Western Civ (Theology) Final Study Guide
Church.
"Ekklesia" in Greek, assembly to pray.
Apostle.
"One who is sent," and can be used in reference to any missionary of the church during the New Testament period. In reference to the 12 companions chosen by Jesus, the term refers to those special witnesses on whose ministry the early church was built and whose successors are the bishops.
Benedict.
"Ora et labora" founder of Benedictines, most influential form of monasticism.
Anthony of Egypt.
(251-356) "First" Christian monk, father of Monasticism.
Pachomius.
(292-346) organized the first monasteries.
Athanasius.
(297-373) Bishop of Alexandria, wrote Life of St. Anthony.
Patrick.
(389-461) converted Ireland to Christianity.
Gregory the Great.
(509-604) First Pope to use title,"Servant of the Servants of God", reformed Liturgy, Gregorian Chant, secured position of Papacy.
Justinian.
(527-565) Major reform of civil law.
Mohammad.
(570-632) Arab merchant, vision lead to establish Islam.
Boniface.
(675-755) English monk evangelized Germany.
Transubstitution.
(especially in the Roman Catholic Church) the conversion of the substance of the Eucharistic elements into the body and blood of Christ at consecration, only the appearances of bread and wine still remaining.
Franks.
A Germanic tribe that inhabited the Roman provinces of Gaul starting in the 6th Century.
Theotokos.
A Greek title for Mary meaning "God Bearer."
Logos.
A Greek word meaning "word." Logos is a title of Jesus Christ found in the Gospel of John that illuminates the relationship between the three Divine Persons of the Holy Trinity.
Humanism.
A cultural and intellectual movement that emphasized classic learning, such as Latin and Greek literary and historical texts, and that focused on human achievements rather than on the divine.
Edict of Milan.
A decree signed by emperors Constantine and Licinius in AD 313 proclaiming religious toleration in the Roman Empire, thereby ending the persecution of Christians.
Theocracy.
A form of government in which God is understood to be head of the state, ruling by divine guidance granted to its clergy or other ruling officials.
Ecumenical Council.
A gathering of the church's bishops from around the world convened by the pope or approved by him to address pressing issues in the church.
Canon.
A list of books; considered to be authoritative by a religious community.
Illuminated Manuscript.
A manuscript in which the text is supplemented with artwork such as decorated initials, boarders, and illustrations, often using gold and silver. During the Middle Ages, manuscripts were copied and illuminated by hand, work often done by monks.
Antipope.
A person claiming to be pope in opposition to the pope chosen in accordance with the church law.
Gnosticism.
A prominent heretical movement of the 2nd-century Christian Church, partly of pre-Christian origin. Gnostic doctrine taught that the world was created and ruled by a lesser divinity, the demiurge, and that Christ was an emissary of the remote supreme divine being, esoteric knowledge (gnosis) of whom enabled the redemption of the human spirit.
Bishops.
A senior member of the Christian clergy, typically in charge of a diocese and empowered to confer holy orders.
Charism.
A special gift of the Holy Spirit given to an individual Christian or community, commonly for the benefit and building up of the entire church.
Great Western Schism.
A split within the church that lasted from 1378-1417, when there were 2 or 3 claimants to the papacy at once. Also called the Papal Schism.
Presbyter.
A synonym for "elder" in the Acts of the Apostles and an alternative word for Priest today.
Feudalism.
A system that evolved in Western Europe in the eighth and ninth centuries in which society was ordered relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service and protection.
Doctor of RCC.
A title officially bestowed by the church on those saints who are highly esteemed for their theological writings, as well as their personal holiness.
Papal States.
An independent country ruled by the Pope until 1870, covering a wide strip of land in the middle of the Italian Peninsula. They were awarded to the papacy in 756 in a formal deed called the Donation of Pepin.
Medieval Inquisition.
An inquisition established by the church in the 13th century aimed at ruling out heresies. Sometimes called the Papal Inquisition.
Spanish Inquisition.
An inquisition process established in the late 15th century by the Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella, intended to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in Spain.
Justification.
An invitation towards conversation, which happens as a response to God through the active life of Faith. It involves the removal of sin and the gift of God's sanctifying grace to renew holiness. It was accomplished by Christ's Paschal Mystery, in his sacrificial death for all humanity.
Papal Bull.
An official letter or charter issued by the Pope, named for the bulla, or wax seal, that was used to authenticate it.
Deacons.
An ordained minister of an ordered ranking below preists.
Avignon.
Avignon, a city in southeastern France's Provence region, is set on the Rhône River. From 1309 to 1377, it was the seat of the Catholic popes, and remained under papal rule until becoming part of France in 1791. Its center, surrounded by medieval stone ramparts, contains the massive Palais des Papes and remains of the Saint-Bénezet bridge, also known as Pont d'Avignon
732 AD.
Battle of Tours. Charles Martel, leader of Franks defeated Muslims at Tours...a decisive battle against Islam.
Muslims.
Believe in Allah, a sent prophet named Mohammed. Muslim holy book is the Koran and the rules for Muslims are the Shahada.
Ambrose.
Bishop of Milan, preacher & teacher, converted Augustine.
Simony.
Buying or selling something spiritual, such as grace, a sacrament, or a relic.
Arianism.
Christ did not exist with God & that 3 persons of Trinity are separate & distinct. A heresy developed in the late 3rd century that denied Christ's full divinity, stating that Christ was a created being who was superior to human beings but inferior to God.
Western Monasticism.
Christian monasticism is the devotional practice of individuals who live ascetic and typically cloistered lives that are dedicated to Christian worship.
800 AD.
Christmas Day: Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor.
Jerome.
Church Father, Vulgate (Bible from Greek to Latin).
Caesaro-Papism.
Combine secular & religious authority.
681 AD.
Constantinople III re-stated teachings. Jesus is one divine person with 2 wills, 2 natures.
Constantinople.
Constantinople was the capital city of the Roman and Byzantine, the Latin, and the Ottoman empires. It was reinaugurated in 324 AD at ancient Byzantium, as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Emperor.
481 AD.
Council of Chalcedon condemned Monophysitism. Council said Jesus is one divine person with both human & divine natures.
431 AD.
Council of Ephesus condemned Pelagianism (original sin) & Nestoriansim (dual nature of Jesus) & gave Mary, title of Theotokos.
325 AD.
Council of Nicaea called by Constantine, formulated the Nicene Creed, especially consubstantionality.
Augustine of Canterbury.
Died in 605, Converted England.
313 AD.
Edict of Milan. Constantine granted tolerance to Christianity in the Roman Empire.
476 AD.
Fall of Roman Empire...beginning of Dark Ages -1,000 A.D.
381 AD.
First Council of Constantinople affirmed Nicaea & accepted Nicene creed.
Roman Empire.
Founded in 27 BC in Ancient Roman Times.
Sacred Tradition.
From Latin meaning "to hand on." Refers to the process of of passing on the gospel message. It began with the oral communication of the Gospel of the Apostles, was written down in Sacred Scripture, and is interpreted by the Magesterium under under the guidance of the Holy Spirit.
Donation of Pepin.
Gave Ravenna to Pope, making him a ruler of states for a 1,000 years.
Merit.
God's reward for those who love him and by his grace do good works. We cannot "_____" justification or eternal life, which are a free gift of God. The source of any _____ we have before God is due to the Grace of Christ in us.
Consubstantial.
Having the same nature or essence.
Henry VIII.
Henry VIII was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He was Lord, and later assumed the Kingship, of Ireland, and continued the nominal claim by English monarchs to the Kingdom of France. Born: June 28, 1491, Greenwich, United Kingdom Died: January 28, 1547, Palace of Whitehall, London, United Kingdom.
Macedonianism.
Heresy says Son created Holy Spirit & subordinate to Father & Son.
Monopysitism.
Heresy says one nature in Jesus, namely divine.
Arius.
Heretical priest from Alexandria.
Leo the Great.
Hypostatic union, one divine person subsists in two natures, divine & human.
Ignatius of Loyola.
Ignatius of Loyola was a Spanish knight from a local Basque noble family, hermit, priest since 1537, and theologian, who founded the Society of Jesus and, on 19 April 1541, became its first Superior General
Patriarch.
In the Old Testament, the father of a group or tribe. In the Eastern Church, it is a spiritual father. This title is given to the highest ranking bishops in the church.
Brigid of Kildare.
Ireland (452-525) established monasteries & convents for men & women.
First Crusade.
It started as a widespread pilgrimage in western christendom and ended as a military expedition by Roman Catholic Europe to regain the Holy Lands taken in the Muslim conquests of the Levant (632-661), ultimately resulting in the recapture of Jerusalem in 1099.
John Calvin.
John Calvin was an influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism. Born: July 10, 1509, Noyon, France Died: May 27, 1564, Geneva, Switzerland
John Knox.
John Knox was a Scottish clergyman and writer who was a leader of the Protestant Reformation and is considered the founder of the Presbyterian denomination in Scotland. Died: November 24, 1572, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Pepin.
King of Franks gave land to Pope, origin of Papal States.
Conversion if Clovis.
King of Franks, gave the Church a strong foothold among barbarian tribes.
Filoque.
Latin for "And from the Son." This phrase was added to the Nicene Creed in the Roman Church to express that the Holy Spirit descended from the Father and the Son, rather than from the Father and through the Son, as the Byzantine Church said.
Charles Martel.
Leader of Franks, father of Pepin, grandfather of Charlemagne, defeated Muslims at Tours.
Martin Luther.
Martin Luther was a German friar, priest and professor of theology who was a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. Initially an Augustinian friar, Luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church.
Albigensian.
Members of a Catharistic sect of southern France flourishing primarily in the 12th and 13th centuries.
Mendicant.
Members of religious orders that rely on charity for support.
Romanesque.
Of or relating to a style of architecture that prevailed in Europe circa 900-1200, although sometimes dated back to the end of the Roman Empire (5th century).
Hermit.
People who live a solitary life in order to commit themselves more fully to prayer and in some cases to be completely free for service to others.
Nicene Creed.
Profession of faith, widely used in Liturgy.
Catherine of Sienna.
Saint Catherine of Siena, T.O.S.D., was a tertiary of the Dominican Order and a Scholastic philosopher and theologian. Born: March 17, 1347, Siena, Italy Died: April 29, 1380, Rome
Dominic de Guzman.
Saint Dominic, also known as Dominic of Osma and Dominic of Caleruega, often called Dominic de Guzmán and Domingo Félix de Guzmán, was a Spanish priest and founder of the Dominican Order. Dominic is the patron saint of astronomers.
Francis of Assisi.
Saint Francis of Assisi was an Italian Catholic friar and preacher. He founded the men's Order of Friars Minor, the women's Order of St. Clare, and the Third Order of Saint Francis for men and women. Died: October 3, 1226, Assisi, Italy
Thomas More.
Sir Thomas More, venerated by Catholics as Saint Thomas More, was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman and noted Renaissance humanist. He was also a councillor to Henry VIII, and Lord Chancellor from October 1529 to 16 May 1532. Born: February 7, 1478, City of London, United Kingdom Died: July 6, 1535, London, United Kingdom
Charlemagne.
Son of Pepin, King of Franks, first Holy Roman Emperor.
Augustine of Hippo.
Son of St. Monica, from sinner to saint & wrote City of God, Confessions etc...."our hearts are restless..."
Eastern Schism.
Started in 1054 by antipopes. Split Eastern and Western Churches because of a disagreement. Ended by Pope Martin V.
Teresa of Avila.
Teresa of Ávila, also called Saint Teresa of Jesus, baptized as Teresa Sánchez de Cepeda y Ahumada, was a prominent Spanish mystic, Roman Catholic saint.
Black Death.
The Black Death was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people and peaking in Europe in the years 1346-53.
Corpus Christi.
The Feast of Corpus Christi, also known as Corpus Domini, is a Latin Rite liturgical solemnity celebrating the tradition and belief in the body and blood of Jesus Christ and his Real Presence in the Eucharist.
Fourth Lateral Council.
The Fourth Council of the Lateran was convoked by Pope Innocent III with the papal bull of April 19, 1213, and the Council gathered at Rome's Lateran Palace beginning November 11, 1215.
Koran / Qu'ran.
The Holy Book of Islam.
Lay Investiture.
The Investiture Controversy, also known as the lay investiture controversy, was the most important conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe. It began as a dispute in the 11th century between the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII.
Summa Theologica.
The Summa Theologiae is the best-known work of Thomas Aquinas. Although unfinished, the Summa is "one of the classics of the history of philosophy and one of the most influential works of Western literature." 1917.
College of Bishops.
The assembly of bishops, headed by the Pope, that holds the teaching authority and responsibility in the Church.
Predestination.
The belief that each person's fate after death is predetermined by God and that no one can do anything to change it.
Magesterium.
The church's living and teaching office, which consists of all Bishops, in communion with the Pope, the Bishop of Rome.
Christendom.
The church's sphere of power and authority, both politically and spiritually, during the Middle Ages.
New Covenant.
The covenant or law established by God in Jesus Christ to fulfill and perfect the old covenant, or Mosaic Law. It is a perfection here on Earth of the Divine Law. The law of the New Covenant is also called a Law of Love, Grace, and Freedom. The New Covenant will never end or diminish, and nothing new will be revealed until Christ comes again in glory.
Iconoclasm.
The deliberate destruction of religious icons and symbols.
Nestorianism.
The doctrine that there were two separate persons, one human and one divine, in the incarnate Christ. It is named after Nestorius, patriarch of Constantinople (428-31), and was maintained by some ancient churches of the Middle East. A small Nestorian Church still exists in Iraq.
Grace.
The free and undeserved gift of God's loving and and active presence in our lives, empowering us to respond to his call and to live as his adopted sons and daughters. Grace restores our loving communion with the Holy Trinity, lost through sin.
Indulgences.
The means by which the church takes away the punishment a person would receive in Purgatory.
Scholasticism.
The method of thinking, teaching, and writing devised in and characteristic of, the medieval universities of Europe from about 1100-1500. Although concerned of all scientific learning, ____________ is most closely identified with knowledge about God.
Nepotism.
The practice among those with power or influence of favoring relatives or friends, especially by giving them jobs.
Abbott.
The superior and spiritual leader of a monastery.
Hypostatic Union.
The union of Jesus Christ's divine and human natures in one divine person.
Vulgate.
The version of the bible translated from Hebrew and Greek into Latin by Saint Jerome and which became the definitive version and officially promulgated by the Church.
Saint Thomas Aquinas.
Thomas Aquinas, OP, also Thomas of Aquin or Aquino, was an Italian Dominican friar and Catholic priest who was an immensely influential philosopher and theologian in the tradition of scholasticism.
Monica.
Tireless prayers lead to son, Augustine's conversion.
Martydom.
Witness to the saving message of Christ through the sacrifice of one's life.
Apocrypha.
Writings about Jesus or the Christian message not accepted as part of the canon of Sacred Scripture.