Western Civ Honors Midterm Exam (in progress)

SHORT ANSWER: What factors and developments led to an emergence from the so-called 'Dark Ages' in Western Europe? How did the Crusades, in particular, aid in western Europe's recovery from the Dark Ages?

-William of Normandy was the perfect example of how England transitioned from Dark ages to Middle Ages because he spread the military far and wide and was the reason England became one unified nation -Emergence from the Dark Ages economically because there was population growth and stability due to Feudalism, and the rise of temperatures leads to agricultural improvements -Men of War and the Development of Chivalry leads to more stability -Rise in power of Kings (NOT Lords) in European Kingdoms CRUSADES: -Reunification due to Crusading ferver=all the people of Western Europe of different ethnicities became unites in a common cause -Weakens local lords, more power to the Kings -Knights were able to fight and stop terrorizing the towns -Books and knowledge from the Muslim "golden age" -Aristotle

Attempts to reform the Church

-Wycliffe and Hus -The Christian Humanists: Erasmus and More (education can reform) -All within Catholicism = clergy fails to reform

SHORT ANSWER: What were key developments and achievements of the intellectual and artistic Renaissance in Italy?

1. INTELLECTUAL a. Italian Renaissance Humanism based on Greco-Roman literature (An emphasis on, and obsession with human achievement. Studying ancient wisdom on ethics, philosophy, history, politics (the humanities today) in an effort to improve and realize human potential (both individually, and as a society) Renaissance changed how people viewed life. b. Blending of Christianity with ancient Greco-Roman wisdom (Focus on human dignity and potential. But Renaissance ideas, combined with challenges to the church (culminating in the scientific revolution and the Enlightenment, pave the way for a divorce of the study of humanity and celebration of individual achievement, from an awareness or acknowledgment of God - real discipleship) c. Focus on human dignity and potential (humanism) d. Learning in the ancient languages (Especially the early church father, and the Greek NT. Began to undermine the authority of the Latin Vulgate) 2. EDUCATION + PRINTING PRESS a. Education in the Renaissance (Aim of education was to create a complete citizen, not just specialize in a particular discipline (like law, or theology). This is a great example of a break from the Middle Ages. More focus on the well-rounded citizen.) b. The Impact of Printing (Johannes Gutenberg-Movable type (1445 - 1450). Gutenberg's Bible (1455 or 1456). More people were able to learn due to the printing press. Boosts literacy rates in people across Western Europe, increases access to the Bible, Greco-Roman literature, and scientific works. 3. THE ARTISTIC RENAISSANCE a. Early Renaissance (Focus on movement and anatomical structure. In the middle ages, art was exclusively 2D, static, and dull with color. Recovery in movement and a focus on the individual in art. Depicting emotion on the human body.) b. Important Artists (Donatello, Brunelleschi, Leonardo Da Vinci, Raphael, Michaelangelo)

SHORT ANSWER: What major political/military developments took place during the Renaissance era that re-defined and re-shaped Europe? How did these changes influence the cultural/intellectual/artistic output of the Renaissance?

1. ITALIAN STATES a. Milan b. Venice c. Florence (the Medici) d. The Papal States (in center of Italy, the Pope's jurisdiction, had a lot of power and money/influence) e. Kingdom of Naples f. France and Spain fight over the peninsula (Marks the end of the Renaissance in Italy. The city-states of Italy were really good at finance and funding for art, however, they were very bad for military defense because they were all separated. France and Spain begin to conquer the Italian city-states one by one. By 1527, France and Spain had conquered all of Italy. 2.MACHIAVELLI + NEW STATECRAFT a. The Prince (1513) b. Niccolo Machiavelli (1469 - 1527). Living in the middle period where France and Spain were invading. Acquisition, maintenance, and expansion of political power. 3. THE EUROPEAN STATE a. Spain (Unification of Castile and Aragón. Establishment of professional royal army. Conquest of Granada (last step in reconquering Spain from the Muslims). Religious uniformity. b. The Inquisition (Expulsion of the Jews out of Spain by forcing people to convert or get expelled, Spain saw advantage of centralizing power in government (some advantages to have large centralized government)) 4. CENTRAL, EASTERN, OTTOMAN EMPIRES a. Central Europe: The Holy Roman Empire (Germany; Habsburg Dynasty (super powerful family that interbred) leads to Charles V (most important enemy to Martin Luther), Religious court to find out how genuine people were about their faith) b. The Ottoman Turks and the End of the Byzantine Empire (Turks spread into Byzantine territory. Constantinople falls to the Turks (1453) which put the West on high alert to fight back against them. Also cut off trade routes to the east so other Europeans had to look for alternative routes to find goods))

SHORT ANSWER: What were Martin Luther's major theological tenets? How did these ideas spread? And how did he avoid papal and imperial punishment? (In other words, how did he succeed when so many other would-be reformers had failed before him?)

1. THE EARLY LUTHER (Law Student (father pushed his son to go to law school). Becomes a monk (rainstorm caused him to commit to religion). Doctorate in Theology (1512) (read new testament for the 1st time). "Justification by Faith") a. The Indulgence Controversy (Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation. Johaan Tetzzel dispatched by Pope Leo 10th to sell indulgences to build St. Peter's Basilica. Led to Luther's 95 thesis which was not Luther trying to break away form the church. This is an attempt to reform the church by inviting a debate over indulgences. Spread far and wide due to the PRINTING PRESS. This led to the Debate at Leipzig in 1519. Debate over primacy of the Bible as the sole religious authority. Luther rejected papal authority, indulgences, purgatory. Refusal to back down led to Pope issuing excommunication order for Luther. Excommunication in 1521. Diet of Worms in 1521 was Luther's Heresy trial before Charles V in the Holy Roman Empire in which Luther was expected to recant . He did not, and the Diet issued the Edict of Worms: banishment from the H.R.E. 2. THE DEVELOPMENT OF LUTHERISM a. Role of Fredrick the Wise (Elector of Saxony who helped Luther to stand up against the Church and not die). Dissent from the Erasmus and Humanists (they side with the Church against Luther). b. The Peasant War (Peasants in the German states lived in poverty-burdened by heavy taxes and obligations to the landowners. German peasants rebel using Luther's ideas by mobbing the streets to overturn their local lords (15,000 peasants killed). Luther rejects their application of his ideas to social and political issues and SIDES WITH THE LORDS. Points to natural, future applications and connections that were made) 3. ORGANIZING THE CHURCH (State Church, New Religious Services) 4. GERMANY + REFORMATION a. Charles V- Holy Roman Emperor (1519-1556) (Conflicts with France, the papacy, and Ottoman Empire. Charles V spent much of his reign fighting wars in Italy, against France and the Ottoman Empire, and within the borders of the Holy Roman Empire. He failed in his main goal to secure Europe for Catholicism. Charles V sought to maintain religious unity throughout his vast empire by keeping all his subjects within the bounds of the Catholic Church. Due to his conflict with Francis I of France and his difficulties with the Turks, the papacy, and the German princes, Charles was never able to check the spread of Lutheranism.)

John Calvin

1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings. Used Luthers ideas.

Mary I (Bloody Mary)

1553-1558 AD. Catholic queen of England married to Philip II of Spain. Daughter of Catherine of Aragorn. Executed hundred of Protestants when they refused to convert.

Catherine of Aragon

1st wife of Henry VIII. Mother of Mary I. Henry's desire for a divorce from her precipitated England's break with Rome.

How many wives did Henry VIII have and why?

6-None were birthing him a male heir so he divorced them one had a son

Ulrich Zwingli

A Swiss reformer who began to hit on some of the ideas of Luther at the same time as him, but completely separated (they didn't know each other) -Wants to ally with Luther and his Reformers

SHORT ANSWER: What is Western Civilization? Where (geographically) has it become the dominant cultural force in a given nation or region?

A complex network of ideas and practices (cultures) loosely based on Judeo-Christian and Greco-Roman ideals about politics, economics, religion, technology, and art that developed between 400 and 1900 CE primarily stemming from Western Europe. It has become the dominant cultural force in the modern nations of Western Europe, United States and Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.

Medieval Salvation

Birth- Baptismal Regeneration Heaven- Purgatory Confession and absolution from priest- SIN and penance ALL OF THESE LEAD TO STATE OF GRACE

SHORT ANSWER: What attempts to reform the church were made prior to the Protestant movement? In what ways did the Renaissance pave the way for the Reformation?

CHURCH + RELIGION on even of REFORMATION 1. Reforms needed (Doctrine, practice, morality among church leaders. Poor theology of salvation (learning their post, using their name/authority to get power)) 2. Medieval Theology of Salvation (Role of Relics, Indulgences, and Purgatory) 3. Attempts to Reform the Church (Wycliffe and Hus. The Christian Humanists: Erasmus and More (education can reform). All within Catholicism = clergy fails to reform) WAYS RENAISSANCE paved ways to REFORMATION 1. Challenging traditional authorities through Humanism (ECONOMIC- Medici family created a new form of aristocracy by creating a new banking empire. EDUCATION- Gutenburg's printing press increased literacy rates; focus on Greco-Roman classics. ART- rediscovering of Greco-Roman aesthetics; depicts the individual. RELIGIOUS- corruption; Latin Vulgate. POLITICS- Maciavelli challenging ways of politics) 2. Increase/ emphasis on going back to original Greek/Roman sources for education 3. Focus on Individual 4. Printing Press

Julius II

"Warrior Pope" - very militaristic. Tore down the old Saint Peter's Basilica and began work on the present structure in 1506.

Calvin's Geneva

-A hub for 'Reformed' Protestantism -High levels of education, low crime, very strict -'City on a hill'? -Calvin went to reformed city and became a pastor until he died there

Education in the Renaissance

-Aim was to create a complete citizen, not just specialize in one type of job -This was different from the Middle Ages -More focus on the well-rounded citizen

Italian Renaissance Humanism

-An emphasis on human achievement. -Studied ancient texts on ethics, philosophy, history, in an effort to understand human potential

Varieties and Fate of Anabaptists

-Anabaptists persecuted -Menno Simons (1496 - 1561) -Mennonites ----> Amish

Michelangelo (1475-1564)

-CREATION OF ADAM MURAL of the Sistine Chapel -SCULPTED DAVID

Ways Renaissance helped the Reformation?

-Challenging traditional authority -Increase/emphasis on going back to original Greek/Roman sources (education) -Focus on individual -Printing Press

What was the problem of heresy and reform?

-Church has held Western Civilization together amidst the war, kings, lords... -Corruption during High Middle Ages and Renaissance

Anabaptists

-Church was a voluntary association of believers -Adult baptism was KEY factor -Separation of Church and State -Separation from the World -Millenarianism (Jesus coming back within the next millineum)

Beginning of the "Modern" era?

-Combined with Renaissance humanism -----> freedom for individuals, social, and political groups to challenge traditional authorities -"A tragic necessity"? -Creating good sometimes causes more harm -Political and religious strife -Splits the church -Necessity bc late Medieval Church would not have reformed itself -If the Church needed to reform, a break had to take place -Some of the ideas, thought, were sos good that the modern world would not have been made

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

-Conflicts with France, the papacy, and Ottoman Empire -Charles V spent much of his reign fighting wars in Italy, against France and the Ottoman Empire, and within the borders of the Holy Roman Empire. He failed in his main goal to secure Europe for Catholicism -Charles V sought to maintain religious unity throughout his vast empire by keeping all his subjects within the bounds of the Catholic Church. Due to his conflict with Francis I of France and his difficulties with the Turks, the papacy, and the German princes, Charles was never able to check the spread of Lutheranism.

Filippo Brunelleschi

-DESIGNED THE DOME of the cathedral in Florence -Formulated an approach to linear perspective in painting

Donato di Donatello

-David (first David) -He depicts individuality

Peace of Augsburg

-Division of Christianity acknowledged -Ended religious wars (reason the reformation was allowed to spread) -Princes of Germany fought Charles to a stand-still by saying they would rather be killed -recognized the equality of Catholicism and Lutheranism and let each German prince choose his realm's religion.

What were the Reforms needed of the Church prior to the Protestant movement?

-Doctrine, practice, morality among church leaders -Poor theology of salvation (learning their post, using their name/authority to get power)

France and Spain fight over the peninsula

-END OF THE RENAISSANCE -The city states of Italy HAD A BAD MILITARY DUE TO SEPARATION although they were good at funding art -FRANCE and SPAIN begin to CONQUER ITALIAN CITY STATES -France and Spain eventually conquer all of Italy

John Wycliffe

-English scholar who was first person to translate Bible into English (people mad because they thought it degraded the Bible) -Wanted to reform the Church so people could read the Bible for themselves -Hard task because this was before printing press

Learning in the ancient languages

-Especially the early church fathers, and the Greek NT -Began to undermine the authority of the Latin Vulgate

What was the Spanish Inquisition?

-Expulsion of the Jews out of Spain that did not convert -Spain saw advantage of centralizing power in government

Who were the two monarchs in Spain during the Renaissance?

-FERDINAND and ISABELLA'S marriage united Spain

The Early Artistic Renaissance

-Focused on movement and Anatomical Structure -In middle ages, art was 2D, static, exclusively religious, and dull with color. -Depicts emotion and human body

SHORT ANSWER: How, and why, did feudalism develop? Evaluate its political, military, and economic effectiveness.

-Fragmented authority in the ninth century, and crisis of Viking raids --> need for more localized political/military structure -Had to pay huge ransoms to pay off the Vikings (bankrupting) -Much more effective if local lords had more power and resources to combat the Vikings; center of power is now the local lords -Manor controls the economy of the local region, trade did not go far, local -The emergence of the Feudal System: Politically: it was a good short-term fix to help end the Vikings raids, allowed more localized control over territory, provided stability Economically: not effective for organizing trade networks, did not help prosperity of the region, lots of money given to the Vikings, big step backwards

GENERAL TOPIC: In what specific ways Renaissance-era Italy 'rediscover' (or re-emphasize) Greco-Roman ideals?

-Greeks + Romans have always been a part of history and PEOPLE BEGAN TO HAVE ACCESS TO THE THEIR HISTORY. The universities and discovery of Aristotle let more and more people know about classic Greco-Roman heritage -Rediscovery really just means that THERE WAS ENOUGH WEALTH TO SUPPORT CREATIVE PEOPLE like artists, scholars, philosophers/early scientists that looked to Greco-Roman sources for inspiration (like the focus on the human body), and foundational knowledge (like Ptolemy)

Central Europe: The Holy Roman Empire (Germany)

-Habsburg Dynasty (super powerful family that interbreeded) leads to Charles V (most important enemy to Martin Luther) -Religious court to find out how genuine people were about their faith

Machiavelli and the New Statecraft

-He wrote The Prince (book about what a leader should be: better to be feared than loved) -Living in the period where France and Spain were invading -Acquisition, maintenance, and expansion of political power

Anne Boleyn

-Henry VIII mistress during the time of the English Reformation, she gave birth to Elizabeth I (non-male heir), future queen of England. One of the reasons Henry VIII wanted to get his marriage to Catherine annulled is so that he could marry her. -Eventually executed by Henry

GENERAL TOPIC: What were key developments and achievements of the intellectual and artistic Renaissance in Italy?

-Individual ability -Humanism -Greco-Roman architecture, art (ideal human body), and philosophy

Calvin's Work and Ideas

-Institutes of Christian religion (Catholic scholars' theology textbook for next hundred years) -Predestination (comfort + security of believers to know God chose them to be saved) -Two Sacraments (Baptism and Lord's supper)

The Early Luther

-Law Student (father pushed his son to go to law school) -Becomes a monk (rainstorm caused him to commit to religion) -Doctorate in Theology (1512) (read new testament for the 1st time) -"Justification by Faith"

Patrons of Culture

-Leo X (1513-1521) also known as Giovani Medici -Cousins of Michalangelo -Groomed to get to the top of the church hierarchy through bribes -Office of Pope became known for material/worldly lusts rather than religious accomplishments

Leonardo da Vinci

-MADE THE MONA LISA AND LAST SUPPER -A painter, sculptor, engineer, and inventor, and towering figure of the Italian Renaissance.

SHORT ANSWER: What were the characteristics of the Italian Renaissance? How were they similar to, or different from the Middle Ages?

-Meaning of Renaissance: Rebirth -Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance: 1: Age of Rediscovery ("Rediscovery" of Greco-Roman culture. Greeks and Romans have always been part of history but not a lot of people had access to this knowledge. The universities and the discovery of Aristotle let more and more people know about classic Greco-Roman heritage. Rediscovery really just means that there was wealth enough to support artists, scholars, philosophers/early scientists that looked to Greco-Roman sources for inspiration (like the focus on the human body), and foundational knowledge (like Ptolemy)) 2: Philosophical and Artistic emphasis on Individual ability, Humanism, Greco-Roman style (architecture), art (ideal human body), philosophy 3: Trade (the Italian merchants got rich and took goods to trade, enabling them to become very wealthy. The amount of wealth they were able to generate means more art and literature they were able to help fund and produce.) 4. Manufacturing (Textiles, Printing, Mining, and Metallurgy. Pope gives alum mining contract to the Medici family. Made fire arms- especially the cannon) 5. Banking (New kind of aristocracy= the Florence and Medici families. Continued decline of feudalism.) ****Peasants were unaffected because they had no idea this transformation was going on.

What were the five major powers (Italian states in the Renaissance)?

-Milan -Venice -Florence (The Medici) -The Papal States -Kingdom of Naples

The spread of printing during the Renaissance

-More people were able to learn -Boosted literacy rates and access to the Bible and Greco-Roman literature

The Impact of Printing during the Renaissance

-Movable type -Gutenberg's Bible

What was banking like during the Renaissance?

-New kind of aristocracy= the Florence and Medici families -Feudalism declined

The Peasants' War

-Peasants in the German states lived in poverty-burdened by heavy taxes and obligations to the landowners -German peasants rebel using Luther's ideas by mobbing the streets to overturn their local lords (15,000 peasants killed) -Luther rejects their application of his ideas to social and political issues and SIDES WITH THE LORDS -Points to natural, future applications and connections that were made

The Renaissance - an urban phenomenon

-Peasants were not affected -Their wealth allowed for more art and literature -Italian states were wealthy enough to make it happen in a more significant way -Established and funded schools for art, universities, etc. -Normalized a love for art and philosophy for the nobles

Debate at Leipzig

-Primacy of the Bible as the sole religious authority -Rejects papal authority, indulgences, purgatory -Refusal to back down led to Pope issuing excommunication order for Luther

Germany's fragmented political power

-Princes of Germany fought against the tyranny of Charles

The Zwinglian Reformation

-Reforms in Zurich -Seeks alliance with German reformers (to Luther) -Hinges on debate between Luther and Zwingli on the Eucharist (communion)

Blending Christianity with ancient Greco-Roman wisdom

-Renaissance ideas, combined with challenges to the church (culminating in the Enlightenment), pave the way for a celebration of individual achievement, rather than an acknowledgement of God

How did Lutheranism spread through Germany?

-Role of Fredrick the Wise (Elector of Saxony who helped Luther to stand up against the Church and not die) -Dissent from the Erasmus and Humanists (they side with the Church against Luther)

Medieval Theology of Salvation

-Role of Relics, Indulgences, and Purgatory

Raphael

-SCHOOL OF ATHENS -humanist, secular, individualist, loved to paint women

Organizing the Church during the development of Lutheranism

-State Church -New Religious Services

What were the Papal States?

-THE POPE'S JURISDICTION -Center of Italy -Had power and money

What was manufacturing like during the Renaissance?

-Textiles, Printing, and Mining -Pope gave mining contract to the Medici family

Who was the Medici family?

-The most important family during the early Renaissance because they had new money -They forged a banking empire WITH THE POPE, which is how they got their power. They also helped the rich get richer

Elizabeth I of England

-The one who steadies the ship of England religiously -She makes the Church of England 1/2 Protestant and 1/2 Catholic. Ends up becoming primarily protestant. -Political stability of nation was more important than religious issues -Best and first example of political ramifications

The Ottoman Turks and the end of the Byzantine Empire

-Turks spread into Byzantine territory -Constantinople falls to the Turks (1453) which put the West on high alert to fight back against them. Also cut off trade routs to the east so other Europeans had to look for alternative routes to find goods)

The European State in the Renaissance Era in Spain

-Unification of Castile and Aragón -Establishment of professional royal army -Conquest of Granada (last step in reconquering Spain from the Muslims) -Religious uniformity

John Hus

-Urged the elimination of worldliness and corruption of the clergy (gained a huge amount of followers) -Lived in Holy Roman Empire during early 1400s -Burned at the stake (1415) for expressing his ideas

What was trade like during the Renaissance?

Italian merchants traded and became wealthy

Henry VIII

King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

SHORT ANSWER: What are the major distinctives (belief and practice) of the four early, major branches of Protestantism? What modern denominations are associated with these groups?

LUTHERAN: -Founded by? LUTHER (Man who became a monk and came up with the idea of "justification by faith" alone. He wrote 95 theses, not to break away from the church, but as an attempt to reform the church over the issue of selling indulgences. He also thought the primacy of the Bible was the sole religious authority. Rejects papal authority, indulgences, and purgatory.) -How did his ideas spread? (printing press of his popular pamphlets, and Fredrick the Wise (elector of Saxony) who helped Luther stand up against the church). -How did it become its own branch? (Peace of Augsburg- Princes of Germany fought Charles V to a standstill) -WHAT RELIGION TODAY? Lutheran Church CHURCH OF ENGLAND: -Founded by? Henry VIII, Edward VI, Elizabeth I (Henry VII had no male heir and wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon (1st wife) so that he could marry his mistress. The Catholic Church did not condone divorces so he formed a new church, The Church of England with him as the Head. Edward VI (son from 3rd wife) instituted theological reforms that were more protestant. Elizbeth I was the one who calmed England down religiously by making the Church of England 1/2 Protestant and 1/2 Catholic) -WHAT RELIGION TODAY? Church of England, Episcopalian, Anglican, Methodist ANABAPTIST: -Founded by who? Meno Simons (Roman Catholic priest who became Anabaptist leader who's group became known as the Mennonites. The Church was a voluntary associated of believers. Their main ideas were Adult baptism, Separation of Chruch and State, and Separation from World) -WHAT RELIGION TODAY? Anabaptist, Mennonites, Amish REFORMED CALVINIST: -Founded by who? Zwingli (Man who hit on the same ideas of Luther at the same time, but had no relationship to him. He wanted to ally with Luther and his Reformed but could never agree on issue of the Eucharist (communion)) and John Calvin (Catholic scholar who used Luther's ideas to reform church by issues of predestination, baptism, and Lord's Supper) -WHAT RELIGION TODAY? Presbyterian, Reformed

Diet of Worms

Luther's Heresy trial before Charles V in the Holy Roman Empire in which Luther was expected to recant . He did not, and the Diet issued the Edict of Worms: banishment from the H.R.E.

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Oration on the Dignity of Man

Man can achieve (a la Machiavelli) apart from God

Edward VI

Nine-year old boy king of England. England became more Protestant during his reign. Died at the age of 15. Son from Henry's 3rd wife.

The Ninety-Five Theses

Not Luther trying to break away form the church. This is an attempt to reform the church by inviting a debate over indulgences. Spread far and wide due to printing press.

Spread of Popular Pamphlets

Printing press allowed thousands of Luther's works to spread far and wide

Renaissance = what? (one word)

Rebirth

Indulgences

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.

Act of Supremacy

The King was the only supreme head of the Church of England. They could control doctrine, appointments, and discipline.

The Renaissance led to...

The Reformation

The Renaissance is a _______ to _________ authorities.

The Renaissance is a CHALLENGE to TRADITIONAL authorities.

SHORT ANSWER: Be able to summarize and explain the decline and fall of the western Roman Empire with references to specific events, people, and (political, economic, military) developments.

The Roman Empire collapsed because... Military: -Many foreign invasions (the Vandals with leader Odacer sacked Rome in 476 which marks the end of Western Roman Empire) -Roman army lacked training so they paid foreign soldiers to fight but they weren't as loyal Political: -No rules for succession of the Emperor -Many corrupt emperors and public officials -Dividing the Empire weakened it (West had no money) -People became more loyal to the church, not the state Economic: -High taxes to support the army and government -Reliance on slavery as a labor source by wealthy land owners which meant the middle class lost land if they couldn't afford slaves -Expensive to keep "bread and circuses" Social: -population declines due to disease and consistent war over last 2 centuries -moral decay: loss of Roman values and loyalty

SHORT ANSWER: How did Christianity grow from a small, Jewish, messianic movement, to becoming the official state-adopted religion in the Roman Empire? How and why did it succeed?

The Spread of Christianity was due the message of salvation and meaningful spiritual life (life after death), political and spiritual community(take care of each other), balance of distinctiveness with cultural flexibility (you can stay Greek to become Christian), open to both men and women, and persuasive life after conviction (moral code, martyrdom)

Marburg Colloquy

The Zwinglians and Lutherans failed to come to a religious/political compromise due to disputes over the Eucharist (agreed on 14/15 of principles of faith); early signal of an increasingly fractured Protestant movement

How are Renaissance artists the perfect example of blending Judeo-Christian and Greco-Roman ideals?

They used classical Greco-Roman art inspirations for a Christian purpose

Johann Tetzel

dispatched by Pope Leo 10th to sell INDULGENCES to build St. Peter's Vacillica

Nepotism (in regards to the papacy)

favoritism shown to family or friends by those in power