduate student as part of a class assignment. Everyone was asked after reading the article to indicate how much they agreed with the idea that psychological services should be improved at the college. The information about the author of the document written on the paper the participants read is ________.

Independent var

Temporal theory cannot be used to account for why we hear higher pitched sounds because ________.

Individual neurons cannot fire fast enough

Autonomy

Individual responsibility, control over decisions

________ psychologist may serve as a human resources specialist, helping organizations with staffing, training and employee development.

Industrial-Organizational

Which of the following is an example of a reflex that occurs at some point in the development of a human being?

Infant sucking on a nipple

Compare and contrast the two processes we use to encode information.

Information is encoded through automatic or effortful processing. Automatic processing refers to all information that enters long-term memory without conscious effort. This includes things such as time, space, and frequency—for example, your ability to remember what you ate for breakfast today or the fact that you remember that you ran into your best friend in the supermarket twice this week. Effortful processing refers to encoding information through conscious attention and effort. Material that you study for a test requires effortful processing.

Before participating in an experiment, individuals should read and sign the ________ form.

Informed concent

arousal theory (Christianson, 1992).

It is also believed that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories; this is called

Several influential early psychologists studied issues that today would be categorized as industrial psychology:

James Cattell (1860-1944), Hugo Münsterberg (1863-1916), Walter Dill Scott (1869-1955), Robert Yerkes (1876-1956), Walter Bingham (1880-1952), and Lillian Gilbreth (1878-1972).

When internal circadian cycles do not align with the environment, the result is known as

Jet lag

Following a group of kindergarteners every other year until they graduate and evaluating their performance is an example of ________.

Longitudinal

What are the potential ethical concerns associated with Milgram's research on obedience?

Many people have questioned how ethical this particular research was. Although no one was actually harmed in Milgram's study, many people have questioned how the knowledge that you would be willing to inflict incredible pain and/or death to another person, simply because someone in authority told you to do so, would affect someone's self-concept and psychological health. Furthermore, the degree to which deception was used in this particular study raises a few eyebrows.

Bias (Distortion)

Memories distorted by current belief system Align memories to current beliefs

For each of the following drugs, determine whether or not it is a hallucinogen. Cocaine:

Not hallucinogen

Teenagers need ________ sleep than adults.

More

Briggs is interested in whether there is a difference in the way males and females carry objects such as backpacks and computer cases, so she sets up a hidden camera on the main mall of the college and videotapes students at various times throughout the day. Which type of study is this?

Naturalistic

What kind of behavior do feral cats in your neighborhood engage in at night?

Naturalistic observation

________ involves observing behavior in individuals in their natural environments.

Naturalistic observations

Tabish and Frida decide to sit Aleena in time out each time she runs ahead on the hiking trail. They believe this will teach Aleena to stop this undesirable behavior. What type of operant conditioning are they using?

Negative punishment

Trenton and Dylan are playing in the snow. Dylan wants Trenton to play with him, but Trenton is building a snowman. Dylan starts yelling "Trenton, play! Trenton, play!" He continues to yell until Trenton comes over to play with him. Which type of conditioning is Dylan using to increase Trenton's time playing with him?

Negative reinforcement

Dylan and Trenton's parents are happy that their children are playing together. They want to increase the likelihood that Dylan and Trenton will play together in the future. Which types of operant conditioning could Dylan and Trenton's parents use to increase the amount of time their children play together?

Negative reinforcement. Positive reinforcement

For each of the following drugs, determine whether or not it is a hallucinogen Benzodiazepines:

Not hallucinogen

For each of the following drugs, determine whether or not it is a hallucinogen Morphine:

Not hallucinogen

Opiates

Opium, Heroin, Fentanyl, Morphine, Oxycodone, Vicoden, methadone, and other prescription pain relieversDecreased pain, pupil dilation, decreased gut motility, decreased respiratory functionPain relief, euphoria, sleepiness. High doses can cause death due to respiratory depression.

Which area of I-O psychology measures job satisfaction?

Organizational psychology

Which statement about employee training is false?

Orientation training involves a performance appraisal where supervisors share concerns about an employees performance

Why do you think other species have such different ranges of sensitivity for both visual and auditory stimuli compared to humans?

Other species have evolved to best suit their particular environmental niches. For example, the honeybee relies on flowering plants for survival. Seeing in the ultraviolet light might prove especially helpful when locating flowers. Once a flower is found, the ultraviolet rays point to the center of the flower where the pollen and nectar are contained. Similar arguments could be made for infrared detection in snakes as well as for the differences in audible ranges of the species described in this section.

When determining how often an event will happen by chance, researchers look at the ________.

P-value

An invasive imaging technique that provides color-coded images of brain activity by tracking the brain's use of a radioactively tagged compound, such as glucose, oxygen, or a drug, is called ________.

PET

Doctors want to take a closer look at a schizophrenic patient's brain to monitor the activity of neurotransmitters while she experiences hallucinations. First, they will give her an injection of a radioactive substance. Which technique will they use?

PET

As the exam is passed out, Susan takes several deep breaths and closes her eyes. She visualizes herself confidently taking the exam and focuses on her breathing and heart rate. She feels her heart and breathing slow down, and she feels calm and able to focus on answering the questions on the exam. Based on these new physiological responses, what part of Susan's nervous system is now being activated?

Parasympathetic divison

downsizing:

process in which an organization tries to achieve greater overall efficiency by reducing the number of employees

Theory Y breakdown

People enjoy work and find it natural. People are more satisified when given responsibility. People want to take part in setting their own work goals. Goals are achieved through enticements and rewards.

Because eating cereal and maintaining a healthy weight are positively correlated, one can infer that

People who eat cerial maintain a healthier weight

________ occurs when sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced.

Perception

Which of the following are major areas of interest in cognitive psychology?

Perception and language

Growth and development

Personal growth, training, education

An individual's consistent pattern of thought and behavior is known as a(n) ________.

Personality

Which is not a job-related factor affecting job satisfaction?

Personality

If someone wanted to become a psychology professor at a 4-year college, then they would probably need a ________ degree in psychology.

PhD

How can temporal and place theories both be used to explain our ability to perceive the pitch of sound waves with frequencies up to 4000 Hz?

Pitch of sounds below this threshold could be encoded by the combination of the place and firing rate of stimulated hair cells. So, in general, hair cells located near the tip of the basilar membrane would signal that we're dealing with a lower-pitched sound. However, differences in firing rates of hair cells within this location could allow for fine discrimination between low-, medium-, and high-pitch sounds within the larger low-pitch context.

The ________ secretes messenger hormones that direct the function of the rest of the endocrine glands.

Pituitary

Amanda has a severe hearing loss and recently received a cochlear implant. The implant has several electrodes that are surgically placed into her inner ear. The electrodes differ slightly in length so that each electrode stimulates a different area in the cochlea. Electrode #1 stimulates a certain area when a sound at 5000Hz is presented. Electrode #2 stimulates a different area when a sound at 6000Hz is presented. Electrode #3 stimulates yet another spot when a sound at 7000Hz is presented, etc. This manner of encoding pitch is most like which strategy used by listeners with normal hearing?

Place theory

Which theory holds that the pitch we hear is determined by the particular location on the cochlea where the hair cells vibrate the most?

Place theory

In his correlational research, Dr. Martin discovered that university graduates earn significantly more money than high school graduates. He also found that the more education people had, the less likely they were to be diagnosed with psychological problems. In this research, it appears that there is a ________ correlation between education and income and a ________ correlation between education and number of psychological problems.

Pos; neg

attrition:

reduction in number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time

This activity will introduce you to some common monocular cues. Take a guess as to which monocular cue enables you to interpret depth in the following images. For this image, select the monocular cue that lets you know that the animal is closer than the mountain. Note that for this picture, multiple cues may apply, but only one correct answer will be presented.

Position

Tabish and Frida are taking their child, Aleena, on a hiking trip to the montains. To their dismay, Aleena has a bad habit of running ahead of them. They would like to devise a plan to teach Aleena to stop running ahead on the hiking trails. Using operant conditioning, which of the following principles could be applied?

Positive punishment . Negative punishment

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs that

Prevent unused neurotransmitters from being transported back into neuron

The ________ places less emphasis on research and more emphasis on application of therapeutic skills.

PsyD

Which type of psychology degree focuses more on the clinical practice and less on research?

PsyD

Rita finds her roommate, McKenzie, asleep on the couch when she gets home. She's amused to see that McKenzie's eyes seem to be moving around under her eyelids. She is in which stage of sleep?

REM

In order for a sample's results to be generalized to the entire population, that sample should be a ________.

Random

If every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate in a study, then it is considered a ________.

Random sample

_______ means that everyone in the population has the same likelihood of being asked to participate in the study.

Random sampling

For this image, select the monocular cue that lets you know that the man is closer than the car. Note that for this picture, multiple cues may apply, but only one correct answer will be presented.

Reletive size

If an experiment can be easily replicated by another researcher and provide similar results, it is considered

Reliable

How could researchers determine if given areas of the brain are involved in the regulation of sleep?

Researchers could use lesion or brain stimulation techniques to determine how deactivation or activation of a given brain region affects behavior. Furthermore, researchers could use any number of brain imaging techniques like fMRI or CT scans to come to these conclusions.

Human Factors and Engineering

Researches advances and changes in technology in an effort to improve the way technology is used by consumers, whether with consumer products, technologies, transportation, work environments, or communications. Seeks to be better able to predict the ways in which people can and will utilize technology and products in an effort to provide improved safety and reliability. Jobs Professor, ergonomist, safety scientist, project consultant, inspector, research scientist, marketer, product development

What part of the eye contains photoreceptor cells?

Retina

The left hemisphere of the brain controls

Right side of body

Which animals are most commonly used in psychological research?

Rodents and birds

________ believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer.

Rosalind cartwright

A major sleep disruption is ________, which refers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis.

Rotating shift work

One reason smells often evoke memories is that the sense of smell

Routed through limbic system

The ________ within the hypothalamus plays an important role in sleep-wake cycles.

SCN

In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages:

Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory, and finally Long-Term Memory.

What is shaping and how would you use shaping to teach a dog to roll over?

Shaping is an operant conditioning method in which you reward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. If you want to teach your dog to roll over, you might reward him first when he sits, then when he lies down, and then when he lies down and rolls onto his back. Finally, you would reward him only when he completes the entire sequence: lying down, rolling onto his back, and then continuing to roll over to his other side.

Psychodynamic Psychology people

Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson

How is narcolepsy with cataplexy similar to and different from REM sleep?

Similarities include muscle atony and the hypnagogic hallucinations associated with narcoleptic episodes. The differences involve the uncontrollable nature of narcoleptic attacks and the fact that these come on in situations that would normally not be associated with sleep of any kind (e.g., instances of heightened arousal or emotionality).

The operant conditioning chamber (a.k.a. ________ box) is a device used to study the principles of operant conditioning.

Skinner

________ presented ideas and techniques for rewarding and punishing behavior.

Skinner

________ appears to be especially important for enhanced performance on recently learned tasks.

Slow-wave sleep

During action potential, positively charged ________ ions move inside the cell.

Sodium

Conscious and voluntary movements are associated with the ________ nervous system.

Somatic

Our ability to make our legs move as we walk across the room is controlled by the ________ nervous system.

Somatic

The ________ nervous system is involved in the relay of sensory and motor information to the central nervous system.

Somatic

Devin processes the pain of a fresh paper cut on his finger in the

Somatosensory cortex

Given what you've read about sound localization, from an evolutionary perspective, how does sound localization facilitate survival?

Sound localization would have allowed early humans to locate prey and protect themselves from predators.

Misattribution (Distortion)

Source of memory is confused -Recalling a dream memory as a waking memory

Industrial Psychology

Specializes and focuses on the retention of employees and hiring practices to ensure the least number of firings and greatest number of hirings relative to the organization's size. Jobs- Personnel analyst, instructional designer, professor, research analyst

Scarlett has slept terribly the past 3 nights as some neighbors have had visitors in town and been up making noise all night long. When she finally does get to sleep again, it is likely that she will

Spend more time in REM sleep

Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ________.

Spontaneous recovery

As a sprinter on the track and field team, Shaun knows that the way he visualizes and thinks about his race can have a major impact on his performance. His coach encourages him to talk to the

Sport psychologist

Sleep spindles and K-complexes are most often associated with ________ sleep.

Stage 2

Sleep spindles appear in ________ sleep.

Stage 2

________ is described as slow-wave sleep.

Stage 3

If Maria conducts a study and discovers the results seem consistent enough to not have been caused by chance, she can conclude that her findings are ________.

Statistically significant

Which of the following is not a structure of the forebrain?

Substantia nigra

A ________ is an example of a tactical team.

Surgical Team

If you receive a telephone call from someone asking that you explain your preferences for certain kinds of products, you are the subject of a ________.

Survey

When buying clothes for themselves, do men prefer to shop by themselves or with a partner?

Survey

The auditory cortex is responsible for hearing and language. In which part of the cerebral cortex is it located?

Temporal lobe

When you hear a tone of 200 Hz, the hair cells in the cochlea begin vibrating 200 times per second. This is the idea behind the ________.

Temporal theory of hearing

Drugs such as lidocaine and novocaine act as Na+ channel blockers. In other words, they prevent sodium from moving across the neuronal membrane. Why would this particular effect make these drugs such effective local anesthetics?

The action potential is initiated by an influx of Na+ into the neuron. If this process is prevented, then no action potentials in neurons in a given area will occur. Therefore, any painful stimuli would not result in action potentials carrying that information to the brain.

At the end of the school day, Sarah received a report card from school. On the report card, Sarah saw that she made all As. When Sarah showed her parents, they congratulated her and even offered to take her out to her favorite restaurant. Sarah became happy and joyful. The next time Sarah received a good report card, she automatically became happy and joyful. What is the conditioned stimulus?

The all A report card

When other experimenters attempted to replicate the results of the McCabe and Castel study about the effect of an image on the perceived quality of research article, they found ________.

The results did not replicate

In Theory Y management, the assumption is that most employees [Select] dislike like feel neutral about their work.

Theory Y approach to management, managers assume that most people seek satisfaction and fulfillment from their work.

Which of the following questions is illegal to ask in a job interview in the United States?

Which state were you born in

telling students if they fill up a jar with tokens for good behavior, then they will get a pizza party at the end of the year.

This is an example of a token economy, an operant conditioning strategy.

Which statement best describes the Hawthorne effect?

The attention of researchers on subjects causes the effects the experimenter is seeking

Presumably, reality television programs aim to provide a realistic portrayal of the behavior displayed by the characters featured in such programs. This section pointed out why this is not really the case. What changes could be made in the way that these programs are produced that would result in more honest portrayals of realistic behavior?

The behavior displayed on these programs would be more realistic if the cameras were mounted in hidden locations, or if the people who appear on these programs did not know when they were being recorded.

n Pavlov's experiments, the dogs salivated each time meat powder was presented to them. The dogs' salivation was an

The dogs' salivation was an unconditioned response (UCR): a natural (unlearned) reaction to a given stimulus. Before conditioning, think of the dogs' stimulus and response like this

Other than a potentially greater salary, what would be the reasons an individual would continue on to get a graduate degree in psychology?

The graduate degree would be a stronger guarantee of working in a psychology-related field and one would have greater control over the specialty of that work. It would allow one to practice in a clinical setting. In general, it would allow someone to work in a more independent or supervisory capacity.

The benefit of naturalistic observation studies is ________.

The honesty of the data collected in a realistic setting

Hormone secretion is often regulated through a negative feedback mechanism, which means that once a hormone is secreted it will cause the hypothalamus and pituitary to shut down the production of signals necessary to secrete the hormone in the first place. Most oral contraceptives are made of small doses of estrogen and/or progesterone. Why would this be an effective means of contraception?

The introduction of relatively low, yet constant, levels of gonadal hormones places the hypothalamus and pituitary under inhibition via negative feedback mechanisms. This prevents the alterations in both estrogen and progesterone concentrations that are necessary for successful ovulation and implantation.

In the example of infants choosing to play with the helper toy over the hinderer toy, what does the p-value tell you?

The probability that so many would chose that toy

Which of the following is an example of a reflex: an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment?

The pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of a bright light

Before the advent of modern imaging techniques, scientists and clinicians relied on autopsies of people who suffered brain injury with resultant change in behavior to determine how different areas of the brain were affected. What are some of the limitations associated with this kind of approach?

The same limitations associated with any case study would apply here. In addition, it is possible that the damage caused changes in other areas of the brain, which might contribute to the behavioral deficits. Such changes would not necessarily be obvious to someone performing an autopsy, as they may be functional in nature, rather than structural.

What is the self-reference effect, and how can it help you study more effectively?

The self-reference effect is the tendency an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself than information that is not personally relevant. You can use the self-reference effect to relate the material to something you have already learned for another class, or think how you can apply the concepts to your life. When you do this, you are building a web of retrieval cues that will help you access the material when you want to remember it.

Which of the following is most likely if a sound source is to your left?

The sound will be slightly louder at the left ear than at the right ear

Freud believed that dreams provide important insight into the unconscious mind. He maintained that a dream's manifest content could provide clues into an individual's unconscious. What potential criticisms exist for this particular perspective?

The subjective nature of dream analysis is one criticism. Psychoanalysts are charged with helping their clients interpret the true meaning of a dream. There is no way to refute or confirm whether or not these interpretations are accurate. The notion that "sometimes a cigar is just a cigar" (sometimes attributed to Freud but not definitively shown to be his) makes it clear that there is no systematic, objective system in place for dream analysis.

Operant Conditioning Conditioning approach: Stimulus timing:

The target behavior is followed by reinforcement or punishment to either strengthen or weaken it, so that the learner is more likely to exhibit the desired behavior in the future. The stimulus (either reinforcement or punishment) occurs soon after the response.

Compare the two theories of color perception. Are they completely different?

The trichromatic theory of color vision and the opponent-process theory are not mutually exclusive. Research has shown they apply to different levels of the nervous system. For visual processing on the retina, trichromatic theory applies: the cones are responsive to three different wavelengths that represent red, blue, and green. But once the signal moves past the retina on its way to the brain, the cells respond in a way consistent with opponent-process theory.

What is the independent variable in the McCabe and Castel study?

The visual info that accumpanied...

Which quote can be best attributed to Gestalt Psychology?

The whole is other than the sum of its parts- koffka

The principle that children's thinking changes as they develop is essential to the work of many developmental psychologists.

Theory

In Theory X management, the assumption is that most employees [Select] their work.

Theory X approach to management, managers assume that most people dislike work and are not innately self-directed.

Please generate a novel example of how just noticeable difference can change as a function of stimulus intensity.

There are many potential examples. One example involves the detection of weight differences. If two people are holding standard envelopes and one contains a quarter while the other is empty, the difference in weight between the two is easy to detect. However, if those envelopes are placed inside two textbooks of equal weight, the ability to discriminate which is heavier is much more difficult.

Compare and contrast the two types of amnesia.

There are two types of amnesia: retrograde and anterograde. Both involve the loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma. With anterograde amnesia, you cannot remember new information; however, you can remember information and events that happened prior to your injury. Retrograde amnesia is the exact opposite: you experience loss of memory for events that occurred before the trauma.

Compare and contrast the two types of interference.

There are two types of interference: retroactive and proactive. Both are types of forgetting caused by a failure to retrieve information. With retroactive interference, new information hinders the ability to recall older information. With proactive interference, it's the opposite: old information hinders the recall of newly learned information.

Phineas Gage's accident revealed that

There is a relationship between frontal lobe, limbic system and impulse control

Aside from biomedical research, what other areas of research could greatly benefit by both longitudinal and archival research?

There is not one correct answer to this question. Possibilities include research on hiring practices based on human resource records, and research that follows former prisoners to determine if the time that they were incarcerated provided any sort of positive influence on their likelihood of engaging in criminal behavior in the future.

If the experimenter says one of the following statements, which do you think is most likely to make the child feel frustrated?

These are the very best toys but we dont let just anyone play with them we have decided to use the best toys for the other children

primary reinforcers

These kinds of reinforcers are not learned. Water, food, sleep, shelter, sex, and touch, among others, are Pleasure is also a primary reinforcer. Organisms do not lose their drive for these things

What happens to testosterone levels of those who lose chess tournaments?

They fall

How does a neutral stimulus become a conditioned stimulus?

This occurs through the process of acquisition. A human or an animal learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. During the acquisition phase, the neutral stimulus begins to elicit the conditioned response. The neutral stimulus is becoming the conditioned stimulus. At the end of the acquisition phase, learning has occurred and the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus capable of eliciting the conditioned response by itself.

If theories that assert sleep is necessary for restoration and recovery from daily energetic demands are correct, what do you predict about the relationship that would exist between individuals' total sleep duration and their level of activity?

Those individuals (or species) that expend the greatest amounts of energy would require the longest periods of sleep.

What best describes the purpose of the IRB?

To review proposals that have humans subjects

After drinking casually for a few years, Eric finds that he needs more and more alcohol in order to get a "buzz." This is an example of

Tolerance

Did you read the second "the" in the sentence in the image? You probably didn't, because your brain doesn't expect to have "the" a second time and skips over it so that the sentence works in the context of what you are familiar with. This is an example of

Top down processing

________ describes the conversion of sensory stimulus energy into neural impulses that allow for perception.

Transduction

________ involves the conversion of sensory stimulus energy into neural impulses.

Transduction

Finley is a positive, motivator leader who encourages his employees to socialize, harness their creativity, and set goals. What type of leader is Finley?

Transformational

Robert Yerkes was the president of the APA who played an important role in evaluating and screening military personnel. This need for industrial psychologists to work with the military began after the

US entry into WW1

Who is responsible for enforcing federal laws that make it illegal to discriminate against a job applicant?

US equal employment opportunity commission

Cognitive Psychology peeps

Ulric Neisser, Noam Chomsky, Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky

Rogers believed that providing genuineness, empathy, and ________ in the therapeutic environment for his clients was critical to their being able to deal with their problems.

Unconditional positive regard

sexual harassment:

Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature constitute sexual harassment when this conduct explicitly or implicitly affects an individual's employment, unreasonably interferes with an individual's work performance, or creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive work environment.

A person with substance abuse disorder would be diagnosed with which of the following?

Using more of a drug than they want to, compulsive drug use, and dependence despite negative consequence.

Recently a study was published in the journal, Nutrition and Cancer, which established a negative correlation between coffee consumption and breast cancer. Specifically, it was found that women consuming more than 5 cups of coffee a day were less likely to develop breast cancer than women who never consumed coffee (Lowcock, Cotterchio, Anderson, Boucher, & El-Sohemy, 2013). Imagine you see a newspaper story about this research that says, "Coffee Protects Against Cancer." Why is this headline misleading and why would a more accurate headline draw less interest?

Using the word protects seems to suggest causation as a function of correlation. If the headline were more accurate, it would be less interesting because indicating that two things are associated is less powerful than indicating that doing one thing causes a change in the other.

If an experiment measures what it is supposed to measure, it is considered ________.

Valid

Let's try one last example. This is a real-world example from an actual study to measure the effectiveness of a device called the COPD-6, which screens for a specific type of heart disease. Researchers wanted to know if the COPD-6 device works as well as the more expensive and complicated spirometer, which is typically used to detect this type of heart disease. Experimenters screened 362 patients for heart disease using the COPD-6 and found that it IS just as effective as the spirometer in diagnosing heart disease. This means the results are:

Valid

You find a new scale and take it home. You weigh yourself several times, and notice that, while the scale gives the same result every time, it's reporting your weight almost 10 pounds lower than you're used to seeing.

Validity

Work content

Variety, challenge, role clarity

Structures that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine and aid in movement are the substantia nigra and the ________, both found in the midbrain.

Ventral tegmental area

What does blindsight reveal about unconsciousness?

Vison can take place in secondary visual pathways below levels of consciousness

Which is the best explanation of how blindsight can happen?

Visual information from the eye is being processed unconsciously, so people with blindsight don't know that they are visually processing

A person's participation in a research project must be ________.

Voluntary

Who was the first psychologist to use psychology in advertising?

Walter Dill Scott

While you may not notice the change in the music's volume while at a party, you would definitely notice the change if you were trying to study in a quiet library. This supports the idea that the difference threshold is a constant fraction of the original stimulus, also known as ________.

Webers Law

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

When a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage repeat behavior

This psychologist argued that psychology is independent from philosophy. He believed that the conscious elements of the mind should be scientifically studied and classified.

Wilhelm wundt

Functionalism

William James

________ focused on examining the physiology of one's behavior and other psychological aspects of the mind.

William James

________ makes overcoming a substance abuse disorder particularly painful.

Withdrawls

Jennifer is a single mom of two who is working and taking college classes at night. The demands of work and her work projects are stressing Jennifer out, which results in

Work family conflict

Humanitarian Work Psychology

Works to improve the conditions of individuals who have faced serious disaster or who are part of an underserved population. Focuses on labor relations, enhancing public health services, effects on populations due to climate change, recession, and diseases. Professor, instructional designer, research scientist, counselor, consultant, product manager, senior response officer

Organizational Psychology

Works with the relationships that employees develop with their organizations and conversely that their organization develops with them. In addition, studies the relationships that develop between co-workers and how that is influenced by organizational norms. Jobs- HR research specialist, professor, project consultant, personnel psychologist, test developer, training developer, leadership developer, talent developer

optic chiasm:

X-shaped structure that sits just below the brain's ventral surface; represents the merging of the optic nerves from the two eyes and the separation of information from the two sides of the visual field to the opposite side of the brain

Which of the following correctly matches the pattern in our perception of color as we move from short wavelengths to long wavelengths?

Yellow to orange to red

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.

construction ; reconstruction

A researcher wants to know if creativity can be taught. She designs a curriculum for teaching creative drawing to elementary school children. Then (with the permission of parents and the school) she randomly assigns 30 students to participate in several weekly sessions of creativity training. Another 30 randomly chosen students participate in a weekly session where they can draw, but they receive no creativity instruction. At the end of the six weeks of instruction, she has each child draw a picture. Five local school art teachers, who are also friends of hers, serve as judges. Each picture has a label showing whether the child was in the "creative training" group or the "no creative training" group. The art teacher-judges rate each picture on a 10-point scale, where 10 means "very high in creativity" and 1 means "very low in creativity." The results were that the children in the "creative training" group received an average rating of 8.5 and the children in the "no creative training" group received an average rating of 4.0. Based on these results, the researcher claimed that her creativity training curriculum succeeded in teaching students to be more creative. Was randomly assigning students to the "creative training" and the "no creative training" groups a good method for improving the validity of this study?

Yes

You and your roommate spent all of last night studying for your psychology test. You think you know the material; however, you suggest that you study again the next morning an hour prior to the test. Your roommate asks you to explain why you think this is a good idea. What do you tell her?

You remind her about Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve: the information you learn drops off rapidly with time. Even if you think you know the material, you should study it again right before test time to increase the likelihood the information will remain in your memory. Overlearning can help prevent storage decay.

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory.

Your first day of school

Which of the following is an example of a reflex?

a newborn baby knowing how to nurse

Sex (gender) is the most common reason for invoking a

a BFOQ as a defense against accusing an employer of discrimination (Manley, 2009).

Negative punishment refers to a situation where ________.

a behavior decreased because something desirable was eliminated through engaging in the behavior That's correct. "Punishment" means that a behavior decreases due to its consequences and "negative" means that something has been taken away. Negative punishment occurs when something desirable is taken away, leading to a decrease in the behavior that led to the loss of the desirable thing or situation.

insomnia:

a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep

positive reinforcement

a desirable stimulus is added to increase a behavior.

population:

a larger collection of individuals that we would like to generalize our results to

cognitive map:

a mental picture of the layout of the maze

Caroline met a new friend named Wendy. Wendy was wearing a green shirt, which reminded Caroline of Peter Pan, so Caroline plans to remember Peter Pan when she thinks about her new friend's name.

a mnemonic device

Reflexes are

a motor or neural reaction to a specific stimulus in the environment. They tend to be simpler than instincts, involve the activity of specific body parts and systems (e.g., the knee-jerk reflex and the contraction of the pupil in bright light), and involve more primitive centers of the central nervous system (e.g., the spinal cord and the medulla).

There are different targets of workplace violence:

a person could commit violence against coworkers, supervisors, or property. Warning signs often precede such actions: intimidating behavior, threats, sabotaging equipment, or radical changes in a coworker's behavior.

natural selection:

a process by which heritable traits conferring survival and reproductive advantage to individuals tend to be passed on to succeeding generations and become more frequent in a population

statistical significance:

a result is statistically significant if it is unlikely to arise by chance alone

A theory is a(n) ________.

a set of assumptions that help explain an event or behavior.

Which of the following best describes how you perceive a 16,000 Hz tone?

a specific section of the the basilar membrane will fire maximally to signal the pitch of the tone

The retina ________.

contains photoreceptors

stimulus discrimination:

ability to respond differently to similar stimuli

falsifiable:

able to be disproven by experimental results

On Trial #1, the rats in all three conditions were ________ in the number of errors they made.

about the same

Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified by the following? Amantha left her phone somewhere, but she can't remember where

absentmidedness

Where in a scholarly article would you expect to find a concise summary of the entire experiment?

abstract

Industrial and organizational psychologists work in four main contexts: academia, government, consulting firms, and business. Most I-O psychologists have a master's or doctorate degree.

academia, government, consulting firms, and business. Most I-O psychologists have a master's or doctorate degree.

recall:

accessing information without cues

validity:

accuracy of a given result in measuring what it is designed to measure

learning involves

acquiring knowledge and skills through experience

When a powerful organization purchases a smaller company, it is called a

acquisition

When you are learning how to play the piano, the statement "Every good boy does fine" can help you remember the notes E, G, B, D, and F for the lines of the treble clef. This is an example of a (an) ________.

acronym

retrieval:

act of getting information out of long-term memory storage and back into conscious awareness

What is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals?

action potential

fight or flight response:

activation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, allowing access to energy reserves and heightened sensory capacity so that we might fight off a given threat or run away to safety

memory consolidation:

active rehearsal to move information from short-term memory into long-term memory

Effortful processing

actual test material you studied? It probably required a lot of work and attention on your part in order to encode that information.

Other depressants include barbiturates and benzodiazepines. These drugs share in common their ability to serve as

agonists of the gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system. Because GABA has a quieting effect on the brain, GABA agonists also have a quieting effect; these types of drugs are often prescribed to treat both anxiety and insomnia.

________ is considered a depressant because it suppresses central nervous activity.

alcohol

electromagnetic spectrum:

all the electromagnetic radiation that occurs in our environment

associative learning is central to

all three basic learning processes discussed in this module; classical conditioning tends to involve unconscious processes, operant conditioning tends to involve conscious processes, and observational learning adds social and cognitive layers to all the basic associative processes, both conscious and unconscious

In sales teams, gender-balanced teams generally brought in greater sales and profits than ___________ teams.

all-male -A study of project teams in a university business school found that gender-balanced teams (i.e., nearly equal numbers of men and women) performed better, as measured by sales and profits, than predominantly male teams.

When rats had their ________ removed, they no longer experienced their fear memory.

amygdala

In the movie "50 First Dates," the main character wakes up each day not remembering the day before or having met her new boyfriend. She suffers from ________ amnesia.

antereograde

Quincy is struck on the back of the head and finds, while she can remember her life up to the time she was struck on the head, she can no longer make new memories. Quincy has ________ amnesia.

anterograde

Proponents of the early school of ________ psychology argue that our thoughts, feelings, and motive are unimportant in understanding human behavior and that only observable actions should be studied.

behaviorism

Which school of thought emphasized observable behavior and objectivity?

behaviorism

Which school of thought in the early 20th century focused on observable behavior and relationships between stimuli and responses?

behaviorlism

Which one of the following is not true of latent learning?

behaviors are present innately without experience

Using the different images that each eye receives in order to perceive depth is called using ________ cues.

biocular

A researcher interested in how changes in the cells of the hippocampus (a structure in the brain related to learning and memory) are related to memory formation would be most likely to identify as a(n) ________ psychologist.

biological

Which psychological domain would include a study of neuroscience?

biological

circadian rhythm:

biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours

Inattentional ________ refers to the failure to notice something that is completely visible due to a lack of attention.

blindness

As one of their mechanisms of action, cocaine and amphetamines

block the reuptake of dopamine from the synapse into the presynaptic cell.

central nervous system (CNS):

brain and spinal cord

sleep regulation:

brain's control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world

human factors psychology:

branch of psychology that studies how workers interact with the tools of work and how to design those tools to optimize workers' productivity, safety, and health

industrial psychology:

branch of psychology that studies job characteristics, applicant characteristics, and how to match them; also studies employee training and performance appraisal

organizational psychology:

branch of psychology that studies the interactions between people working in organizations and the effects of those interactions on productivity

dendrite

branch-like extension of the soma that receives incoming signals from other neurons

gyrus (plural: gyri)

bump or ridge on the cerebral cortex

What role could a flight simulator play in the design of a new aircraft?

but they should include that the simulator would be used to determine how pilots interact with the controls and displays within the cockpit, including under conditions of simulated emergencies.

What is the most commonly used stimulant in the world?

caffine

, when an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the condition stimulus, it is

called stimulus generalization,

afterimage:

continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus

meditation:

clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus

Which psychological domain would include a study of memory and intelligence?

cognative

Zoe is planning to apply to graduate schools next semester, but isn't sure which field of psychology she likes the best. She enjoyed learning about learning, children, and language, but is most of all interested in the way people approach and solve problems. Which field of psychology would you recommend she study?

cognative

A human factors psychologist who studied how a worker interacted with a search engine would be researching in the area of ________.

cognitive engineering

Bandura and other researchers proposed a brand of behaviorism called social learning theory, which took

cognitive processes into account.

When airline captain Chelsey Sullenberger "Sully" made the decision to land his plane in the Hudson river after the airplane's engines died, more research was done to examine how pilots make decisions and what mental steps they take when faced with danger. This is an example of:

cognitive task analysis

limbic system:

collection of structures involved in processing emotion and memory

jet lag:

collection of symptoms brought on by travel from one time zone to another that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment

opponent-process theory of color perception:

color is coded in opponent pairs: black-white, yellow-blue, and red-green

The Ishihara test evaluates

color perception by assessing whether individuals can discern numbers that appear in a circle of dots of varying colors and sizes.

trichromatic theory of color perception:

color vision is mediated by the activity across the three groups of cones

iris:

colored portion of the eye

Institutional Review Board (IRB):

committee of administrators, scientists, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving human participants

Hearing aids might be effective for treating ________.

conductive hearing loss

insomnia:

consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time

personality trait:

consistent pattern of thought and behavior

formulation of new memories is sometimes called

construction

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called continuous reinforcement

continuous reinforcement This reinforcement schedule is the quickest way to teach someone a behavior, and it is especially effective in training a new behavior.

Research studies designed to determine whether a relationship exists between variables is known as ________ research.

correlational

When it becomes difficult to fulfill family requirements because of time devoted to work, participation in work, or specific work behaviors, it is likely to

create work family conflict

storage:

creation of a permanent record of information

Pregnancy, (b) religion, and (c) age are some of the

criteria on which hiring decisions cannot legally be made. (credit a: modification of work by Sean McGrath; credit b: modification of work by Ze'ev Barkan; credit c: modification of work by David Hodgson)

Julie majored in Psychology for her undergraduate degree, then pursued a masters degree in early childhood education to become a teacher. She credits her background in psychology with helping her as a teacher as she communicates with the children, better understands their behavior, and also teaches them ________, such as making observations and judgements with skepticism.

critical thinking skills

congenital deafness:

deafness from birth

Industrial psychology is concerned with

describing job requirements and assessing individuals for their ability to meet those requirements.

stimulant:

drug that tends to increase overall levels of neural activity; includes caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine

depressant:

drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity

psychotropic medication:

drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring neurotransmitter balance

cochlear implant:

electronic device that consists of a microphone, a speech processor, and an electrode array to directly stimulate the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain

Cognitive psychology is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

emphasize instrospection

Scientific knowledge is ________.

empirical

Telecommuting involves

employees working at home and setting their own hours, which allows them to work during different parts of the day, and to spend part of the day with their family; this may also be known as ecommuting, working remotely, flexible workspace, or simply working from home.

telecommuting:

employees' ability to set their own hours allowing them to work from home at different parts of the day

effortful processing:

encoding of information that takes effort and attention

automatic processing:

encoding of informational details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words

semantic encoding

encoding of words and their meaning

Holly was sitting on her bed when she remembered she needed to call her mom about what to do for her grandma's birthday. She got up and did a few dishes before calling her mom, but then she forgot why she had needed to call. She retraced her steps back to her bed, then suddenly remembered the purpose of the call. This can be explained by the

encoding specificity principle

This physical trace of memory is known as the ________.

engram

There are two types of long-term memory:

explicit and implicit

Episodic memories and semantic memories are both examples of ________ memory.

explicit memories

Remembering what present you bought for your aunt:

explicit memory

observational learning

extends the effective range of both classical and operant conditioning. In contrast to classical and operant conditioning, in which learning occurs only through direct experience, observational learning is the process of watching others and then imitating what they do.

When a previously learned behavior disappears because the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus, we call it ________.

extinction

Based on the data above, were girls more likely to show verbal aggression if they had seen a male model or a female model?

female

industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology:

field in psychology that applies scientific principles to the study of work and the workplace

As Susan enters the classroom and prepares to take the math exam, her bodily changes represent ________.

fight or flight response

A light and a shock are associated so the light now produces a fear response without presentation of the shock. If a new light that is similar to, but not identical to the original light produces the fear response, we have an example of ________.

generalization

For each of the following drugs, determine whether or not it is a hallucinogen Peyote:

hallucinogen

For each of the following drugs, determine whether or not it is a hallucinogen. LSD:

hallucinogen

Which are most likely to cause altered sensory and perceptual experiences?

hallucinogins

secondary reinforcer

has no inherent value and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with a primary reinforcer. Praise, linked to affection, is one example of a secondary reinforcer, as when you called out "Great shot!" every time Joaquin made a goal.

According to Baddeley and Hitch, ________.

have proposed a model where short-term memory itself has different forms

medulla:

hindbrain structure that controls automated processes like breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate

cerebellum:

hindbrain structure that controls our balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills, and it is thought to be important in processing some types of memory

melatonin:

hormone secreted by the endocrine gland that serves as an important regulator of the sleep-wake cycle

bias:

how feelings and view of the world distort memory of past events

p-value:

how often a random process would give a result at least as extreme as what was found in the actual study, assuming there was nothing other than random chance at play

John B. Watson used the principles of classical conditioning in the study of

human emotion.

A(n) [Select] industrial advertising human factors organizational psychologist may examine the layout of an office and consider new ways to optimize the productivity and health of the employees.

human factors

Giselle visits warehouses and recommends changes to the equipment and processes in order to optimize the productivity and health of the employees. She is likely a(n) [Select] psychologist.

human factors

Which perspective within psychology emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all people?

humanism

Participants in Daniel Simons' and Christopher Chabris' study were asked to watch people pass a basketball. Because they were focused on doing so, the didn't see a gorilla walk across the screen. This phenomenon is called ________.

inattentional blindness

Development

includes learning and conditioning, lifespan development, and language

Cognitive Domain

includes the study of perception, cognition, memory, and intelligence

chronotype:

individual differences in circadian patterns of activity indicating a propensity to sleep at a certain time

Job satisfaction describes the degree to which

individuals enjoy their job. It was described by Edwin Locke (1976) as the state of feeling resulting from appraising one's job experiences.

instincts are

innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as maturation and the change of seasons.

Based on changes in the weather, bears typically hibernate for half the year. This is an example of an innate behavior, known as a

instinct

Sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are examples of ________.

instincts Correct. These responses to environmental stimuli are innate.

Physical dependence

involves changes in normal bodily functions—the user will experience withdrawal from the drug upon cessation of use.

Short-term memory (STM)

is a temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory.

Taste aversion

is a type of conditioning in which an interval of several hours may pass between the conditioned stimulus (something ingested) and the unconditioned stimulus (nausea or illness).

GABA-gated chloride (Cl-) channel

is embedded in the cell membrane of certain neurons. The channel has multiple receptor sites where alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines bind to exert their effects. The binding of these molecules opens the chloride channel, allowing negatively-charged chloride ions (Cl-) into the neuron's cell body. Changing its charge in a negative direction pushes the neuron away from firing; thus, activating a GABA neuron has a quieting effect on the brain.

Sensation

is input about the physical world obtained by our sensory receptors, and perception is the process by which the brain selects, organizes, and interprets these sensations. In other words, senses are the physiological basis of perception.

Tolerance

is linked to physiological dependence, and it occurs when a person requires more and more drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses. Tolerance can cause the user to increase the amount of drug used to a dangerous level—even to the point of overdose and death.

Retrograde amnesia

is loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. People with retrograde amnesia cannot remember some or even all of their past. They have difficulty remembering episodic memories

branch of I-O psychology known as industrial psychology focuses on identifying and matching persons to tasks within an organization. This involves

job analysis, which means accurately describing the task or job

In Bandura's Bobo doll study, when the children who watched the aggressive model were placed in a room with the doll and other toys, they ________.

kicked and threw the doll

Keshawn has a dream about getting booed off of stage during an impromptu standup performance. His friend tells him the dream is probably just about his nervousness for his upcoming graduation speech. His friend's analysis represents the true meaning of the dream, also known as the ________ content.

latent

Jeffrey always enjoyed cooking simple meals for himself. When he was preparing a meal, he would frequently read new recipes and he liked to wander around the local Whole Foods store. When his friend Marsha asked that he help her with food for a party she was having, Jeffrey amazed everyone, including himself, when he prepared a feast that looked and tasted like it was done by a professional caterer. Jeffrey's newfound skill is an example of

latent learning

Marissa's mom is a hairdresser and Marissa spent countless hours after school just hanging out in the salon, but never learned how to cut or style hair. Later, when Marissa's friend mentions she is looking for someone to do her hair for a wedding, Marissa says she can play with it a bit. Marissa surprises even herself by how wonderful the updo looks. This is an example of

latent learning

________ broke the constraints of ________, which emphasized that learning was the direct consequence of conditioning to stimuli.

latent learning; behaviorism

Kurt Lewin also conducted research on the effects of various

leadership styles, team structure, and team dynamics (Katzell & Austin, 1992).

The term "latent learning" refers to learning that ________.

learning that does not reveal itself until needed

Latent learning is a form of

learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response. It occurs without any obvious reinforcement of the behavior or associations that are learned

Which idea says that if you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information?

levels of processing theory

________ is one way in which people can help reset their biological clocks.

light- dark exposure

photoreceptor:

light-detecting cell

survey:

list of questions to be answered by research participants—given as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally—allowing researchers to collect data from a large number of people

Cocking your head would be most useful for detecting the ________ of a sound.

location

dissertation:

long research paper about research that was conducted as a part of the candidate's doctoral training

_______ involves following a group of research participants for an extended period of time.

longitudinal

forgetting:

loss of information from long-term memory

A/an________ acts to remove social inhibitions by slowing activity in the sympathetic nervous system.

low dose of alcohol

If Javier is in a deep sleep, an EEG would show his sleep as

low frequency high amplitude waves

Based on the data above, were boys more likely to show verbal aggression if they had seen a male model or a female model?

male

Based on the data above, were girls more likely to show physical aggression if they had seen a male model or a female model?

male

If you need to remember the names of all 50 states, the most recommended technique would be for you to

memorize 5 states at a time - group information into more manageable size

mnemonic device:

memory aids that help organize information for encoding

misattribution:

memory error in which you confuse the source of your information

Theory X approach to management,

managers assume that most people dislike work and are not innately self-directed. Theory X managers perceive employees as people who prefer to be led and told which tasks to perform and when. Their employees have to be watched carefully to be sure that they work hard enough to fulfill the organization's goals. Theory X workplaces will often have employees punch a clock when arriving and leaving the workplace: Tardiness is punished. Supervisors, not employees, determine whether an employee needs to stay late, and even this decision would require someone higher up in the command chain to approve the extra hours. Theory X supervisors will ignore employees' suggestions for improved efficiency and reprimand employees for speaking out of order. These supervisors blame efficiency failures on individual employees rather than the systems or policies in place. Managerial goals are achieved through a system of punishments and threats rather than enticements and rewards. Managers are suspicious of employees' motivations and always suspect selfish motivations for their behavior at work (e.g., being paid is their sole motivation for work

Theory Y approach

managers assume that most people seek inner satisfaction and fulfillment from their work. Employees function better under leadership that allows them to participate in, and provide input about, setting their personal and work goals. In Theory Y workplaces, employees participate in decisions about prioritizing tasks; they may belong to teams that, once given a goal, decide themselves how it will be accomplished. In such a workplace, employees are able to provide input on matters of efficiency and safety. One example of Theroy Y in action is the policy of Toyota production lines that allows any employee to stop the entire line if a defect or other issue appears, so that the defect can be fixed and its cause remedied (Toyota Motor Manufacturing, 2013). A Theory Y workplace will also meaningfully consult employees on any changes to the work process or management system. In addition, the organization will encourage employees to contribute their own ideas. McGregor (1960) characterized Theory X as the traditional method of management used in the United States. He argued that a Theory Y approach was needed to improve organizational output and the wellbeing of individuals.

John ate something at a party and afterwards saw bright colors on the wall and had a strange sensation that he had turned into an ant and that the people around him were huge. John probably consumed

marijuana

A psychologist would like to study the effects of premarital education on marital quality. He identifies 30 couples, half of whom attended a 4-week premarital course 10 years ago. Some of the couples have since divorced and some have remained married for 10 years. All of the couples complete a marriage satisfaction scale in which a marriage happiness score is obtained. Which of the following hypotheses represents the testable hypothesis for the psychologist to use to conduct his research?

marriage satisfaction scale

One would need at least a(n) ________ degree to serve as a school psychologist.

masters

Typically, an adjunct psychology professor will have a

masters degree in psycology

inter-rater reliability:

measure of agreement among observers on how they record and classify a particular event

implicit memory:

memories that are not part of our consciousness

explicit memory:

memories we consciously try to remember and recall

Christian has been assigned the task of working with and teaching Kash, who was recently hired at the call center. Christian's [Select] is likely to improve Kash's job satisfaction.

mentoring

The processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over time is known as

meomory

When two organizations of equal power and status join together, it is called a(n)

merger

When companies are combined through

merger (or acquisition), there are often cuts due to duplication of core functions, like sales and accounting, at each company.

subliminal message

message presented below the threshold of conscious awareness

empirical method

method for acquiring knowledge based on observation, including experimentation, rather than a method based only on forms of logical argument or previous authorities

The most accurate definition of psychology is the scientific study of ________.

mind and behavior

Confusing the source of information is called

misattribution

Jazmin tells her best friend, Ella, about a time in middle school when she went to the mall and spilled an entire bottle of ketchup onto her lap. Ella is surprised at the story and says, "No, that didn't happen to you---that happened to me! We were there together, remember?" This is an example of when the source of the memory is confused. This is known as

misattribution

If co-witnesses of a crime are permitted to talk to each other, they are prone to contaminate each other's memories. This is an example of

misinformation effect

glial cell:

nervous system cell that provides physical and metabolic support to neurons, including neuronal insulation and communication, and nutrient and waste transport

reuptake

neurotransmitter is pumped back into the neuron that released it

A light is turned on in front of a hungry dog a few seconds before it is given a small piece of meat. The first time this happens in an experiment like the one that Pavlov conducted, the light is considered to be ________.

neutral

A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) ________.

neutral stimulus

When Rosalie falls asleep at a park next to an elementary school, the ringing bell wakes her up. She immediately jumps to her feet and starts to pack up her bag because she has been conditioned to think the ringing bell signifies the end of class and the need to go somewhere else. When Rosalie was little, before ever attending school, the sound of a bell was a

neutral stimulus

Pavlov would sound a tone (like ringing a bell) and then give the dogs the meat powder. The tone was the

neutral stimulus (NS), which is a stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response

second group rats in the maze

never received any food reward, so there was no incentive to learn to navigate the maze effectively.

________ occur during NREM sleep and often involve screaming, though the individual doesn't remember it in the morning.

night terrors

Before Trial #11, the "No Food Until Trial 11" group performed more like the ________ group.

no food on any trial

Based on the data above, did boys or girls on the average show more verbal aggression toward the Bobo doll?

not a clear difference

naturalistic observation:

observation of behavior in its natural setting

clinical or case study:

observational research study focusing on one or a few people

psychoactive drugs

occur through their interactions with our endogenous neurotransmitter systems.

Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that

occurs as a result of experience

work-family balance:

occurs when people juggle the demands of work life with the demands of family life

temporal theory

of pitch perception asserts that frequency is coded by the activity level of a sensory neuron.

Perception

of the same senses may vary from one person to another because each person's brain interprets stimuli differently based on that individual's learning, memory, emotions, and expectations.

proactive interference:

old information hinders the recall of newly learned information

Gillian's kids struggle to get out the door in the morning for school, so she creates a sticker chart where they can put on a sticker each time they are ready to go before 7 a.m. Once they fill they chart, they'll get a new bunk bed. This is an example of ________.

operant conditioning

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?

operant conditioning

Afterimages caused by staring at a blue image then looking away makes you perceive yellow.

opponent-process

Neurons in the retina are excited by one color but inhibited by another color.

opponent-process

Freud's psychosexual model of development includes five stages:

oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.

all-or-none:

phenomenon that incoming signal from another neuron is either sufficient or insufficient to reach the threshold of excitation

A new animal is discovered that is more sensitive to pain in its toes than its fingers. If we were to examine the brain of this animal we would notice that ________.

parietal lobe of the brain more devoted to toes than fingers

temporal lobe:

part of cerebral cortex associated with hearing, memory, emotion, and some aspects of language; contains primary auditory cortex

occipital lobe:

part of the cerebral cortex associated with visual processing; contains the primary visual cortex

parietal lobe:

part of the cerebral cortex involved in processing various sensory and perceptual information; contains the primary somatosensory cortex

frontal lobe:

part of the cerebral cortex involved in reasoning, motor control, emotion, and language; contains motor cortex

Students were asked about the speed of cars involved in an accident. When the verb was changed from "contacted" to "smashed", ________.

participants estimated the speed of the vehicle involved in the crash to be higher

placebo effect:

people's expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience in a given situation

linear perspective:

perceive depth in an image when two parallel lines seem to converge

Which of the seven sins of memory occurs when you simply cannot forget a traumatic event?

percistance

acquisition:

period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response

non-REM (NREM):

period of sleep outside periods of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

model:

person who performs a behavior that serves as an example (in observational learning)

biopsychosocial model:

perspective that asserts that biology, psychology, and social factors interact to determine an individual's health

humanism

perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans

Mario has not been doing well in his third grade classroom. His teacher noticed that he wasn't focusing in class and mistakenly thought he was being lazy. In fact, the truth was that Mario's family couldn't afford enough food to feed their family and therefore, he regularly goes to school without any breakfast. Which level of need would best describe what is going on with Mario?

physiological

The ________ gland in the endocrine system is important in releasing ________, which helps regulate biological rhythms.

pineal; meletonin

The most visible part of the ear is the

pinna

outer ear

pinna and tympanic membrane

Which correctly describes the process of hearing?

pinna, auditory canal, tympanic membrane, ossicles, cochlea, auditory nerve

frequency of a sound wave is associated with our perception of that sound's

pitch.

The ________ secretes hormones that regulate the body's fluid levels.

pituitary

Sometimes, researchers will administer a(n) ________ to participants in the control group to control for the effects that participant expectation might have on the experiment.

placebo

A psychologist discovers that the more control people feel they have over what happens in their work environments, the more productive they are. The psychologist has discovered a ________ correlation between perceived control and productivity.

positive

Terry keeps interrupting the teacher during spelling instruction. The teacher says he has to write each spelling word ten times for extra homework. The next day, Terry is thinking about interrupting the teacher. The extra homework is a [Select 1][Select 2] .

positive punisher

While he is at a meeting, Rubin tells a joke, and everybody laughs. Now he is at another meeting, and is thinking about telling another joke he heard. Everybody laughing at his joke at the first party is a [Select 1] [Select 2] .

positive reinforcer

In Tolman's study, the independent variable was ________.

presence of food at the end

Shelter, sex, and touch are examples of

primary reinforcers

reconstruction:

process of bringing up old memories that might be distorted by new information

informed consent:

process of informing a research participant about what to expect during an experiment, any risks involved, and the implications of the research, and then obtaining the person's consent to participate

vicarious punishment:

process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model's behavior

vicarious reinforcement:

process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model's behavior

Which school of thought examined mental processes that are in the unconscious mind to explain behavior?

psychodynamic

______ refers to drug craving.

psychological dependence

If a person has an emotional need for a drug, they probably have a ________.

psychological dependents

sensation is a physical process, whereas perception is

psychological.

. Industrial and organizational (I-O)

psychology is a branch of psychology that studies how human behavior and psychology affect work and how they are affected by work.

cognitive-behavioral therapy:

psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors that is sometimes used to treat sleep disorders such as insomnia

Strict behaviorists like Watson and Skinner focused exclusively on studying behavior rather than cognition (such as thoughts and expectations). In fact, Skinner was such a staunch believer that cognition didn't matter that his ideas were considered

radical behaviorism.

Mason has a cochlear implant. He is able to hear because the implant

receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit the information to the brain

Which type of memory is tested on a multiple choice test?

recognition

A multiple choice quiz question will test ________ while an open-ended question will test ________.

recognition ; recall

process of bringing up old memories is called

reconstruction

electroencephalography (EEG):

recording the electrical activity of the brain via electrodes on the scalp

If you were to stare at a green dot for a relatively long period of time and then shift your gaze to a blank white screen, you would see a ________ negative afterimage.

red

correlation:

relationship between two or more variables; when two variables are correlated, one variable changes as the other does

correlation:

relationship between two or more variables; when two variables are correlated, one variable changes as the other does correlation coefficient: number from -1 to +1, indicating the strength and direction of the relationship between variables, and usually represented by r

replicate:

repeating an experiment using different samples to determine the research's reliability

bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ):

requirement of certain occupations for which denying an individual employment would otherwise violate the law, such as requirements concerning religion or sex

descriptive research:

research studies that do not test specific relationships between variables; they are used to describe general or specific behaviors and attributes that are observed and measured

experimenter bias:

researcher expectations skew the results of the study

conditioned response (CR):

response caused by the conditioned stimulus

U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) is

responsible for enforcing federal laws that make it illegal to discriminate against a job applicant or an employee because of the person's race, color, religion, sex (including pregnancy), national origin, age (40 or older), disability, or genetic information

U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC):

responsible for enforcing federal laws that make it illegal to discriminate against a job applicant or an employee because of the person's race, color, religion, sex (including pregnancy), national origin, age (40 or older), disability, or genetic information

Storage

retention of the information

The ________ is involved in regulating the sleep/wake cycle and plays an important role in arousal and alertness.

reticular formation

Demarcus suffered a concussion in his first lacrosse match, causing him to forget everything that happened prior to the match. He has ________ amnesia.

retrograde

Bryson remembers nothing before his concussion happened, meaning he has ________ amnesia. If he were unable to learn new things, he would have ________ amnesia.

retrograde; anterograde

Sean wants to teach his dog to turn the light on. What would be the best way to train his dog, utilizing the idea of shaping? What might he do that using the concept of shaping?

reward the dog when the dog looks at the light switch, when she touches the light switch, when she pushes it, and when she turns it on by command

"Eyeblink conditioning" can be used to demonstrate classical conditioning safely with a human volunteer. A puff of air aimed at your eye will naturally produce a blinking response. Using this reflex, what could we do to create a complete classical conditioning demonstration?

ring bell b4 puff until blinks to bell alone

Samantha needs to remember a string of numbers, and does so by associating each set of numbers with the jersey numbers worn by her favorite football players. This is an example of ________ encoding.

semantic

The encoding of words and their meaning is known as ________ encoding.

semantic

Which part of the ear is most involved in motion and balance?

semicircular canal

Hearing aids are ineffective in treating ________, which is caused by damage to the hair cells in the cochlea that impairs the transmission of signals about sound to the brain.

sensorineural hearing loss

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

sensory

When Martha first visits her Aunt and Uncle's house, the smell of fish is overwhelming, but after an hour, she doesn't even notice it's there. What explains this?

sensory adaptation

endocrine system:

series of glands that produce chemical substances known as hormones

LSD affects ________ neurotransmission.

serotonin

restless leg syndrome:

sleep disorder in which the sufferer has uncomfortable sensations in the legs when trying to fall asleep that are relieved by moving the legs

central sleep apnea:

sleep disorder with periods of interrupted breathing due to a disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing

binocular disparity:

slightly different view of the world that each eye receives

pupil:

small opening in the eye through which light passes

Which psychological domain would include a study of motivation and gender?

social and personality

Which theory of hypnosis suggests that people are performing the role of a hypnotized person?

social cognitive theory

When an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar, it is called

stimulus discrimination

In Watson and Rayner's experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates ________.

stimulus generalization

Brad and Angie fell in love one summer when Brad used to bring his golden retriever to play in the park where Angie liked to jog. The sight of a golden retriever always makes her think about Brad. But today, as Angie ran in the park, she saw a Labrador retriever, and she immediately thought about Brad. What happened?

stimulus generilazation

neutral stimulus (NS:)

stimulus that does not initially elicit a response

unconditioned stimulus (UCS):

stimulus that elicits a reflexive response

conditioned stimulus (CS):

stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

sensory memory:

storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes

synaptic vesicle

storage site for neurotransmitters

manifest content:

storyline of events that occur during a dream, per Sigmund Freud's view of the function of dreams

Halima is excellent at organizing events, but she is weak in delivering the opening address. She decides to focus on what she is good at and delegate the opening address to her immediate subordinate who excels in public speaking. Halima is practicing:

strength based managment

Greg has one employee, Sasha, who is a weak presenter and gets incredibly stressed out about presenting in workshops, but is an excellent writer. Greg decides to emphasize Sasha's writing abilities and gives her opportunities to shine outside of the spotlight. Greg is practicing

strengths based management

Background: Social Psychologist Mark Baldwin has studied the relationship between stressful environments and feelings of anxiety. He wondered if stressful work might lead people to expect and even search for negative messages, such as angry facial expressions, from other people. This can be a problem, because these negative messages then add to the stress which in turn increases anxiety. In this video, Dr. Baldwin shows a creative way to help people break away from this stress-induced tendency to search for negative messages.

stress hormone lvl

auditory cortex:

strip of cortex in the temporal lobe that is responsible for processing auditory information

motor cortex:

strip of cortex involved in planning and coordinating movement

arousal theory:

strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories

In the late 19th century, this approach to psychology measured basic elements of conscious experiences to provide scientific evidence to understand the mind.

structuralism

Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener's approach to asking patients to look inward and describe their feelings was a part of their broader strategy to understand consciousness. This was called:

structuralism

amygdala:

structure in the limbic system involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories

hippocampus:

structure in the temporal lobe associated with learning and memory

longitudinal research:

studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured repeatedly over an extended period of time

biopsychology: study of how biology influences behavior

study of how biology influences behavior

personality psychology:

study of patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique

meta-analysis:

study that combines the results of several related studies

You walk by the same billboard on the way to school each day, but have never actually looked at it. When asked to guess which billboard it was from a selection of billboards, you somehow identify the right one because

subliminally processed

random sample:

subset of a larger population in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

sample:

subset of individuals selected from the larger population

Which of the seven sins of memory occurs if an investigator asks a child leading questions, causing them to make up a memory?

suggestibility

place theory of pitch perception

suggests that different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies.

threat-simulation theory:

suggests that dreaming should be seen as an ancient biological defense mechanism that provides an evolutionary advantage because of its capacity to repeatedly simulate potential threatening events, thus enhancing the mechanisms required for efficient threat avoidance.

bottom-up processing:

system in which perceptions are built from sensory input

Stimulants are drugs

tend to increase overall levels of neural activity. Many of these drugs act as agonists of the dopamine neurotransmitter system. Dopamine activity is often associated with reward and craving; therefore, drugs that affect dopamine neurotransmission often have abuse liability. Drugs in this category include cocaine, amphetamines (including methamphetamine), cathinones (i.e., bath salts), MDMA (ecstasy), nicotine, and caffeine.

self-reference effect:

tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance

confirmation bias:

tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs

homeostasis:

tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system

The signal travels to the end of the axon, called the _____,where the signal travels across the synapse to the next neuron.

terminal button

worker-oriented. This approach describes

the characteristics required of the worker to successfully perform the job. This second approach has been called job specification (Dierdorff & Wilson, 2003). For job specification, the knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs) that the job requires are identified.Observation, surveys, and interviews are used to obtain the information required for both types of job analysis.

Extinction occurs when ________

the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Skinner believed that behavior is motivated by

the consequences we receive for the behavior: the reinforcements and punishments. His idea that learning is the result of consequences is based on the law of effect,

What is wavelength?

the distance from one wave peak to the next

margin of error:

the expected amount of random variation in a statistic; often defined for 95% confidence level.

Wilhelm Wundt

the father of experimental psychology

engram:

the group of neurons that serve as the "physical representation of memory"

encoding specificity principle:

the hypothesis that a retrieval cue will be effective to the extent that information encoded from the cue overlaps or matches information in the engram or memory trace.

The major limitation of case studies is ________.

the inability to generalize the findings from this approach to the larger population

In an unstructured interview

the interviewer may ask different questions of each different candidate. One candidate might be asked about her career goals, and another might be asked about his previous work experience. In an unstructured interview, the questions are often, though not always, unspecified beforehand. And in an unstructured interview the responses to questions asked are generally not scored using a standard system.

In the study with Little Albert, he was conditioned to fear a rabbit because it was paired with a frightening loud sound. In this example, what was the unconditioned stimulus?

the loud sound

acquisition

the neutral stimulus begins to elicit the conditioned response, and eventually the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus capable of eliciting the conditioned response by itself. Timing is important for conditioning to occur. (5 sec)

variable ratio reinforcement schedule

the number of responses needed for a reward varies.

distribution:

the pattern of variation in data

variable interval reinforcement schedule

the person or animal gets the reinforcement based on varying amounts of time, which are unpredictable.

psychology

the scientific study of mental processes and behavior

resting potential

the state of readiness of a neuron membrane's potential between signals

Organizational culture encompasses

the values, visions, hierarchies, norms, and interactions among its employees

collective unconscious:

theoretical repository of information shared by all people across cultures, as described by Carl Jung

Dr. Peterson believes people are essentially altruistic based on years of research in this area.

theory

scientific management:

theory of management that analyzed and synthesized workflows with the main objective of improving economic efficiency, especially labor productivity

fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

there are a set number of responses that must occur before the behavior is rewarded.

Studies of job interviews show that

they are more effective at predicting future job performance when they are structured

corpus callosum:

thick band of neural fibers connecting the brain's two hemispheres

basilar membrane:

thin strip of tissue within the cochlea that contains the hair cells which serve as the sensory receptors for the auditory system

elaborative rehearsal:

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

stage 3 sleep:

third stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves

Many people juggle the demands of work life with the demands of their home life, whether it be caring for children or taking care of an elderly parent;

this is known as work-family balance.

Which theory suggests that dreaming should be seen as an ancient biological defense mechanism?

threat simulation theory

Which theory suggests that dreaming should be seen as an ancient biological defense mechanism?

threat-simulation theory

Immutable characteristics refers to

traits of an individual that are fundamental to her/his identity, such as skin color and hair texture. An employer cannot discriminate based on ICs in hiring, benefits, promotions, or termination of employees. Consider the term used to describe requirements of certain occupations, such as religion or sex, and in other circumstances to deny someone employment based on those characteristics would violate the law.

Mekayla loved her second grade teacher and remembers it being her favorite year of elementary school. When her niece asks her about her favorite part of second grade, Mekayla has a hard time remembering anything that actually happened during that year. This is an example of

transience

Ronaldo was on the state champion soccer team in high school and has fond memories of his experiences with the team. When his son asks Ronaldo about his old coach and what it was like to play on such a great team, Ronaldo remembers only a couple of things about the season, even though he spent hours everyday with the team. This is an example of

transience

For each statement, select which of the two theories of color vision it fits with best. opponent-process trichromatic Perceiving purple is a result of receiving messages from two types of cells: those that perceive red and those that perceive blue.

trichromatic

negative correlation:

two variables change in different directions, with one becoming larger as the other becomes smaller; a negative correlation is not the same thing as no correlation

positive correlation: two variables change in the same direction, both becoming either larger or smaller

two variables change in the same direction, both becoming either larger or smaller

The vibration of the ________ causes the ossicles to move.

tympanic membrane

methamphetamine:

type of amphetamine that can be made from pseudoephedrine, an over-the-counter drug; widely manufactured and abused

semantic memory:

type of declarative memory about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

episodic memory:

type of declarative memory that contains information about events we have personally experienced, also known as autobiographical memory

alpha wave:

type of relatively low frequency, relatively high amplitude brain wave that becomes synchronized; characteristic of the beginning of stage 1 sleep

confounding variable:

unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest, often giving the false impression that changes in one variable causes changes in the other variable, when, in actuality, the outside factor causes changes in both variables

Which component of a classically conditioned behavior automatically elicits a reaction? For example, dimming the lights will cause the eyes to dilate.

unconditioned stimulus

In Pavlov's experiments, the dogs salivated each time meat powder was presented to them. The meat powder in this situation was an

unconditioned stimulus (UCS): a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in an organism.

Structuralism Focused

understanding the conscious experience through introspection Wilhelm Wundt

There are two types of interviews: unstructured and structured.

unstructured and structured.

methadone clinic:

uses methadone to treat withdrawal symptoms in opiate users

organizational culture:

values, visions, hierarchies, norms and interactions between its employees; how an organization is run, how it operates, and how it makes decisions

You are trying to enter a prize drawing at the radio station but the lines are busy. You continue to call every 1-5 minutes hoping to get on the air. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval Correct. You don't know when the winning prize is going to come, so you keep calling at random intervals to hope you call at the right time.

Henry is observing beetles for his biology project. They return to their nest at unpredictable intervals all day long, so Henry keeps a close watch all day. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval Correct. Henry can't predict when the beetles will return to their nest, so they are returning at a variable interval which Henry must observe all day.

Don does remodeling for the strange old guy who lives in the big house. He has been working there for eight months, and always puts in 25 hours a week. He is never sure when he is going to get paid. Sometimes the old guy pays him twice in a single week and other times he doesn't give him anything for three weeks. On the average, he gets paid about every 10 days.

variable intraval

Read the situation and decide which schedule of reinforcement best fits the person's system of receiving income. Myron is a waiter in a college restaurant. Sometimes he gets a tip and sometimes the students leave nothing. Whether the night is busy (Friday) or dead (Tuesday), on the average he gets a real tip from about 50% of his customers, but some nights everyone is generous and other nights everyone is stingy.

variable ratio

Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

independent variable:

variable that is influenced or controlled by the experimenter; in a sound experimental study, the independent variable is the only important difference between the experimental and control group

dependent variable:

variable that the researcher measures to see how much effect the independent variable had

withdrawal:

variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued

________ neurotransmitters are mostly impacted by hallucinogens.

various

workplace violence:

violence or the threat of violence against workers; can occur inside or outside the workplace

What kind of team is formed when groups of geographically disparate people come together using digital communications technology?

virtual

Malik is memorizing some lines for his school play and struggles with, "Tut, I have lost myself; I am not here; This is not Romeo, he's some other where." To practice, he writes it out emphasizing words with capital letters: "Tut, I have lost myself; I AM NOT HERE; This is not Romeo, he's some OTHER WHERE." He is utilizing principles of ________ encoding.

visual

How can blindsight happen? Which of the following statements would you pick as the most likely explanation for blindsight?

visual information from the eye is being processed unconsciously, so people with blindsight don't know that they are visually processing

third group of rats in the maze

was like the second group for the first 10 days, but on the 11th day, food was now placed at the end of the maze.

Sven eats popcorn every time he goes to the movies. He goes to a new theatre with no concessions and finds that his mouth is watering for popcorn the entire time. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus?

watching the movie

habituation:

when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change

another example What is an employer not allowed to ask in a job interview?

where do you go to church

The Civil Rights Act and the Age Discrimination in Employment Act make provisions for bona fide occupational qualifications (BFOQs),

which are requirements of certain occupations for which denying an individual employment would otherwise violate the law.

Hawthorne effect

which describes the increase in performance of individuals who are aware they are being observed by researchers or supervisors

misinformation effect paradigm

which holds that after exposure to incorrect information, a person may misremember the original event

Research has suggested that the [Select] work-content factor workload satisfactory scale benefit factor which includes variety, difficulty level, and role clarity of the job, is the most predictive factor of overall job satisfaction.

work-content factor

The best predictor of overall job satisfaction is the [Select] (1), which includes variety, difficulty level, and clarity of the job.

work-content factor- Research indicates that the work-content factor (e.g., variety, difficulty level, and role clarity of the job) is the strongest predictor of overall job satisfaction.

One form of sexual harassment is called quid pro quo. Quid pro quo means

you give something to get something, and it refers to a situation in which organizational rewards are offered in exchange for sexual favors. Quid pro quo harassment is often between an employee and a person with greater power in the organization.

negative punishment

you remove a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior. For example, when a child misbehaves, a parent can take away a favorite toy. In this case, a stimulus (the toy) is removed in order to decrease the behavior.