Western Civilization 2

Mein Kampf

'My Struggle' by Hitler, later became the basic book of Nazi goals and ideology, reflected obsession

Prince Henry the Navigator

(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.

Ferdinand Magellan

(1480?-1521) Portuguese-born navigator. Hired by Spain to sail to the Indies in 1519. (The same year HRE Charles V became emperor.) Magellan was killed in the Philippines (1521). One of his ships returned to Spain (1522), thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe.

Francis Bacon

(1561-1626) English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method. Novum Organum. Inductive reasoning.

Thirty Years War

(1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a battle between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

English Royal Society

(1662) This English group of scientific minds included Sir Isaac Newton and many other important scientists of the time. It was the English counterpart of the French Academia des Sciences, but was more involved with politics and social issues.

Siege of Vienna

(1683) Ottoman Empire attempted to invade Vienna but they were stopped by Leopold I, failed attempt by Ottoman Empire to invade Europe, ever since Europe had to fear/keep peace with Ottoman Empire - farthest Westward advance into Central Europe of the Ottoman Empire, and of all the clashes between the armies of Christianity and Islam might be signaled as the battle that finally stemmed the previously-unstoppable Turkish forces

George Frederick Handel

(1685-1759) Baroque musician; stormy international career; wrote a lot of secular music but probably best known for his religious music (Messiah)

Franz Joseph Haydn

(1732-1809) Classical composer who spent most of his life as musical director for wealthy Esterhazy brothers; visits to England introduced him to world of public concerts rather than princely patrons; wrote The Creation and The Seasons

Johann von Goethe

(1749-1832) A German author who wrote near the end of the Aufklärung, the German Enlightenment. Goethe's morose The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774) helped fuel the Sturm und Drang movement, and his two-part Faust (1808, 1832) is seen as one of the landmarks of Western literature

Robert Owen

(1771-1858) British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed

Austro-Prussian War

(1806) Bismarck charges Austria with not recognizing rights of Holstein people; Austria declares war on Prussia and Bismarck defeats Austria with military power *Holstein- taken by Bismarck *Venetia- Cavour aided Bismarck and got Venetia

Louis XVIII

(1814-1824) Restored Bourbon throne after the Revolution. He accepted Napoleon's Civil Code (principle of equality before the law), honored the property rights of those who had purchased confiscated land and establish a bicameral (two-house) legislature consisting of the Chamber of Peers (chosen by king) and the Chamber of Deputies (chosen by an electorate).

Alfred Lloyd Tennyson

-Aka 1st Baron Tennyson -Was Queen Victoria's poet laureate -Born in Somersby, United Kingdom -He died in Surrey of old age- Buried in Poets Corner of Westminster Abbey in London -Attended Trinity and Cambridge -Dad was a clergy man-one of 7 brothers -Life long fear of mental illness

Siege of Sarajevo

-JNA/VRS attacked Sarajevo for four years -civilians living in Sarajevo deprived of access in/out of city; subject to indiscriminate shelling and complete blockade of food and medicine; utilities like water, electricity, heating also cut off -two of most notorious incidents were the two Markale Massacres

Queen Mary II

1689-1694, William of Orange's wife. James II's daughter. Parliament supported her and her husband as the future queen and king of England. Sister of Anne. Crowned co-rulers in 1689. Signed the English Bill of Rights.

Treaty of Utrecht

1713, ended War of Spanish Succession between Louis XIV's France and the rest of Europe; prohibited joining of French and Spanish crowns; ended French expansionist policy; ended golden age of Spain; vastly expanded British Empire

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops

Protocols of the Elders of Zion

1905-Document published in Russia. This work claimed to reveal a world-wide Jewish conspiracy. They were attempting to take over the banking, media, and universities to establish this new world order.

Nuremburg Laws

1935 laws defining the status of Jews and withdrawing citizenship from persons of non-German blood

Non-aggression Pact

1939-Secret agreement between German leader Hitler and Soviet Leader Stalin not to attack one another and to divide Poland

Fall of the Berlin Wall

1989 - Beginning of the fall of communism and the Soviet Union - symbolized the failure of communism and massive socialism

United Provinces (Dutch Republic)

1st half of the 17th century was the "golden age" of the Netherlands 1. The government was dominated by the bourgeoisie whose wealth and power limited the power of the state 2. Government was run by representative institutions

Marcel Proust

20th century French author; wrote semi-autobiographical Remembrance of things Past, which recalls bittersweet memories of childhood and youthful love and tries to discover their innermost meaning; lived like a hermit in a soundproof apartment for ten years, withdrawing form the present to live in the past.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy

Friedrich Nietzsche

A German philosopher who believed that the strength that produces heroes and great artists springs from something beyond reason. He criticized Christianity and democracy for empowering the mediocrity of the sheep like masses.

William Gladstone

A Liberal British Prime Minister who gave concessions to various parties and ultimately introduced bills for Irish self-governance

Nicolaus Copernicus

A Polish astronomer who proved that the Ptolemaic system was inaccurate, he proposed the theory that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the solar system.

Lech Walesa

A Polish politician, a former trade union and human rights activist, and also a former electrician. He co-founded Solidarity, the Soviet bloc's first independent trade union, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and served as President of Poland from 1990 to 1995.

Vasco de Gama

A Portuguese sailor who was the first European to sail around southern Africa to the Indian Ocean

Bauhaus

A Weimar (German) architectural school created by Walter Gropius which combined the fine arts and functionalism

Dutch East India Company

A company founded by the Dutch in the early 17th century to establish and direct trade throughout Asia. Richer and more powerful than England's company, they drove out the English and Established dominance over the region. It ended up going bankrupt and being bought out by the British

Edmund Burke

A conservative leader who was deeply troubled by the aroused spirit of reform. In 1790, he published Reforms on The Revolution in France, one of the greatest intellectual defenses of European conservatism. He defended inherited privileges in general and those of the English monarchy and aristocracy. Glorified unrepresentative Parliament and predicted reform would lead to much chaos/tyranny.

Austrian Neutrality

A document declaring that Austria is now a Neutral country

British East India Company

A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.

Palace of Versailles

A large royal residence built in the seventeenth century by King Louis XIV of France, near Paris. The palace, with its lavish gardens and fountains, is a spectacular example of French classical architecture. The Hall of Mirrors is particularly well known. The peace treaty that formally ended World War I was negotiated and signed here as well.

Steam Engine

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable steam engine in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. Steam power was then applied to machinery. (607)

Wannsee Conference

A meeting in which the "Final solution" and use of concentration camps were decided in 1942, Heydrich was the chief executor of the "Final Solution". Held in Wannsee, Berlin

Pan Slavism

A movement to promote the independence of Slav people. Roughly started with the Congress in Prague; supported by Russia. Led to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877.

Winston Churchill

A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

Tom Jones

A novel written by Henry Fielding that tells the story of an orphan who travels all over England to win the hand of his lady.

Marshall Plan

A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe.

Dawes Plan

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.

Jacobin Club

A political club consisting of both men and women but leadership was solely bourgeoisie, Main goal was the removal of the king and establishment of a republic,

Agricultural Revolution

A time when new inventions such as the seed drill and the steel plow made farming easier and faster. The production of food rose dramatically.

Crimean War

A war fought in the middle of the nineteenth century between Russia on one side and Turkey, Britain, and France on the other. Russia was defeated and the independence of Turkey was guaranteed

Austro-Hungarian Monarchy

After being defeated by Prussia, Austria could no longer ignore the call for national autonomy coming from Hungary. The creation of a dual monarchy gave Hungary control over domestic affairs. Certain areas of governance, such as foreign affairs, were to be directed from Vienna

Second Republic

After the 1848 revolution in France, which caused Louis-Philippe to flee, this government system was put in place by revolutionists and guaranteed universal male suffrage. Louis-Napoleon (later known as Napoleon III), nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, was overwhelmingly elected president, and France enjoyed a period of stability and prosperity. This government was later overthrown in yet another coup d'etat.

Triple Alliance

Alliance between Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungry

Great Purges

Also called the Terror, the Great Purges of the late 1930s were a massive attempt to cleanse the Soviet Union of supposed "enemies of the people"; nearly a million people were executed between 1936 and 1941, and 4 million or 5 million more were sentenced to forced labor in the gulag.

Triple Entente

An alliance between Great Britain, France and Russia in the years before WWI.

Dadaism

An artistic movement that had a purposely nonsensical name, expressing its total rejection of previous modern art.

John Wesley

Anglican minister; created religious movement, Methodism; led to become missionary to the English people; appealed especially to lower class; his Methodism gave lower and middle classes in English society a sense of purpose and comunity

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria Hungary assassinated by a Serbian in 1914. His murder was one of the causes of WW I.

William Pitt the Elder

As secretary of state in charge of the Seven Years' War, this British official sent tons of troops to confront the French in Canada. Proved instrumental in helping Great Britain emerge as a world power from the war.

Johannes Kepler

Assistant to Brahe; used Brahe's data to prove that the earth moved in an elliptical, not circular, orbit; Wrote 3 laws of planetary motion based on mechanical relationships and accurately predicted movements of planets in a sun-centered universe; Demolished old systems of Aristotle and Ptolemy

Georges Haussmann

Associated with the rebuilding of Paris. Made it "revolution-proof". Made it more sanitary and hospitable. Made the streets too broad for revolutionaries to be able to barricade them. New importance was given to trains, as well.

Jean-Paul Satre

Atheist who believes in the essence of something, essence precedes existence. You have the idea of something in your mind before you create it. Then you actually create the thing. For humans, existence precedes essence since God does not exist. God cannot give us our essence before we exist. Therefore, we must create our own essence since there is not God. We are completely responsible for our actions

Schlieffen Plan

Attack plan by Germans, proposed by Schlieffen, lightning quick attack against France. Proposed to go through Belgium then attack France, Belgium resisted, other countries took up their aid, long fight, used trench warfare.

Theodor Hertzl

Austrian Zionist; formed World Zionist Organization in 1897; was indifferent to Arabs and promoted Jewish immigration into Palestine to form a Jewish state.

Sigmund Freud

Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939); Said that human behavior is irrational; behavior is the outcome of conflict between the id (irrational unconscious driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure-seeking desires) and ego (rationalizing conscious, what one can do) and superego (ingrained moral values, what one should do).

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Born 1756 in Austria. Musical prodigy. Traveled through Europe. Rebelled against church rules. Classical Style,

Queen Victoria

British Queen, under whose rule the British empire reached the height of its wealth and power, forced to accept a new, virtually powerless role after the Chartist movement

William Hogarth

British Rococo Painter: tried to develop distinct British aesthetic, also painted satirical sequences.

TE Lawrence

British army officer renowned especially for his liaison role during the Arab Revolt against Ottoman Turkish rule of 1916-18

Balfour Declaration

British document that promised land in Palestine as homeland for Jews in exchange for Jews help in WWI

Duke of Wellington

British general and statesman

Horatio Nelson

British navy commander who defeated Napoleon in Egypt (The Battles of the Nile) and Trafalgar; naval supremacy saved Britain from the invasion and shattered Napoleon's dreams of an overseas empire

Benjamin Disraeli

British statesman who as Prime Minister bought controlling interest in the Suez Canal and made Queen Victoria the empress of India (1804-1881)

George Eliot

British writer of novels characterized by realistic analysis of provincial Victorian society (1819-1880)

Henry Stanley

British-American explorer of Africa, famous for his expeditions in search of Dr. David Livingstone. He helped King Leopold II establish the Congo Free State.

Crystal Palace

Building erected in Hyde Park, London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, it was a symbol of the industrial age. (p. 606)

David Hume

Building on Locke's teachings, he argued that the mind was just a bundle of impressions. These impressions originate only in sense experiences and our habits of joining these experiences together. Since out ideas ultimately reflect only our sense experiences, our reason can't tell us anything about questions that cannot be verified by sense experience (in the form of controlled experiments or math), such as the origin of the universe and the existence of God. These ideas undermined the Enlightenment's faith in the power of reason.

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714)

Revolution of 1830

Charles X, ruling in a constitutional monarchy, wanted to return to an absolute monarchy, a desire which prompted this revolution and the placing of Louis Philippe on the throne (in const. monarchy)

Cardinal Richelieu

Chief minister to Henry IV's weak son, Louis XIII of France. He worked to establish absolute rule by weakening the nobles and Huguenots and employing intendants.

"Big Three" Conferences

Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin Tehran-Nov 1943 Yalta Feb 1945 Potsdam, July 1945

Yugoslavia

Civil war broke out in Yugoslavia. As the Communist regime fell, Yugoslavia was divided up into Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovinian, Macedonia, Croatia and Slovenia. Fighting soon broke out inside these areas, as Serbs attempted to gain control of the entire territory. The Serbs instituted a policy of "ethnic" cleansing, whose goal was to force non-Serbs out of all areas that the Serbs conquered.

New Left

Coalition of younger members of the Democratic party and radical student groups. Believed in participatory democracy, free speech, civil rights and racial brotherhood, and opposed the war in Vietnam.

Jean-Baptiste Moliere

Comic actor and play write. Wrote the Tartuffe, The Miser, The Misanthrope, and The School for Wives. Each was a satire on French society.

Berlin Conference

Conference that German chancellor Otto von Bismarck called to set rules for the partition of Africa. It led to the creation of the Congo Free State under King Leopold II of Belgium.

War of Austrian Succession

Conflict caused by the rival claims for the dominions of the Habsburg family. Before the death of Charles VI, Holy Roman emperor and archduke of Austria, many of the European powers had guaranteed that Charles's daughter Maria Theresa would succeed him.

Rembrandt van Rijn

Considered one of the greatest Dutch Baroque artists, his financial success was offset by tragic deaths of two wives and all four of his sons.

Poor Law of 1834

Corrected some evils of old system but nothing on unemployment. To get relief must enter Poor House where gender segregation - break up families. Dismal conditions - "Bastilles for the working class"(Oliver Twist). Working class resented the notion of labor market.

Treaty of Versailles

Created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty 1)stripped Germany of all Army, Navy, Air force. 2) Germany had to repair war damages(33 billion) 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manufacture any weapons.

Revolutions of 1848

Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed.

Vladimir Putin

Elected president of Russia in 2000, launched reforms aimed at boosting growth and budget revenues and keeping Russia on a strong economic track.

My Secret Life

Eleven-volume autobiography of an English sexual adventurer from the servant-keeping classes. Describes a man showing his times: indulging in sex with prostitutes, etc. Reveals the dark side of sex and class in urban society.

John Stuart Mill

English Philosopher, Benthamite, wrote "On Liberty", Essay that talked about problem of how to protect the rights of individuals and minorities in the emerging age of mass electoral participation. Advocated right of workers to organize, equality for women, and universal suffrage

Oliver Cromwell

English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War

Thomas Hobbes

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)

Isaac Newton

English mathematician and scientist who invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. His treatise on gravitation, presented in Principia Mathematica (1687), was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple.

Graham Greene

English novelist and Catholic (1904-1991)

John Locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

William Harvey

English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood

Aldous Huxley

English writer

Charles Dickens

English writer whose novels depicted and criticized social injustice (1812-1870)

Paris Commune

Established by a group of French radical patriots who refused to give up in the Franco-Prussian War, and wanted to independently rule Paris. Didn't want to give up Alsace-Lorraine. NA under Thiers ordered French army to crush commune, 20,000 people died.

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.

Bloody Sunday (Russia)

Father Gabon collected over 100,000 people to go to the Czar and talk to him about improving living conditions and making Duma. Instead of listening to them the guards started fireing

Victor Emmanuel

First King of Italy, who was originally king of Sardinia. King of a untied Italy. Takes the Piedmont from Austria

Truman Doctrine

First established in 1947 after Britain no longer could afford to provide anti-communist aid to Greece and Turkey, it pledged to provide U.S. military and economic aid to any nation threatened by communism.

Andreas Vesalius

Flemish scientist who pioneered the study of anatomy and provided detailed overviews of the human body and its systems.

Batavia

Fort established ca. 1619 as headquarters of Dutch East India Company operations in Indonesia; today the city of Jakarta.

Vladimir Lenin

Founder of the Russian Communist Party, this man led the November Revolution in 1917 which established a revolutionary soviet government based on a union of workers, peasants, and soldiers.

Estates General

France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution. (p. 585)

National Assembly

French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.

Louis Pasteur

French chemist and biologist whose discovery that fermentation is caused by microorganisms resulted in the process of pasteurization (1822-1895)

George Sand

French female author of more than eighty novels who took a man's name and dressed in male attire to protest the treatment of women

Charles de Gaulle

French general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French forces in exile

Rene Descartes

French philosopher and mathematician

Auguste Comte

French philosopher remembered as the founder of positivism. Saw human history as 3 stages: theological, metaphysical and scientific. Founded "sociology." Influenced Realpolitik

Montesquieu

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755)

Honoré de Balzac

French realist novelist. Chiefly remembered for his series of 91 interconnected novels and stories known collectively as The Human Comedy which pictures urban society as amoral and brutal characterized by a Darwinian struggle for power.

Marat

French revolutionary leader (born in Switzerland) who was a leader in overthrowing the Girondists and was stabbed to death in his bath by Charlotte Corday (1743-1793)

Georges Jacques Danton

French revolutionary leader who stormed the Paris bastille and who supported the execution of Louis XVI but was guillotined by Robespierre for his opposition to the Reign of Terror (1759-1794)

Charles Fourier

French social theorist-criticized capitalism-wanted socialist utopia and emancipation of women. Theory of Four Movements.

Alexandre Dumas

French writer remembered for his swashbuckling historical tales (1802-1870)

Voltaire

French, perhaps greatest Enlightenment thinker. Deist. Mixed glorification and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions. Wrote Candide. Believed enlightened despot best form of government.

Georg Hegel

German Philosopher and historian (1770-1831) he believed in the Hegelian Dialectic, that ideas are the driving force of history, and in history being progressive. Even though Marx and Engels disagreed with the Hegelian Dialectic they respected Hegel.

Ludwig van Beethoven

German composer known for his classical symphonies; considered one of the greatest composers who continued to compose after he became deaf

Paul von Hindenburg

German field marshal who appointed Hitler as Chancellor in January 1933. In March he signed the Enabling Act of 1933 which gave special powers to Hitler's government.

Karl Marx

German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary. With the help and support of Friedrich Engels he wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867-1894). These works explain historical development in terms of the interaction of contradictory economic forces, form the basis of all communist theory, and have had a profound influence on the social sciences.

Friedrich List

German who wrote National System of Political Economy in 1841. Thought political economy as advocated in England was self-serving to England but that other economies need to build economies - infrastructures and cities to compete. Therefore they would need to erect tariff barriers to protect themselves from competition while getting started. Was inspired by H. Clay's American System in which he'd advocated a national system of political economy. List said there was no universal theory of economics which applies to all countries at all times.

Weimer Republic

Germany's new democratic government was set up in 1919. It was named the Weimar Republic after the city where the national assembly met. It was a very weak republic from the start. Germany lacked a strong democratic tradition, so postwar Germany had several major political parties and many minor ones. The country's defeat and postwar humiliation was blamed on the Weimar government not their wartime leaders.

Fifth Republic

Government established in France in October 1958. The First Republic lasted from 1793 to 1804; the Second, from 1848 to 1852; the Third from 1875 to 1945; and the Fourth, from 1946 to 1958.

Pogroms

Government supported attacks against Jews in Russia

Toleration Act of 1689

Granted Puritans the right of free public worship. Marked a turning point in English history because few English citizens would ever again be persecuted for religion

"Lost Generation"

Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe

Emperor Joseph II

He was Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790 and ruler of the Habsburg lands from 1780 to 1790. Wrote Edict of Tolerance, which outlined Jewish limitations for trade, marriage, living, moving and more.

David Lloyd George

He was the British representative at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. He pushed for a revenge-based treaty at Versailles, hampering the 14 points.

Georges Clemenceau

He was the French representative at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. He pushed for a revenge-based treaty at Versailles, hampering the 14 points.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in Eastern Europe.

Emperor Charles V

Holy Roman Empire. SACKED ROME in 1527, ending Italian Renaissance. Called Martin Luther to the Diet of Worms, directed Diet of Augsburg, and proclaimed the Peace of Augsburg. Basically, he ended the Italian Renaissance and tried to stop the Reformation but eventually made peace with the Lutherans

Hungarian Uprising

Hungarian nationalists staged huge demonstrations demanding non-communist parties be legalized; turned into armed rebellion and spread throughout the country

Beer Hall Putsch

In 1923 the Nazis attempted to overthrow the government in Munich. It was a total failure, and Hitler received a brief prison sentence during which time he wrote Mein Kampf.

Spanish Civil War

In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war. The Soviet Union provided arms and advisers to the government forces while Germany and Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to help Franco.

Prague Spring

In 1968, Czechoslovakia, under Alexander Dubcek, began a program of reform. Dubcek promised civil liberties, democratic political reforms, and a more independent political system. The Soviet Union invaded the country and put down the short-lived period of freedom.

Munich Olympics

In September 1972, a Palestinian terrorist organization held Jewish Israeli athletes hostage and killed eleven of them.

Israel

In antiquity, the land between the eastern shore of the Mediterranean and the Jordan River, occupied by the Israelites from the early second millennium B.C.E. The modern state of Israel was founded in 1948.

Sans-culottes

In the French Revolution, a radical group made up of Parisian wage-earners, and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in government, lower prices, and an end of food shortages

Glorious Revolution

In this bloodless revolution, the English Parliament and William and Mary agreed to overthrow James II for the sake of Protestantism. This led to a constitutional monarchy and the drafting of the English Bill of Rights.

Goa

Indian city developed by the Portuguese as a major Indian Ocean base; developed an important Indo-European population.

United Nations

International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations.

Edict of Fontainebleau

Issued by Louse XIV, revoked Edict of Nantes, destroyed Huguenot churches and schools, so 200,000 Huguenot artisans leave France

Carlsbad Decrees

Issued by Metternich, required 39 independent German states, including Prussia and Austria, to root out subversive ideas. (censorship) Also established permanent committee with spies to punish any liberal or radical organization.

Christopher Columbus

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China

Berlin airlift

Joint effort by the US and Britian to fly food and supplies into W Berlin after the Soviet blocked off all ground routes into the city

Heart of Darkness

Joseph Conrad, 1902. The story reflects the physical and psychological shock Conrad himself experienced in 1890, when he worked briefly in the Belgian Congo.

Suez Crisis

July 26, 1956, Nasser (leader of Egypt) nationalized the Suez Canal, Oct. 29, British, French and Israeli forces attacked Egypt. UN forced British to withdraw; made it clear Britain was no longer a world power

D-Day

June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.

Night of the Long Knives

June, 30, 1934. On this night, Hitler sent his elite guards (Schutzstaffel/ SS/ black shirts) to kill the Storm Troopers, led by Ernst Röhm, and other non-Nazi political opponents.

De-Stalinization

Khrushchev's policy of purging the Soviet Union of Stalin's memory; monuments of Stalin were destroyed; Stalin's body was moved outside the Kremlin Wall; Khrushchev did this because he disliked Stalin for jailing and killing loyal Soviet citizens

King Leopold

King of Belgium who began imperialistic trade inside of Africa which resulted in the Scramble for Africa.

King George III

King of England, stubborn, stupid, levied taxes even though he knew colonist would hate it, poor ruler, passed Quartering Act, hated colonists, wanted to show who's in charge

King Charles 1

King of England. Charles loved art and enjoyed owning fine possessions. Like his father, he was always looking for more money. Charles had alienated many people who might otherwise have supported him. He kept apart from people and was very narrow-minded. People complained about his extravagance.

King Louis Philippe

King of France after the Three Glorious July Days ๏ Accepted Constitutional Charter (but barely more constitutional than those before him) ๏ Extended voting rights from 100,000 to 170,000 (still very little compared to the population of 30 million in France) ๏ A popular movement arises, lobbying for every male to be able to vote ๏ He refuses electoral reform ๏ leads to February Revolution

King Louis XIV

King of France, ruled for 72 years, built the palace of Versailles, absolute monarch, believed in the divine right of kings (L'etat, c'est moi), The "Sun King"

King Ferdinand

King of Spain who, with his wife Queen Isabella, paid for Columbus's voyages to America.

Frederick William

Known as the Great Elector, this man was the first Hohenzollern leader, to move toward absolute monarchy and built a militaristic state in Prussia/ Brandenburg.

Seven Years War

Known in America as French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.

Navigation Acts

Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

Calvinists

Leader of Calvinists, centered in Geneva, who believed in predestination, hard work, and no religious dissent

Confederation of the Rhine

League of German States organized by Napoleon in 1813 after defeating the Austrians at Austerlitz. The league collapsed after Napoleon's defeat in Russia.

Reform Bill of 1832

Legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britain.

Josip Broz Tito

Marxist Leninist communist who hated Stalin. Soviet forces never allowed to come in and liberate Yugoslavia. He creates his own communist authoritarian regime. Not under Stalin's control.

Congress of Vienna

Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon

Continental System

Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy.

Auschwitz

Nazi extermination camp in Poland, the largest center of mass murder during the Holocaust. Close to a million Jews, Gypsies, Communists, and others were killed there.

Kristallnacht

Night of Broken Glass, Nov 9 1938 night when the Nazis killed or injured many Jews & destroyed many Jewish propertys

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

Girondists

One of the two halves of the divided National Convention. More moderate than the opposing Mountains, led by Robespierre, they represented the countryside.

Peace of Westphalia

Peace negotiated in 1648 to end the Thirty Years' War, Europe's most destructive internal struggle over religion. The treaties contained new language recognizing statehood and nationhood, clearly defined borders, and guarantees of security

Denis Diderot

Philosopher who edited a book called the Encyclopedia which was banned by the French king and pope.

Glasnost

Policy of openness initiated by Gorbachev in the 1980s that provided increased opportunities for freedom of speech, association and the press in the Soviet Union.

Solidarity

Polish trade union created in 1980 to protest working conditions and political repression. It began the nationalist opposition to communist rule that led in 1989 to the fall of communism in eastern Europe.

Prince Charles Talleyrand

Prime Minister of France, worked successfully from regime of Louis XVI, through French Revolution, and under Napoleon I, Louis XVIII, Charles X, and Louis-Philippe. Primary French diplomat at Congress of Vienna.

Neville Chamberlain

Prime Minister of Great Britain from -1940. Famous for appeasing Hitler at the Munich Conference.

King William III

Prussia cov rep, the Prussian representative at the Congress of Vienna

Junkers

Prussia's landowning nobility. The Junkers supported the monarchy and served in the army in exchange for absolute power over their serfs.

Frederick William IV

Prussian king who rejected liberal constitution. Claimed Divine Right. Imposed a conservative constitution that guaranteed royal control of the gov't. His attempt to unify Germany failed.

Queen Isabella

Queen of Castile in Spain, she helped complete the Reconquista. She and her husband banned Islam and forced all Jews in Spain to become Christian or leave. She also helped pay for the voyages of Christopher Columbus.

Bolsheviks

Radical Marxist political party founded by Vladimir Lenin in 1903. Under Lenin's leadership, the Bolsheviks seized power in November 1917 during the Russian Revolution.

Greek Revolution

Rebellion in Greece against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; key step in gradually dismantling the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans.

Kosovo

Region of Yugoslavia that had autonomy until Milosovic attempted to crush the Albanian group with ethnic cleansing; 1999 NATO used military strikes against Yugoslavia until the crisis came to an end in 1999

Puritans

Religious group that wanted to "purify" the Church of England

Corn Laws

Revised in 1815 these laws didn't allow for importing of cheap grain, this gave way to great anger towards the landed aristocracy who imposed them for their own good. Their repeal signified the end of dominance by the landed nobility

Tsar Alexander I

Ruled Russia during Napoleonic Wars and wanted peace after Napoleon's armies continued winning victories. The young tsar and Napoleon negotiated and he ended up accepting Napoleon's reorganization of Western and Central Europe and promised to enforce Napoleon's economic blockade against British goods.

Russo-Japanese War

Russia and Japan were fighting over Korea, Manchuria, etc. Began in 1904, but neither side could gain a clear advantage and win. Both sent reps to Portsmouth, NH where Theodore Roosevelt mediated Treaty of New Hampshire in 1905. Theodore Roosevelt won the Nobel peace prize for his efforts, the 1st president to do so.

Czar Nicholas II

Russian Czar during WWI; unpopular with Russian people; overthrown in March 1917; executed by Bolsheviks after November Revolution (1917)

Catherine II the Great

Russian Czar from 1762-1796. Was an Enlightened Absolutist, but came to power when spouse was murdered. This Czar suppressed the serfs and gave power to the aristocracy. Her boyfriends would become prime ministers. Expanded mostly West and South, and Westernized in literature, philosophy, and art.

Joseph Stalin

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)

Count Sergei Witte

Russian minister of finance from 1892-1903; economic modernizer responsible for high tariffs, improved banking system; encouraged western investors to build factories in Russia.

Count Leo Tolstoy

Russian novelist and philosopher who wrote some of the most famous novels. War and Peace and Anna Karenina.

Fyodor Dostoyevsky

Russian novelist who wrote of human suffering with humor and psychological insight (1821-1881)

Aleksander Pushkin

Russian realist writer, great champion of liberal causes. "The Bronze Horseman" poem, on St. Petersburg.

Leon Trotsky

Russian revolutionary intellectual and close adviser to Lenin. A leader of the Bolshevik Revolution (1917), he was later expelled from the Communist Party (1927) and banished (1929) for his opposition to the authoritarianism of Stalin

Appeasement

Satisfying the demands of dissatisfied powers in an effort to maintain peace and stability.

Galileo Galilei

Scientist who built the first telescope and proved that planets and moons move. Persecuted for supporting Copernicus' ideas

Adam Smith

Scottish political economist and philosopher. His Wealth of Nations (1776) laid the foundations of classical free-market economic theory, government should not interfere with economics. Advocates Laissez Faire and founder of "invisible hand"

Reichstag

Seated Germany's lower house of parliment, it burned in 1933 and Hitler blamed it on the communist, this event led to Hitler becoming the absolute dictator in Germany.

Leonid Brezhnev

Seized power from Nikita Khrushchev and became leader of the Soviet Communist party in 1964. Ordered forces in to Afghanistan and Czechoslovakia.

Franco-Prussian War

Set up by Otto Von Bismarck, war was declared July 19, 1870. In January 1871, Palace of Versailles was captured and Wilhelm I was named Kaiser. This empire was called the Second Reich.

Suez Canal

Ship canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882. (p. 726)

Rasputin

Siberian peasant monk who was religious advisor in the court of Nicholas II

Brezhnev Doctrine

Soviet Union and its allies had the right to intervene in any socialist country whenever they saw the need.

Conquistadores

Spanish for conquerors. Men who traveled extensively through the Americas, leading small armies of men, and who established themselves as imperial rulers

Russian Revolution of 1905

Spontaneous rebellion that erupted in Russia after the country's defeat at the hands of Japan in 1905; the revolution was suppressed, but it forced the government to make substantial reforms.

Nikita Khrushchev

Stalin's successor, wanted peaceful coexistence with the U.S. Eisenhower agreed to a summit conference with Khrushchev, France and Great Britain in Geneva, Switzerland in July, 1955 to discuss how peaceful coexistence could be achieved.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution

Little Ice Age

Temporary but significant cooling period between the fourteenth and the nineteenth centuries; accompanied by wide temperature fluctuations, droughts, and storms, causing famines and dislocation.

Alsace-Lorraine

Territory taken by Germany from France as a rest of the Franco Prussian war. Was later returned to France as a result of German defeat in WWI

Generation Gap

The cultural separation between children and their parents

Great Potato Famine

The death of 750,000 Irish from starvation and disease when blight destroys the potato crop in 1845

Duma

The elected parliament. Though through establishing this is seemed like the Czar was giving his people power, in reality he could easily get rid of this if they made any laws or such that he didn't like.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Karl Lueger

The fiery mayor of Vienna who preached anti-Semitism and appealed to lower middle class

Bill of Rights

The first 10 amendments to the Constitution

Dachau

The first concentration camp established by Hitler (1933)/located in Germany Jews were sent to this camp (the first) after Kristallnacht

Robert Walpole

The first official prime minister whose foreign policy was to ignore continental conflicts and he forgave the debt of the South Sea Company which made the people confident in the government

National self-determination

The idea that people should determine who and what they want leading them

Committee of Public Safety

The leaders under Robespierre who organized the defenses of France, conducted foreign policy, and centralized authority during the period 1792-1795.

Bolshevik Revolution

The overthrow of Russia's Provisional Government in the fall of 1917 by Lenin and his Bolshevik forces, made possible by the government's continuing defeat in the war, its failure to bring political reform, and a further decline in the conditions of everyday life.

Balance of Power

The policy in international relations by which, beginning in the eighteenth century, the major European states acted together to prevent any one of them from becoming too powerful.

Nonalignment

The policy of some developing nations to refrain from aligning with either the United States or the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

Bastille

The political prison and armory stormed on July 14, 1789, by Partisian city workers alarmed by the king's concentration of troops at Versailles

Meiji Restoration

The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.

Deism

The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life.

Estates

The three social classes into which France was divided before the French Revolution, including the clergy, the aristocracy, and the common people

Sputnik

The world's first space satellite. This meant the Soviet Union had a missile powerful enough to reach the US.

Gunboat Diplomacy

Theodore Roosevelt's policy the pursuit of foreign policy objectives with the aid of conspicuous displays of military power—implying or constituting a direct threat of warfare, should terms not be agreeable to the superior force.

War of Empire

These are the wars that led up to the French and Indian war and Michigan Indians were called upon: -King Williams war -Queen Anne's war -Kind Georges war -French and Indian war (1754-63) AKA 7 Years war where French lost control of New France to British

Salons

These were meeting places for philosophical discussion that were for the upper and middle class citizens who would talk about different doctrines

Luddites

These were the angry old cottage industry workers who lost their jobs and costumers to machines and as a result, they began to secretly destroy the machines

New Economic Program

They had to keep the peasants happy to get food, so Lenin gave peasants surpluses. The rebuilt villages. They needed to rebuild industrial areas. Lenin started to have baby steps toward the goal. They had paper currency again. Had almost immediate effects. He could see that he needed to loosen the reigns a little bit. From 1921 to 1922, Lenin started to consolidate his power, which became great for the Bolsheviks. Russia had a dictatorship in society. He was able to control everything. The Mensheviks were almost gone.

Philosophes

Thinkers of the Enlightenment; Wanted to educate the socially elite, but not the masses; were not allowed to openly criticize church or state, so used satire and double-meaning in their writings to avoid being banned; Salons held by wealthy women also kept philosophes safe; They considered themselves part of an intellectual community, and wrote back and forth to each other to share ideas.

Albert Einstein

This 20th Century scientist revolutionized the way scientists thought about space, time and matter, the most notable being his theory of relativity.

Triumph of the Will

This Nazi propaganda film was created in 1936 by Leni Riefenstahl to show the might of the Nazi party at a rally in Nuremberg.

Pope John Paul II

This Polish Pope brought the world's attention to the solidarity movement of the Polish, calling for human rights. He became a hero of the Polish nation.

Communist Manifesto

This is the 1848 book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels which urges an uprising by workers to seize control of the factors of production from the upper and middle classes.

Wealth of Nations

This is the 18th century book written by Scottish economist Adam Smith in which he spells out the first modern account of free market economies.

Concordat of 1801

This is the agreement between Pope Pius VII and Napoleon that healed the religious division in France by giving the French Catholics free practice of their religion and Napoleon political power

Tennis Court Oath

This is the oath that the representatives of the third estate took when they swore that they would never disband until they had proper representation

Nicolae Ceausescu

This militant communist leader of Romania attempted to keep his power by force, but was defeated and sent to the Hague to be executed by demand of a military court

American Revolution

This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.

Franz Liszt

This was a pianist in the Romanticism era that was a star in his day

Napoleonic Code

This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property. Napoleon also secured this by creating the Bank of France which loyally served the interests of both the state and the financial oligarchy

Reign of Terror

This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed

Empress Maria Theresa

This was the queen of Austria as a result of the Pragmatic Sanction. She limited the papacy's political influence in Austria, strengthened her central bureaucracy and cautiously reduced the power that nobles had over their serfs

Enclosure Movement

This was the way that the English landowners would now organize their land so that the farmers would become more productive in their work

Captain James Cook

Traveled to find the great southern continent (does not exist) Did discover Australia, Tahiti, Samoa, and Hawaii and claimed many of them as British colonies First Brit to see Antarctica (but did not set foot there) Cured scurvy Made accurate maps

Treaty of Paris, 1763

Treaty between Britain, France, and Spain, which ended the Seven Years War (and the French and Indian War). France lost Canada, the land east of the Mississippi, some Caribbean islands and India to Britain. France also gave New Orleans and the land west of the Mississippi to Spain, to compensate it for ceding Florida to the British.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Treaty between Russia and Germany that would end Russia's involvement in WWI in 1917

Treaty of Tordesillas

Treaty between Spain and Portugal dividing newly discovered lands between them

Frankfurt Parliament

Unsuccessful attempt to unify Germany in 1848. It intended to write a moderately liberal constitution for a unified Germany, but alienated conservatives, workers and liberals.

Louis Napoleon

Was not only the first president of the French Republic (for two terms), but was also the last emperor. As emperor, he was called Napoleon III and he was the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte.

Boris Yeltsin

Was the first President of the Russian Federation from 1991 to 1999. The Yeltsin era was a traumatic period in Russian history—a period marked by widespread corruption, economic collapse, and enormous political and social problems. In June 1991 Yeltsin came to power on a wave of high expectations. On June 12 Yeltsin was elected president of the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic with 57% of the vote, becoming the first popularly elected president in Russian history. But Yeltsin never recovered his popularity after endorsing radical economic reforms in early 1992 which were widely blamed for devastating the living standards of most of the Russian population. By the time he left office, Yeltsin was a deeply unpopular figure in Russia, with an approval rating as low as two percent by some estimates.

Willy Brandt

West German chancellor; sought peace with East Germany; went to Poland in December 1970; laid a wreath at the tomb of the unknown soldier and another monument commemorating the armed uprising of Warsaw's Jewish ghetto against Nazi armies after which the ghetto was destroyed and survivors were sent to the gas chambers.

Hyperinflation

When the German economy tried to print bills to pay off their debt, inflation rates of 40% a day

Victor Hugo

Writes Hunchback of Notre Dame, equated freedom in literature with liberty in politics and society. Starts out Conservative, renounces ways, opposite of Wordsworth. Also Lai Miserabs-Miserable Ones, France from Napoleonic Wars to 1848. Romantic author

Origin of Species

Written by CHARLES DARWIN, 1859, and outlining his theory of evolution. Had huge impact on more than just the scientific community. (Hegel and Marx had already introduced evolutionary philosophies). Darwin inadvertently put the scientific stamp of approval on these. In 1871 he published Descent of Man in which he applied the theory of evolution specifically to human evolution.

Gustave Flaubert

Wrote Madame Bovary-far narrower in scope than Balzac's work but unparalleled in depth and accuracy of psychological insight-tells ordinary story of a frustrated middle class housewife who has an adulterous love affair and is betrayed by her lover-portrays provincial middle class as petty, smug, and hypocritical

Maximilien Robespierre

Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended the Reign of Terror.

The Beatles

a British band that had an enormous influence on popular music in the 1960s

Lusitania

a British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

Helmut Kohl

a West German chancellor Helmut Kohl skillfully exploited the historic opportunity on their doorstep. He represented a ten-point plan for a step by stem unification in cooperation with both East Germany and the international community. He then promised the ordinary citizens of a struggling, bankrupt East Germany an immediate economic bonanza. (1044)

Bloody Sunday

a civil rights demonstration through the streets of Londonderry in north-west Northern Ireland ended with the shooting dead of thirteen civilians by the British Army.

Spectator

a close observer

Algerian Crisis

a conflict between France and Algerian independence movements from 1954 to 1962, which led to Algeria gaining its independence from France. The conflict was also a civil war between loyalist Algerian Muslims who believed in a French Algeria and their insurrectionist Algerian counterparts.

Afghanistan War

a conflict between anti-communist Muslim afghan guerillas and afghan government and soviet forces overthrew President khan

Czechoslovakia

a former republic in central Europe

Maginot Line

a fortification built before World War II to protect France's eastern border

White House Coup

a group of wealthy individuals and corporate leaders decided to force Roosevelt out of the White House - with violence if necessary

Metropolis

a large city; the chief city of an area

Holy Alliance

a league of European nations formed by the leaders of Russia, Austria, and Prussia after the congress of Vienna

Bourgeois

a member of the middle class

Indochina

a peninsula of southeastern Asia that includes Myanmar and Cambodia and Laos and Malaysia and Thailand and Vietnam

Perestroika

a policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society

Iron Curtain

a political barrier that isolated the people of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region

Encyclopedia

a reference work (often in several volumes) containing articles on various topics (often arranged in alphabetical order) dealing with the entire range of human knowledge or with some particular specialty

Congo

a republic in west-central Africa

William Wordsworth

a romantic English poet whose work was inspired by the Lake District where he spent most of his life (1770-1850)

Carnival

a time of reveling and excess in Catholic and Mediterranean Europe-preceded Lent-few days in February or March in which a wild release of drinking, masquerading, and dancing reigned-like a different world

Maastricht treaty

a treaty created in 1991 that set strict financial criteria for joining the proposed monetary union, with it single currency and set 1999 as the start date for its establishment.

"The Great Fear"

a vast panic that spread quickly through France in 1789; peasant rebellions became part of the Great Fear; citizens, fearing invasion by foreign troops that would support the French monarchy, formed militias

Berlin Wall

a wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West

King Louis XVI

absolute monarch of France at the start of the French Revolution. After yielding power to the revolutionary National Assembly, he was overthrown when the French Republic was declared and then executed, along with his wife, Queen Marie Antoinette, during the Reign of Terror.

India Act of 1784

after Parliament passed this, the British government effectively replaced the company, as the ultimate authority and named a new ruling official, the governor - general of India

Thomas Malthus

an English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence (1766-1834)

Palestine

an ancient country is southwestern Asia on the east coast of the Mediterranean

Spinning jenny

an early spinning machine with multiple spindles

Soviet

an elected governmental council in a Communist country (especially one that is a member of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)

Cuban Missile Crisis

an international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later.

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations

European Union

an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.

Friedrich Engels

another German communist who aided Marx in writing The Communist Manifesto; German social scientist, author, political theorist, philosopher, and father of communist theory, alongside Karl Marx.

Cardinal Mazarin

became dominant power in the government. Continued the centralizing powers of Richelieu, but in 1648 his unpopular attempts to increase roal revenues and expand the state bureaucracy resulted in a widespread rebellion known as the Fronde.

War of Spanish Succession

caused by the succession of the Bourbon family to the Spanish throne in 1701; ended by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713; resulted in recognition of Bourbons, territorial loss, and grants of commercial rights to English and French.

German Confederation

consisted of 38 sovereign states recognized by the Vienna settlement, and was dominated by Austria and Prussia (b/c of their size); the confederation had little power and needed the consent of all 38 states to take action.

Indian Mutiny

discontent with British administration in India led to numerous mutinies in 1857 and 1858 the revolt was put down after several battles and sieges (notably the siege at Lucknow)

Tai Ping Rebellions

economic problems led to a peasant revolt, led by Hong Xiuquan. The goals of the rebellion were to -give land to peasants,-treat women as equal. The rebels seized Nanjing. The Europeans came to aid of China and brought the rebellion to an end. twenty million people killed during rebellion.

Boer War

either of two wars: the first when the Boers fought England in order to regain the independence they had given up to obtain British help against the Zulus (1880-1881)

Thermidorian Reaction

extended Political Reign of Terror. Goal was increasingly an ideal democratic republic where justice would reign and there would be neither rich nor poor. their lofty goal was unrestrained despotism and guillotine. In Mar. 1794, to the horror of many sans-culottes, Robespierre's Terror wiped out many angry men who had been criticizing Robespierre for being soft on the wealthy. it recalled the early days of the Revolution

Serfdom

feudal system, the use of serfs to work the land in return for protection against barbarian invasions

Dracula

fictional vampire in a gothic horror novel by Bram Stoker

Jacques Necker

financial expert of Louis XVI, he advised Louis to reduce court spending, reform his government, abolish tariffs on internal trade, but the First and Second Estates got him fired

Peter the Great

first ruler who made Europeans take notice, saw that Russia could become greater by inaugurating a policy of westernization, (1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.

Hong Kong

formerly a Crown Colony on the coast of southern China in Guangdong province

Bank of England

founded in 1694 and endured (unlike the French bank) enabled the government to raise money at low interest for foreign wars, by 1740s government could borrow more than four times what it could in the 1690s

Napoleon Bonaparte

general; Emperor of France; he seized power in a coup d'état in 1799; he led French armies in conquering much of Europe, placing his relatives in positions of power. Defeated at the Battle of Waterloo, he was exiled on the island of Elba

King Louis XV

grandson of Louis XIV and king of France from 1715 to 1774 who led France into the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War (1710-1774)

Young Turks

group of revolutionary and nationalistic Turks who revolted against Ottoman empire in 1908 attempting to make reforms and then sided with the central powers in WWI

Frederick II the Great

he followed his father, Frederick William's military policies when he came to power. However, he also softened some of his father's laws. With regard to domestic affairs, he encouraged religious toleration and legal reform. According to his theory of government, he believed that a ruler should be like a father to his people.

War Communism

in World War I Russia, government control of banks and most industries, the seizing of grain from peasants, and the centralization of state administration under Communist control

Axis Powers

in World War II, the nations of Germany, Italy, and Japan, which had formed an alliance in 1936.

War Guilt Clause

in treaty of Versailles; declared Germany and Austria responsible for WWI; ordered Germany to pay reparation to Allied powers

James Joyce

influential Irish writer noted for his many innovations (such as stream of consciousness writing) (1882-1941)

Northern Ireland Peace

is often considered to cover the events leading up to the 1994 Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) ceasefire, the end of most of the violence of the Troubles, the Good Friday (or Belfast) Agreement, and subsequent political developments

Peter Paul Rubens

is the most famous Baroque artist who studied Michelangelo in Italy and took that Renaissance style to the next level of drama, motion, color, religion and animation, which is portrayed in his paintings

Irish Revolt

it began as an attempted overthrow by Irish Catholic gentry, who tried to seize control of the English administration in Ireland to force concessions to Catholics; the overthrow failed and the rebellion developed into an ethnic conflict between native Irish Catholics on one side, and English and Scottish Protestant settlers on the other

Margaret Thatcher

leader of conservatives in Great Britain who came to power. Pledged to limit social welfare, restrict union power, and end inflation. Formed Thatcherism, in which her economic policy was termed, and improved the British economic situation. She dominated British politics in 1980s, and her government tried to replace local property taxes with a flat-rate tax payable by every adult. Her popularity fell, and resigned.

Seigneurialism

most German, French, Spanish, and Italian peasants still lived under the authority of a local noble in this system. Peasants owed the lords dues and other obligations on their land even if the peasants otherwise owned it.

David Livingstone

most important missionary and explorer of Africa in Victorian period, Scottish, went back and forth from Africa over 30 years, abolitionist, 1871 disappeared but was living among Africans, found by Sir Henry Morton Stanley

Emile Zola

newspaper editor who responded to Dreyfus Affair; insisted justice and wrote the article J'accuse!; was imprisoned for standing up for Dreyfus

One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich

novel written by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, first published in November 1962 in the Soviet literary magazine. The story is set in a Soviet labor camp in the 1950s, and describes a single day of an ordinary prisoner, Ivan Denisovich Shukhov. Its publication was an extraordinary event in Soviet literary history—never before had an account of Stalinist repression been openly distributed

Chernobyl

nuclear power plant in Russia that had an explosion in 1986 & released radioactive materials into the air

Vichy France

officially the French State, was France during the regime of Marshal Philippe Pétain, during World War II, from the German victory in the Battle of France to the Allied liberation in August 1944

Count Henri de Saint-Simon

one of the most influential early socialist thinkers-nobleman-optimistically proclaimed the tremendous possibilities of industrial development-the key to progress was proper social organization-parasites give way to doers-also stressed in highly moralistic terms that every social institution ought to have as its main goal improved conditions for the poor

House of Oranges

one of the most influential powers in Dutch government, etc. in the seventeenth century, royal family of William of Orange

Giuseppe Garibaldi

part of Italian unification. In 1860 led an army of nationalists to conquer and unite southern Italy. He allowed the King of Sardinia to rule. His group was called the "Red Shirts" because they wore red

Basques

people who lived in Northern Spain who wanted their own country, they have their own religion and language

Laissez-faire

policy based on the idea that government should play as small a role as possible in the economy

Protoindustrialization

preliminary shift away from an agricultural economy; workers became full- or part-time producers who worked at home in a capitalist system in which materials, work, orders, and sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to the Industrial revolution

Count Camillo Benso di Cavour

premier of Sardinia. he took part in revolutions, which led him to becoming premier. he strengthened the army and made many good reforms. talked with napoleon III about getting the Italian unification.

Mary Wollenstonecraft

published and essay called "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman" believed that women should learn the same thing as men, but that men's education should be put first

Marie Antoinette

queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793)

Levelers

radical religious revolutionaries-sought social and political reforms, a more egalitarian (equal) society.

Pope Puis IX

refused to recognize the authority of the new Italian government over the Church after Napoleon died

Détente

relaxation of tensions between the United States and its two major Communist rivals, the Soviet Union and China

Johann Sebastian Bach

renowned organist and composer; spent entire life in Germany; while music director of Church or Saint Thomas in Leipzig composed Mass in B Minor; got reputation of being one of the greatest composers of all time; perfected baroque style

Spartacist Uprising

revolutionary Marxist group; led by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg; 'left'; backed by Soviets; attempted to carry out proletarian revolution; put down by Social Democratic government; gulf between Social Democrats and German Communists greatly widened as consequence

William Pitt the Younger

son of Pitt the Elder; excellent prime minister; lot of parliamentary reform took place under him; removed restrictions on Catholics; very much for the abolition of slavery

Velvet Divorce

split Czech republic and Slovakia due to nationalist tensions. Both have really weak economies.

Collectivization

system in which private farms were eliminated, instead, the government owned all the land while the peasants worked on it.

Black Hand

the Serbian terrorist group that planned to assassinate Franz Ferdinand, part of the Pan-Slavism nationalist movement, with the intention of uniting all of the territories containing South Slav populations (Serbs, Croats, Macedonians, Slovenes, etc.) annexed by Austria-Hungary.

Euro

the basic currency shared by the countries of the European Union since 1999

Battle of Waterloo

the battle on 18 June 1815 in which Napoleon met his final defeat

Dreyfus affair

the controversy in France in 1894 in which Captain Dreyfus, a Jewish officer, was wrongly convicted of treason. The ensuing conflict highlighted the growing rift between liberal republicans, who wanted Dreyfus pardoned, and conservative militarists and traditionalists, who did not want to reopen the case. The conflict also highlighted the growing trend of anti-Semitism.

Great Depression

the economic crisis and period of low business activity in the U.S. and other countries, roughly beginning with the stock-market crash in October, 1929, and continuing through most of the 1930s.

Rocket

the first effective locomotive that was developed in 1816 and finished in 1825 which went down the Liverpool and Manchester Railway at 16mph

Leopold I

the head of Habsburg elected in 1657 and in return keeping two promises: give no help to his cousins, the rulers of Spain, and the empire would be a state of princes, in which each ruler would be free from imperial interference

White Man's Burden

the idea that it is the responsibility of people of European descent to take care of people of other races due to their perceived superior culture, technology, government, etc.

Parliament

the lawmaking branch of the British government

"Sick Man of Europe"

the ottoman empire was referred to the sick man of Europe. Europe was waiting for it to die (fall) so it could colonize

February Revolution

the revolution against the Czarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917

Proletarianization

the term used to indicate the entry of workers into a wage economy and their gradual loss of significant ownership of the means of production such as tools and equipment, and the control over the conduct of their own trade

Fourteen Points

the war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations

Jacob & Wilhelm Grimm

these brothers rooted national identity in German folk culture; they painstakingly captured in print the German oral tradition of peasant folklore; example of the romantic appreciation of the roots of German culture; wrote The Fairy Tales

Treaty of Rome (1957)

this founded the European Economic Community (EEC) and established a customs union and coordinated trade policy amongst members. Originally joined by France, Germany, Italy and the Benelux countries (Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg)

Czar Nicholas I

threatened to take over part of the Ottoman Empire in the Crimean War, however Russia industries and transportation system failed to provide adequate supplies for the country's troops, as a result Russia lost the war against the combined forces of France, Great Britain, Sardine, and the ottoman Empire

Consumer Revolution

time period during which the desire for exotic imports increased dramatically due to economic expansion and population growth

Warsaw Pact

treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania

Balkan Wars

two wars (1912-1913) that were fought over the last of the European territories of the Ottoman Empire and that left the area around Constantinople (now Istanbul) as the only Ottoman territory in Europe

Opium Wars

war between Great Britain and China, began as a conflict over the opium trade, ended with the Chinese treaty to the British- the opening of 5 Chinese ports to foreign merchants, and the grant of other commercial and diplomatic privileges

Trench Warfare

war from inside trenches enemies would try killing each other with machine guns and tanks, and poison gas

Emperor Franz Joseph II

was Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King of Hungary, King of Bohemia, King of Croatia, King of Galicia and Lodomeria and Grand Duke of Cracow from 1848 until his death in 1916

Count Klemens von Metternich

was the Austrian foreign minister who basically controlled the Congress of Vienna. Wanted to promote peace, conservatism, and the repression of liberal nationalism throughout Europe.

Wilhelm II

was the Kaiser of Germany at the time of the First World War reigning from 1888-1918. He pushed for a more aggressive foreign policy by means of colonies and a strong navy to compete with Britain. His actions added to the growing tensions in pre-1914 Europe.

Indochina Wars

• Communist groups resist Japanese occupation during WW1 o Continue their fight after WW11 against the French w/ support from China, Soviet Union o Succeed in taking over Cambodia, Laos, and North Vietnam following defeat of French in 1954 o Turn their sights to South Vietnam