Western Civ Middle Ages (5th to the 15th century)

Machiavelli's "The Prince"

Described how a prince should acquire and keep political power

Qualities of the cities of the High Middle Ages

Dirty and crowded

Early Middle Ages

From the 5th century (400s AD) to the 10th century (900s AD)

What harmonized Christian teachings with Greek philosophy?

Scholasticism

Henry VIII

Separated from the Catholic Church; established the Church of Eng; and established the Act of Supremacy, making himself a New Monarch

Medieval Universities

Served as teacher corporations

Feudalism

Social system in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, in exchange for military protection.

Who The best-known practitioner of scholasticism?

St. Thomas Aquinas

Characteristics of Gothic cathedrals

Stone structures, large expanses of glass, clustered columns, sharply pointed spires, intricate sculptures, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses. One of their main characteristics is the ogival, or pointed arch.

14th Century (1300s)

100 Yrs. War, Black Death, and severe economic problems

In what centuries did the building boom produce many new churches?

11th and 12th

When were the 1st universities established?

12th century: High Middle Ages

The importance of the sacraments for ordinary Christians gave the Church______

A central role in people's lives

___, ____, and _____ contribute to an increase in food production and population growth during the Middle Ages

A climate change, a heavy, wheeled plow with an iron plowshare, three-field system of crop rotation

Carolingian Renaissance

A cultural and legal revival led by Charlemagne

What power declined as European kings rejected supremacy?

Church power

The "new monarchies" of the fifteenth century reestablished the centralized power of the monarchies in what 3 countries?

England, France, and Spain

Beowulf

Epic poem written some time between the 8th and early 11th century

Economic focus

Fair prices and restrictions on getting ahead of others were established (to prevent usury). These were mainly regulated by the Catholic Church and guilds

Which city-states play a central role in the politics of Renaissance Italy?

Florence, Milan, and Venice

High Middle Ages

From the 11th century (1000s) to the 13th century (1200s)

Late Middle Ages

From the 14th century (1300s) to 1499

Popular respect for the papacy was undermined by the_____

Great Schism

Pope Innocent III (1161-1216)

He headed up the Church Council in Constantinople; one of the most powerful and influential popes; a reformist pope; the pope who called for the Crusades

Important Farming Tools developed in the Late Middle Ages

Heavy plow, horse shoes, horse collars

What time period did Europe have an explosive urban growth and revival of trade?

High Middle Ages

Guilds

Regulated employment in many crafts and professions during the High Middle ages

What prompted new monastic orders for men and women?

Religious fervor

Franciscan and Dominican orders

Religious orders that were started to reform the Catholic Church from the bottom up; they were different because they traveled and lived with the people, rather than remain secluded in monasteries.

The Crusades

Religious wars that aimed to reclaim the Holy Land (Jerusalem) from the Muslims; they allowed for Italy to dominate Mediterranean trade

Pope Gregory VII (pope from April 1073 to his death in 1085)

Sought to remove secular influence from the Catholic Church and improve the Church's ability to provide spiritual guidance; he wen against King Henry IV

What led to anti-Semitism and accelerated end of serfdom?

The Black Death (bubonic plague)

What played a dominant role in people's lives during the High Middle Ages?

The Catholic Church

______was the most prestigious subject and was heavily influenced by scholasticism

Theology

During the Italian Renaissance, people believed _____.

They were witnessing a rebirth of ancient Greece and Rome, they had entered a new age of human achievement, well-rounded people could achieve in many areas of life

How did the Inquisition give the Church a "tool" for discouraging heresy?

Those who failed to do proper penance for heresy could face execution.

Trade led to what development in the economic system?

Use of money rather than barter

In what language was new literature written?

Vernacular

John Wycliffe

Went against the Church and translated the Bible into the vernacular, English; heretic who claimed that one is only saved by faith and that everyone was a priest (the reason he translated the Bible into the vernacular); Wycliffe's ideas caused a peasant revolt in England

Humanism

a key intellectual movement of the Renaissance

Charlemagne (742-814), or Charles the Great

king of the Franks, 768-814, and emperor of the West, 800-814. He founded the Holy Roman Empire, stimulated European economic and political life, and fostered the cultural revival known as the Carolingian Renaissance.

Gothic cathedrals

one of the artistic triumphs of the High Middle Ages.

The Spanish Inquisition

The time period when some heretics were burned

Commercial Revolution (1200s-1700s)

A period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism which lasted from approximately the late 13th century until the early 18th century.

100 Years War

A series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Plantagenet, rulers of the Kingdom of England, against the House of Valois, rulers of the Kingdom of France, for control of the Kingdom of France. In England, Kings put interest of the kingdom before the interest of the Church.

Magna Carta (1215)

A series of promises made by King John regarding how to treat his subjects; first ever drafted document establishing rights to the citizens

The Great Schism (1378 to 1417)

A time when three men simultaneously claimed to be the true pope. Driven by politics rather than any theological disagreement, the schism was ended by the Council of Constance (1414-1418). For a time these rival claims to the papal throne damaged the reputation of the office.

What was the chief source of income for most in the Middle Ages?

Agriculture

The Middle Ages

Also known as the medieval period; began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery.

Between the 13th and the 17th centuries, the Hanseatic League functioned as

An alliance of trading cities and merchants that promoted its members' economic dominance over Northern Europe

Flying buttresses

An architectural structure used in cathedrals during the Middle Ages that made the use of stained glass windows possible.

Interdict

An ecclesiastical censure that prohibits certain active Church individuals or groups from receiving the sacrament of communion

Cluny Abbey (1100s)

An important monastic reform abbey in France

Cistercian monks

An order founded in 1098 that returned to the original Benedictine ideal of manual work and prayer, dedicated to the ideal of charity and self sustenance

Cardinal Thomas Becket (1162 until his murder in 1170)

Archbishop of Canterbury - later became a saint because he was martyred. He engaged in conflict with Henry II, King of England over the rights and privileges of the Church and was murdered by followers of the king in Canterbury Cathedral

Concordat of Worms (1122)

Brought to an end the first phase of the power struggle between the Papacy and the Holy Roman Emperors; barred monarchs from investing bishops and prevented monarchs from naming bishops, giving the Catholic Church sole authority in establishing bishops.

What weakened the Church?

Centuries of confrontation with the monarchies

Book of Kells

Irish book of art/calligraphy that contained the four Gospels and various prefatory texts and tables. It was created in a Columban monastery in Ireland made circa 800 AD

Christine de Pisan (1364 - c. 1430)

Italian French late medieval author. She served as a court writer for several dukes (Louis of Orleans, Philip the Bold of Burgundy, and John the Fearless of Burgundy) and the French royal court during the reign of Charles VI. She wrote both poetry and prose works such as biographies and books containing practical advice for women.

When did the black death occur?

Late Middle Ages: mid 1300s

What was the universal language of medieval times?

Latin

Bubonic Plague

Led to the improvement of workers wages, as well as better quality of living. It killed about a third of the population, which resulted in a surplus in food and jobs.

Under the ______ lords owned agricultural estates worked by free peasants and by serfs

Manorial system

What time period did many monks emerge?

Midieval Middle Ages

___, ______, and _____ lead the revival of trade in Europe

The emergence of a money economy, a regular exchange of goods between Flanders and Italy, and the establishment of banking firms

Civic Humanism (1400s-1600s)

The stoic idea that if you had any talents that could be contributed to the society, it was your civic duty and responsibility to do so.

What was the basis of humanism?

The study of the classics and a shifting focus from "how God views man" to "how man views man" in art; a shift in historical studies that viewed history as cyclical

Babylonian Captivity (1309-1376)

The time when Pope Clement V moved the papal office to Avignon; 7 Popes lived there during this time

Dante and Chaucer were two authors who wrote their works in _____.

The vernacular language