Western Civilization Ch. 12 - Spielvogel

What were the effects that the Renaissance had on industries in Italy

-The Florentine woolen industry began to recover -Italian cities began to develop and expand luxury industries -New industries began (printing, mining, metallurgy) that rivaled the textile industry - Expansion of iron production -Mining of expensive ores

What was the House of Medici?

-The greatest bank in Europe -The principal bankers of the papacy -basically ran the government of Florence

How did Henry VII re-establish England?

-abolishing the noble's private armies -trusted nobles to raise troops that would disband after the fight was done -established the Court of Star Chamber -he avoided wars which prevented him from calling the Parliament to grant him funds -did not tax people much -won people's support and favor

What was the role of the city of Bruges in the 14th century?

- It was the economic crossroads of England - The meeting place between the Hanseatic League and the Flanders Fleet of Venice

Who was Castiglione?

-Castiglione wrote "The Book of the Courtier"

What effects did the growth of major monarchical states have on the Italian states?

-Duke of Milan brought France in to deal with Italian politics and France brought a huge army -Other Italian states turned to Spain for help -This caused Italy to become a battleground for Spain and France who fought each other there.

Who was Lorenzo Valla and what did he do?

-Humanist in Rome who purified medieval Latin -Created a new literary standard

What were the Renaissance Popes focused on in the 15th century?

-Renaissance popes spent most of the 15th century re-establishing their control over the Papal States

Who was Cicero?

-Roman politician/lawyer during Caeser's time who supported the Republic -His Latin was very precise and his arguments were well-crafted -He was a civic humanist

Why did slavery begin again in the Renaissance?

-Slavery reappeared in Spain due to the Reconquista -There was a shortage of workers after the plague so Italians began to use slaves on a large scale

What is the two primary ideas of Neoplatonism?

Hierarchy of substance and the theory of spiritual love

What was the Hanseatic League?

- From North German coastal towns - Formed economic and military association - Established settlements and commercial bases across Europe - Had a monopoly on many goods, including timber, fish, grain, metals, honey, and wine for about 200 years

What are the three estates of society in Italy?

(1) The clergy, (2) the nobility, and (3) the peasants/townspeople

What authority did the Holy Roman Empire have and who controlled it?

- A strong monarchical authority - The Habsburg Dynasty

What was the balance of power in Italy and how did it work?

-an alliance system between city-states -Milan, Florence, and Naples vs. Venice and Papal States -Peace of Lodi ended a 50 year war and brought peace for around 40 years -failed to establish a lasting cooperation among major powers -Used ambassadors to maintain this balance of power. It made sure that no city-state would attack another.

What was the Republic of Florence?

-beginning of 15th century: small merchant oligarchy that manipulated the 'republic' -Cosimo de' Medici took control of the oligarchy -Medici family basically ran the Florentine government -the center of the cultural Renaissance

What did Jacob Burckhardt do?

-created modern concept of the Renaissance - Portrayed Italy in the 14th and 15th century as the 'birthplace of the modern world' - stressed on revival of antiquity, secularism, individualism'

Urbino

-cultural and intellectual center -the rulers dealt with poverty there by hiring themselves out as condottieri

What did Petrarch do?

-first to characterize the Middle Ages as a dark period of time - gathered Latin manuscripts from monastic libraries throughout Europe

Why did slavery decline in Italy at the end of the 15th century?

-humanitarian reasons -Black sea slave market closed after the Turks conquered the Byzantine Empire -People thought slaves were dangerous and not worth the effort

What were some characteristics of Medieval art?

-lack of perspective -religious -"spiritual size" - artists made art to glorify God, not themselves, so there were little to no signatures or initials

What were marriages like in the Renaissance

-mostly arranged -lacked emotional attachment -women were married around 16-18 while men were married in their 30s or 40s -

Kingdom of Naples

-mostly full of poor peasants -Fought over by the French and Aragonese -Aragonese gained control in mid-fifteenth century

How did Isabella and Ferdinand unify Spain?

-reorganized military forces -created Spanish Catholic Church -expelled/converted Jews and Muslims to create a unified state -they kicked out nobles that had positions because of legacy and got educated middle-class people to be in the government and paid them so they had the support of the middle class.

What happened to the Medici family in the 15th century

-the bank declined due to poor leadership and bad loans -the French expelled the Medici in 1494 from Florence and confiscated their property

Who was Marsilio Ficino?

-translated Plato's work

What was Renaissance Italy like?

-urban society - independent cities that were the centers of social, political, economic, and cultural life -secular spirit

What were the townspeople social levels?

1. Patricians- wealthy from capitalistic enterprises and dominated urban communities economically, socially, and politically 2. Petty burghers- shopkeepers, artisans, guildmasters, guildmembers 3. Propertyless workers 4. Unemployed

What are the ideals of nobility in the Renaissance?

1. nobles should possess fundamental native endowments (grace, talent, noble birth, etc.) 2. Cultivate Achievements (military achievements and a Classical education) 3. Follow a certain standard of conduct (make good impressions, be modest)

How does family explain the vendetta in Italian Renaissance society?

A crime committed by one family member fell on the entire family and the victim's entire family would be involved, which often led to a bloody affair.

What kind of union was the marriage between Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand

A dynastic union, not a political one. Isabelle was from Castille and Ferdinand was from Aragon. Their marriage did not make one unified nation, they just married and had two separate political entities.

Who were the Medici family?

A powerful banking family in Florence who contributed greatly to the economy and culture of Florence

What was slavery like in the Middle Ages?

Agricultural slavery declined in the early middle ages, and slavery disappeared by the 11th century

Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy?

An increase in wealth allowed for the enjoyment of worldly things Greeks are escaping from the Ottoman empire and brought their literature, etc. to Italy Lots of cultural diffusion in Italy due to geographical location. Medici family were patrons of artists. Lots of competition between city-states Humanism came from Florence.

What was humanism?

An intellectual movement based on the study of Classical literary works and the studies of humanities

Why weren't Polish kings able to create a strong government?

Aristocrats took all of the power and the king wasn't able to assert his power on them. Poland has no natural boundaries and is easy to be invaded. The king was distracted holding on to the land and in that time, the aristocrats took hold of the Parliament. They made it a rule that they would be allowed to elect monarchs, and elected monarchs are weaker than hereditary monarchs.

What was art like in the north during the Renaissance?

Because most of their architecture was Gothic, there was limited space so northern artists called a lot of attention to detail

What happened to the Hanseatic League in the 15th century?

Bruges entered a slow decline and the Hanseatic League was unable to keep up with the competition

Raphael

Common themes in his work: balance, harmony, order in paintings

What effect did iron production during the Renaissance have in Europe?

Contributed to the development of firearms

How did the Medici family encourage the development of humanism and Neoplatonism?

Cosimo de' Medici commissioned Ficino to translate Plato's works

Who were the three artistic giants of the High Renaissance?

Da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael

What is the taille

Direct tax on all land and property

What were the five major states in Italy?

Duchy of Milan Republic of Venice Republic of Florence Papal States Kingdom of Naples

What nations were considered the 'new monarchies'

England, France, Spain

What did family mean in Italian society?

Extended household of parents, children, and even servants One family could dominate an entire urban district Old families names brought prestige

What was the government of Milan like?

Francesco Sforza conquered Milan and created a highly centralized territorial state

What are some Greek and Roman characteristics in Renaissance sculptures?

Greeks= column Romans= arches

How did Henry VII deal with the nobles?

He stripped them of their power by abolishing their private armies and created the Court of Star Chamber to control their irresponsible activity

What happened to Russia during Ivan III's rule

He took back the Russian state and threw out the Mongols

What major things did Machiavelli write in "The Prince"?

Humans are self-centered, so princes should not be so worried about doing the morally right thing. It's better to be feared than to be loved. However, do not take a man's property or women because that will make them angry.

How was defining truths different in the Renaissance than in the Middle Ages?

In the Middle Ages, you had to use logic to define truths. In the Renaissance, the logic behind the truth wasn't as important as persuading people into believing it was.

What were two major characteristics of the Renaissance?

Individualism and Secularism

How did studying history become more secular in the Renaissance?

Instead of saying that historical events were caused by a miracle from God, historians focused on the political side of the story and how politics, etc. caused something to happen humans caused history, not God

What effect did the revival of Greco-Roman culture have on Italy?

It affected everything from politics to art Affected religion by incorporating pagan philosophies with Christian thought Brought a new way of viewing human beings

Why was serfdom eliminated in Europe after the economic crisis of the 14th century?

It was more convenient for lords to grant peasants freedom and accepting rent. However, in Eastern Europe serfdom arised again like in Poland.

Where did the Renaissance begin?

Italy (Florence)

By 1492, Ferdinand and Isabella had expelled all _ from Spain.

Jews

Who invented the printing press?

Johannes Gutenberg

What was Ficino's theory on spiritual love?

Just as people are bound together in humanity by love, the universe is bound together by platonic love

What was the impact that humanism had on education?

Liberal studies- arts that free you to become the best and most virtuest human you can be

What were the two widespread movements during the 14th and 15th century that posed a threat to the Church?

Lollardy and Hussitism

What are condottieri?

Mercenary soldiers

By 1502 Isabella issued a decree expelling all _ from her kingdom.

Muslims

What is Neoplatonism?

New Platonic Philosophy

Michelangelo

Painter, sculptor, architect Influenced by Neoplatonism Painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling When he sculpted, he said the marble would tell him what it should be

Who was the Father of Humanism?

Petrarch

What was the High Renaissance?

The final stage of Renaissance art, from 1480-1520

What were slaves used for in Italy?

Skilled workers, household workers, or concubines -Girls were nursemaids and boys were playmates for children -Most slaves were young women

What was the government of Venice like?

Small oligarchy of merchant-aristocrats

Poverty during the 14th and 15th century

Urban poverty increased dramatically

What jobs did humanists have?

Teachers, professors, chancellors, councillors, advisers

Who did the Renaissance primarily affect?

Wealthy upper class (a small percentage of Italians)

Lollardy and Wycliffe

Popes should be stripped of their authority and property, believed that the Bible should be available in the vernacular languages. He begins to translate the Bible in English

What is the main characteristic of Renaissance art?

Realistic

Renaissance

Rebirth A distinct period in time where culture flourished in Europe that began in Italy and spread

What was going on in Russia during the 13th century?

Russia was dominated by the Mongols

What characteristics distinguish the Renaissance from the Middle Ages?

Secularism, independence, revival of antiquity

How did the popes use nepotism to their advantage?

Since they could not build dynasties over generations (since they could not have children), they would give their nephews positions in the church.

What does it mean by a 'centralized monarchy'

That the power was in the hands of the king and not anyone else. Nobles had a lot of power from the feudal system, and the King tried to regain his power from them. Nobles are the same social heirarchy as the king and are used to power, so the kings are establishing themselves as the center of the government so they have all the power.

How did the French king reestablish his power over France after the Hundred Year War

The French had a common national feeling towards a common enemy and the king used that to his advantage

Why did the Artistic Renaissance start in Florence?

The Medici family sponsored artists to beautify Florence and to show off Florence to other powers, which also attracted other artists

What was the war between the ducal house of Lancaster and the ducal house of York called?

The War of the Roses

What was the result of the reconstruction of aristocracy in the 15th century?

The nobles could dominate society just like they did in the Middle Ages

What threat did nobles pose on King Louis XI?

Their independence threatened the King's power and hindered his state building

What impacts did humanism have on the writing of history?

There was an emphasis on chronological order and the study became more secular

What was Wycliffe and Huss so concerned about?

They believed that the Pope was too powerful and realized that the Bible doesn't mention anything about Popes.

What positions did the nobles hold in Renaissance society?

They held military and political positions, and advised the king

What was the role of ambassadors in the Middle Ages?

They were a servant to all of Christiandom

Massacio, Donatello, Brunelleschi

They were all friends who went down to Rome together to observe the ruins and get inspiration from them.

How did the Renaissance Popes contribute to the Renaissance?

They were great patrons of Renaissance culture, Made Rome a cultural leader Leo X commissioned Raphael for paintings

What was the role of the father in Italian society?

They were the center of the family. -Responsible for all legal matters, made crucial decisions,

How was the Hapsburg Dynasty able to prosper?

Through dynastic marriages -through a series of dynastic marriages, one of the king's son became the heir of three lines: the Hapsburg, Burgundy, and Spanish line

What was the primary purpose of marriage in Italian society?

To strengthen business or family ties

How long was the Italian commerce flourishing till?

Until the 16th century when transatlantic discoveries caused Italy to suffer and the other nations to pull ahead.

Why did wealthy women have so many children?

Wealthy women were expected to have a lot of children to uphold the family name and because half of their children would probably die before the age of 20. They needed sons in the family to take over the family business

Was Hungary a Renaissance center?

Yes, it prospered during Corvinus' rule but after his death Hungary returned to a weak state

What was the hermeticist view of humankind?

all humans are divine beings that have chosen to enter the material world. Humans can recover their divinity by purifying their souls.

What was Hermeticism?

an intellectual movement beginning in the fifteenth century that taught that divinity is embodied in all aspects of nature; included works on alchemy and magic as well as theology and philosophy.

What were some characteristics of Northern Renaissance art?

attention to detail, emotional intensity of religious feeling, paintings were on a smaller scale, not as focused on perspective as Italian art was, more diverse audience (paintings of peasants)

What is vernacular?

common language

Hussitism and Huss

elimination of worldliness and corruption of the clergy Many Lollards came to Bohemia and Huss heard about them. He had concerns about the corruption and the power of the Pope. He adopts Wycliffe's ideas, and is called by the Council of Constance and is burned at the stake.

What impact did the printing press have in England?

encouraged scholarly research and the desire for learning, spread ideas quickly, helped produce standardized texts

What was the Council of Constance

ended the Great Schism, got the idea that a council should be making the decisions and not the Pope. They pass a sanctum saying that the council should make decisions but the Popes fight against them. Then, the Pope eliminates the council so that the council doesn't get too much power.

How did Charles VII re-establish power over France?

established a royal army, took the power to levy the taille from the Estate General which caused them to lose power

Jan van Eyck

first to use oil paint which allowed a range of colors and lots of detail, not as much persective, "if all the men in the painting look like Putin, it's a van Eyck painting"

What did Pico della Mirandola do?

he searched for the universal truths in the writings of many philosophers

What was Pope Julius II most noted for?

his involvement in war and politics

What was humanism like in Florence?

humanism became tied to Florentine civic spirit and pride which brought civic humanism

Civic Humanism

humanism with the added belief that one must be an active and contributing member to one's society

Giotto

imitation of nature, realistic paintings

Brunelleschi

inspired by Roman architecture, 1st to add domes to architecture since Ancient Greeks, designed Church of San Lorenzo

What is the heirarchy of substances?

material world---humans---spiritual world Humans are link between material and spiritual world

Botticelli

mythology reflected in artwork Later in life, his artwork became more religious

What was the Court of Star Chamber?

no juries, allowed torture. If the nobles refused to get rid of their private armies, they would go into this (nonexistent) jury and they would be tortured until they would let go of their power. Nobles were terrified to go there so they had to relinquish their power to the King.

Leonardo da Vinci

painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, mathematician Hoped to reveal inner life through his work Studied everything "Mona Lisa"

Pollaivolo

portrayed human body in stress, realistic portrayal of the human nude

How did King Louis XI develop the French territorial state?

retained the taille as a permanent tax to get a regular source of income Added Burgundy to his own lands and a few provinces as well

Donatello

sculptor, made 1st freestanding sculpture since Roman times

Ucello

showed off his mastery in the laws of perspective

Pantheism

the belief that the divine reality exists in everything

What was an artist's social status in the Renaissance?

they were seen as artistic geniuses with creative energy akin to the divine Seen as heroes, their respect grew Part of the upper class

What was the role of ambassadors in the Renaissance?

to act as a spy and to protect the state's interest above all else

Why were liberal arts so important during the Renaissance?

to have as much virtue as possible

What was the role of the wife in Italian society?

to manage the household and bear children

What was the purpose of courtly standards?

to serve the prince.

Why did Machiavelli write The Prince?

to tell rulers how to maintain power and also to get the Medici family to let him back into Florence