Week Two

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Noninvasive technique that records tiny magnetic fields generated by neural activity

Functional magnetic resonance imaging takes advantage of the fact that compared with less active neurons, more active neurons require greater amounts of

Oxygen

Direct (extracellular) electrophysiological recording of neuronal activity

can be used in awake, behaving animals.

By combining information about the location of damage across a group of patients, cognitive neuroscientists

can localize the brain region underlying a cognitive deficit.

Microelectrodes, positron emission tomography (PET), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are all examples of _______ methods of studying the brain.

correlational

Positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are similar in that they both

detect and map local changes in brain metabolism and blood flow

A scientist wants to use a noninvasive technique to compare neural tracts between two groups of people. The scientist will likely use

diffusion tensor imaging

Eloise wants to test memory for photographs in babies. What would be the best measure of memory?

eye movements

Which tool can be used to asses a human brain's map of the body?

fMRI

The brain becomes ____ when the release of acetylcholine is modulated or inhibited by other neurotransmitters.

less plastic or not plastic at all

MRI uses ________ to generate scans of body tissue

magnetic pulses

Positron emission tomography (PET) measure brain activity by

measuring the amount of radioactive decay of a substance that is bound to oxygen or other molecules

An advantage of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) over positron emission tomography (PET) is

that a structural MRI can be obtained in the same session. fMRI does not require radioactive materials that cognitive neuroscientists can link behavioral measures from trial to trial to the corresponding fMRI neural responses in different brain regions. that stimuli can be presented at a faster rate.

A blockage of blood supply to the brain might result in a

stroke.

What might happen in your visual cortex if you were blindfolded for three days?

your primary visual cortex would respond to other, non-visual stimuli

A baby is born with _____ neurons that it requires.

50% more

Which of the following is true of computerized tomography (CT)?

A CT scan gathers X-ray intensity information from multiple angles

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A technique that assumes differences in brain activity based on blood oxygen levels

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A technique that assumes differences in brain activity based on the location of radioactive material (typically glucose)

Nissl stain

An anatomical approach that stains cell bodies a purple color in dead tissue

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

An image or picture of a living brain showing brain areas in detail

Golgi silver stain

Anatomical approach that stains only single neurons in dead tissue

Cells dying in a deliberate, controlled fashion is referred to as ______.

Apoptosis

In hunting, the platypus relies on its electrical or touch sense, and its chief sensory organ is its _______.

Bill

When you are learning a new task, _____ neurons are activated, releasing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Cholinergic

Match the technique with the basic approach: Response latencies/ Reaction times

Cognitive and Behavioral Testing

Match the technique with the basic approach: Visual Task Recognition

Cognitive and Behavioral Testing

Match the technique with the basic approach: Anatomical tracers

Connectional

Match the technique with the basic approach: Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)

Connectional

Match the technique with the basic approach: EEG or ERPs

Correlational

Match the technique with the basic approach: Extracellular recording with micro-electrodes

Correlational

Match the technique with the basic approach: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Correlational

Match the technique with the basic approach: Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Correlational

Match the technique with the basic approach: Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Correlational

What technique involves recording the activity of individual neurons with an electrode placed just outside the neuron?

Extracellular recording

What technique was used when you listened to the "pop pop pop" of the neuron in the mini-lecture?

Extracellular recording

True or False: Invasive surgeries are no longer used in neuroscience research

False

Anatomical tracers

Histological technique used to determine connected brain areas in dead tissue

Which of the following statements about the rat brain is false?

It lacks a corpus callosum.

Match the technique with the basic approach: Brain damage from a neurosurgery to treat epilepsy

Lesion

Match the technique with the basic approach: Brain damage from tumors

Lesion

Lesions

Localized brain damage from a number of causes (natural or surgical)

A soldier has shrapnel (metal) embedded in his leg, but needs to have an image taken of his brain. Due to safety concerns, a doctor would likely AVOID using

MRI

Which of the following is true of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)?

Protons in hydrogen atoms in tissue absorb and then release energy during the MRI procedure.

Extracellular recording with micro-electrodes

Recording electrical signals from individual neurons

EEG

Recording electrical signals from large populations of neurons

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Stimulating brain regions near the skull with a magnet shaped like a figure eight

Match the technique with the basic approach: Electrical Stimulation

Stimulation

Match the technique with the basic approach: Temporary inactivation with drugs like Novocaine

Stimulation

Match the technique with the basic approach: Trans-cranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)

Stimulation

Match the technique with the basic approach: Trans-cranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Stimulation

Electrical Stimulation

Stimulation of groups of neurons with a micro-electrode

Which of the following can be examined with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)?

White matter pathology as seen in multiple sclerosis

Because a platypus hunts primarily in murky water at night, the brain region most associated with _______ is very large compared to that of diurnal species.

Touch

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)

Use of MRI brain scans to identify connected areas of the brain

Computerized tomography (CT) scanning is based on

X-ray technology.

In a study that experimentally manipulated group size, from one to six individuals, in a colony of rhesus macaques,

all of the above

In positron emission tomography (PET) scans, colors are assigned that reflect the

amount of radiation in a particular area of the brain.

A patient with a lesion in two areas of the brain is unable to recognize the faces of loved ones. We should conclude that

at least one region may be involved in facial recognition.

Aside from phantom limbs, people may experience phantom

auditory sensations

Computerized tomography (CT) uses X-rays to reveal

brain structure

A neuroscientist wants to study how different regions of the human brain respond to different images of spiders. The best method to use is

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

The study of microscopic structures and tissues is known as

histology.

The analysis of lesions allows researchers to

identify the probably function of a specific brain area.

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

is based on the depolarization of dendritic trees of cortical neurons.

A person with epilepsy is undergoing surgery. A neuroscientist may implant _____ during the procedure in order to study the electrical activity of neurons.

micro electrodes

Rita Levi-Montalcini's discovery of the _____ while in hiding during World War II earned her the 1968 Nobel Prize.

nerve growth factor

As brain efficiency goes up, ____ goes down.

plasticity

With an increase in the release of acetylcholine by cholinergic neurons, we can expect an increase in

plasticity

A double dissociation

provides more definitive evidence for relatively separate mechanisms or functions than does a single dissociation.

Event-related potentials (ERPs) uses EEG to

relate scalp electrical activity to cognitive events such as responses to lights or sounds.

Pruning refers to

retraction of axonal branches.

The process of deafferentation involves

severing sensory nerves.

We can assume that a given neuron is associated with controlling eye movements if the neuron has outputs connected to

the muscles surrounding the eye

Electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) are

the summation of dendritic field potentials of groups of neurons that vary together.

Extreme rock climber Eric Weihenmayer uses the BrainPort to "see" with his

tongue

To follow the connections to and from a given neuron, anatomists use chemical _____ in dead tissue.

tracers

Changes to your body plan lead to massive cortical reorganization.

true

Research shows that humans come into the world pre-programmed to learn language.

true