Western Civ Ch 13 Questions

What were Lutheran and Calvinist attitudes toward secular rulers?

Lutherans taught respect for authority, while Calvinists encouraged opposition to political authorities who were considered ungodly.

How did the choice to embrace or reject the Reform movement occur in a territory or region in the Holy Roman Empire?

The political leader of the territory or region determined whether to introduce reforms.

In Hungary, Lutheranism was

spread by the Hungarian students who had studied as the University of Wittenberg.

The Ursuline order of nuns focused on

the education of women.

Martin Luther's first response to the Peasants' War was

to side with the peasants.

What was the name given to the Catholic and Huguenot moderates in France?

Politiques

What was the name given to French Calvinists?

Huguenots

The following is an excerpt from the School ordinance of the ducky of Wurttemberg, a Lutheran territory in the Holy Roman Empire: "In addition, all parents are obliged..." Based on the evidence provided by this passage, one can conclude that Lutherans believed that

parents were at least partly responsible for the spiritual education of their children

The Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre led to

a lengthy civil war.

The overriding goal of the Catholic religious orders established in the sixteenth century was

to uplift the moral condition of both clergy and laity.

The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis ended the conflict known as the

Habsburg-Valois Wars

Why did Protestants allow the dissolution of marriages in divorce?

Protestants viewed marriage as a contract for mutual support, and married partners who failed to provide support endangered their souls and the entire community.

The following is an excerpt from the 1563 Decrees of the Council of Trent: "That the faithful may approach..." What important change in Catholic religious practices is described in this passage?

The shift away from the exclusive use of Latin in Catholic religious services

Why did most ordinary Poles oppose the Lutheran reform movement?

They held strong anti-German feelings.

What was the fate of most people brought before the Inquisition and accused of witchcraft?

They were sent home with a warning and ordered to do penance.

In addition to reforming the church, what was the other goal of the Council of Trent?

To secure reconciliation with the Protestants

A new religious order for women that emerged in the sixteenth century was the

Ursuline Order.

Luther believed that the church consisted of

the spiritual priesthood of all believers.

As a result of the Peace of Augsburg, the people of Germany

became either Lutheran or Catholic, depending on the preference of the political authority.

The Pilgrimage of Grace attested to

popular opposition, in northern England, to Henry VIII's reformation.

According to Map 13.2, where did the French Calvinists (called Huguenots) live?

Major cities

How did the closing of the monasteries and convents affect upper-class women?

Marriage became virtually the only occupation for upper-class women.

Why did Elizabeth I have her cousin and heir Mary, Queen of Scots, executed?

Mary became implicated in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth.

"To those whom he devotes to condemnation..." This quote from the writings of John Calvin explains what concept?

Predestination

How did Inquisitors view most people accused of witchcraft?

As superstitious and ignorant peasants who should be educated rather than executed.

"So we call Spiritual Exercise..." What is Ignatius Loyola discussing in this quote?

A training program using structured meditation to develop spiritual discipline

How did the Calvinists understand the idea of work or labor?

All work with a religious aspect was dignified.

According to Map 13.2, what region of Europe shown in the map experienced the most diversity in religious faith around 1555?

Eastern-Central Europe

Based on Map 13.1, what was the only Christian kingdom that opposed Charles V?

France

How did the Calvinists understand the idea of work or labor?

Hard work, well done, was pleasing to God, and all work with a religious aspect was dignified.

Why did John Calvin reject the idea of human free will?

Human free will would detract from the sovereignty of God.

The most important second-generation Protestant reformer was

John Calvin

What aided Martin Luther as his call for reform emerged?

Luther understood the power of the new printing press and authorized the publication of his works.

Luther viewed celibacy as

Opposed to human nature and God's commandments.

Which of the following best describes Martin Luther's doctrine of salvation?

Salvation came through faith alone as a free gift of God's grace.

How widespread was the influence of the Inquisition?

The Inquisition effectively destroyed heresy within the Papal States but had little influence elsewhere.

The following excerpt is from a 1587 German account of the testimony at the trial of an accused with: "Walpurga Hausmannim..upon kindly questioning...." The passage provides evidence of which of the following?

The belief that the essence of witchcraft was a pact with the Devil

Why was the pope unable to grant Henry VIII of England the annulment he desired?

The pope was essentially the prisoner of Emperor Charles V.

The Consistory was

a body of laymen and pastors who led Geneva.

The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V was

a vigorous defender of Catholocism.

Luther's ideas about Roman exploitation of Germany

appealed to the national sentiment of German princes.

Luther believed that marriage

brought spiritual advantages and was the ideal state for nearly all human beings.

The Calvinist doctrine of predestination led to a

confidence among Calvinists in their own salvation.

Early sixteenth century Europeans were, for the most part,

deeply pious.

John Calvin rejected the idea of free will because he believed it would

detract from the sovereignty of God.

The Colloquy of Marburg

failed to resolve the difference among Protestants on the issue of Eucharist.

Protestants argued that the highest form of Christian life is

for each individual to serve God through his or her individual calling.

The Edict of Nantes

granted French Huguenots the right to worship in 150 towns.

Lutheran's reforms spread rapidly, in part because the Holy Roman Empire was

made up of hundreds of independent states.

Early sixteenth-century critics of the clergy concentrated on three problems: clerical immorality, clerical ignorance, and clerical

pluralism.

The dissolution of the English monasteries

resulted from Henry VIII's desire to confiscate their wealth.

The Reformation in England was primarily the result of

the dynastic and romantic concerns of Henry VIII.

In the early sixteenth century, anticlericalism focused primarily on all of the following issues except

the immorality of priests who were drunkards and neglected the rule of celibacy.

In religious affairs, Elizabeth I of England followed a policy that

was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes.

In the early sixteenth century, anticlericalism focused primarily on all of the following issues except

clerical heresy

France supported the Protestant princes of Germany in order to

prevent Charles V from increasing his power.

How did Luther benefit from his appearance before the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms?

Luther gained a larger audience for his reform ideas, and others began to challenge the church's teachings and practices.