Western Civilization II: Chapter 16

During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, female midwives gained great fame and wealth, as childbirth was defined as a female scientific specialty. increased dramatically in number, due to women's abilities to read midwifery manuals. were replaced by men who used devices and techniques derived from the study of anatomy. were newly organized into their own craft guilds, regulated by aristocratic and royal patrons. began to receive recognition and training as medical professionals in universities.

were replaced by men who used devices and techniques derived from the study of anatomy

William Harvey argued that disease was not caused by an imbalance of the four bodily humors but by chemical imbalances that could be treated by chemical remedies. True False

False

Descartes asserted that he would accept only those things that the Bible said were true. True False

False

Like many of the medieval scholastic philosophers, Blaise Pascal argued that the truths of Christianity could be proved by reason alone. True False

False

True or False: Galileo is credited with the invention of calculus.

False

True or False: Tycho Brahe agreed with Copernicus that the earth does indeed move.

False

Tycho Brahe agreed with Copernicus that the earth does indeed move. True False

False

What was the name of Descarte's book that expounded his theories about the universe? On the Revolution of Heavenly Bodies On the Fabric of the Human Body Two Natures Mind Over Matter Discourse on Method

Discourse on Method

Because of the scientific successes and accomplishments of such women as Margaret Cavendish, Maria Merian, and Maria Winkelmann, most male scientists agreed, though reluctantly, that females had the same intellectual abilities as males. True False

False

Among the following, the individual NOT associated with advances in medicine and chemistry is Vesalius. Harvey. Paracelsus. Galen. Lavoisier.

Galen

The first European to make systematic observations of the heavens by telescope was Galileo. Copernicus. Brahe. Kepler. Newton.

Galileo

Which one of the following comments best summarizes the impact of the Scientific Revolution on Western Civilization? It created a new "heaven" but had little impact on conceptions of the earth. It slightly modified the medieval, Aristotelian-Ptolemaic worldview. It was a major turning point that represented cooperation in the pursuit of new knowledge. It forcefully and deliberately attacked the moral foundation of a Christian civilization. It created a new "earth" but had little impact on conceptions of the universe.

It was a major turning point that represented cooperation in the pursuit of new knowledge.

Which of the following created three laws of planetary motion that helped disprove the basic structure of the Ptolemaic system? Johannes Kepler Tycho Brahe Nicolaus Copernicus Galileo Isaac Newton

Johannes Kepler

The author of Observations upon Experimental Philosophy and Grounds of Natural Philosophy was Marie-Anne Lavoisier. Maria Merian. Margaret Cavendish. Maria Winkelmann. Sarah Newton.

Margaret Cavendish

The scientist whose work led to the law that states that the volume of a gas varies with the pressure exerted upon it and who argued that matter is composed of atoms, later known as the chemical elements, was William Harvey. Paracelsus. Andreas Vesalius. Robert Boyle. Antoine Lavoisier.

Robert Boyle

Copernicus's major book was titled On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. Novum Organum. Principia. On the Motion of the Heart and Blood. The Great Instauration.

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

Newton's major work was Novum Organum. Principia. On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy. Utopia.

Principia

Galileo wrote Pensées. a translation of the Bible in Italian. The Starry Messenger. On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. Principia.

The Starry Messenger

Despite his place in the history of modern science, Isaac Newton remained extremely interested in aspects of the occult world. True False

True

Unlike Francis Bacon, who argued that humanity's powers were to be used to "conquer nature," Benedict de Spinoza claimed that nature does not exist for human domination because nature and the universe and humanity itself are all part of God. True False

True

Unlike many Protestants, the Catholic Church did not denounce and condemn the theories of Copernicus until the works of Galileo appeared over seventy-five years later. True False

True

The French Academy differed from the English Royal Society in the former's abundant government support and control. publication of scientific journals. focus on theoretical work in mechanics and astronomy. belief that science should proceed along the lines of a cooperative venture. absence of government support and control.

abundant government support and control

Paracelsus revolutionized the world of medicine in the sixteenth century by disproving Galen's ancient theory of two separate blood systems. dissecting human rather than animal cadavers. advocating the chemical philosophy of medicine. rejecting the medieval medical philosophy of the four humors. discovering the circulation of blood throughout the body.

advocating the chemical philosophy of medicine

Renaissance humanists' mastery of Greek made new works of which of the following available? Archimedes. Galen. Ptolemy. Plato. All of these are correct.

all of these are correct

The Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century was stimulated by a revived interest in ancient authorities, whose works were unknown in the medieval period. directly resulted from reaction and revolt against the social and historical conditions of the Middle Ages. was largely due to a monastic revolution in education. although an innovative phase in western thinking, was based upon the intellectual and scientific accomplishments of previous centuries. represented a complete break with the past.

although an innovative phase in western thinking, was based upon the intellectual and scientific accomplishments of previous centuries.

Isaac Newton's scientific discoveries were resisted more in his own country, England, than in the rest of Europe. although readily accepted in his own country, were resisted on the continent. were modern in their removal of God from universal laws. were among the first to be printed in a language other than Latin. were condemned by the Church of England and the Archbishop of Canterbury.

although readily accepted in his own country, were resisted on the continent

The greatest achievements in science during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries came in what three areas? astronomy, medicine, and mechanics astronomy, botany, and chemistry biology, mechanics, and ballistics engineering, physics, and dentistry biology, surgery, and astronomy

astronomy, medicine, and mechanics

In his work Pensées, Pascal showed that science and religion were incompatible. popularized the scientific method. offered his thoughts on the heliocentric theory. attempted to convince rationalists that Christianity was valid by appealing to their reason and emotions. advocated the importance of quiet contemplation instead of public scientific discourse.

attempted to convince rationalists that Christianity was valid by appealing to their reason and emotions.

During the seventeenth century, royal and princely patronage of science declined greatly. was common only in Italy. became an international phenomenon. replaced funding by the church. was directed only towards pure research.

became an international phenomenon

The work of Blaise Pascal succeeded in uniting Christianity and science. prioritized reason over faith. firmly rejected the teachings of Christianity. asserted that "finite man" was made secure and powerful in the new infinite world. believed that reason had limitations.

believed that reason had limitations

Benedict de Spinoza believed that humans were created separate from nature in order to rule the earth. claimed that God was not just the creator the universe; God was the universe. gained fame for his acceptance of Descartes's theory about the separation between mind and matter. rejected all forms of pantheistic belief. disagreed with the theory of a heliocentric universe.

claimed that God was not just the creator of the universe; God was the universe

The immediate reaction of the clerics to the theories of Copernicus was condemnation, initially by Protestant leaders like Luther who condemned the discovery as contrary to their literal interpretation of the Bible. broad approval motivated by their now higher educational achievements and interest in the sciences. support in the form of a papal decree praising his innovative thinking. the calling of the Council of Dort by Protestants and Catholics to question the astronomer closely prior to trial for blasphemy. apathy because his calculations were revealed to contain numerous mathematical errors.

condemnation, initially by Protestant leaders like Luther who condemned the discovery as contrary to their literal interpretation of the Bible

Newton's world-machine refers to Newton's assertion that alchemical techniques could turn the world into a machine that generated abundant supplies of gold. had little impact on the Western worldview until the twentieth century. suggested that the secrets of the natural world could not be revealed by human investigations. created a new cosmology in which the world was seen largely in mechanistic terms. indicated a rejection of the work of his predecessors.

created a new cosmology in which the world was seen largely in mechanistic terms

Concerning Galileo and his ideas, the Catholic Church reluctantly agreed to his theories. turned him over to the Papal Curia to serve as a principal secretary. allowed Galileo six months to change his mind, during which he escaped to England to continue his work. forced Galileo to recant them in a trial before the Inquisition. turned him over to the authorities of the Holy Roman Emperor to be tortured.

forced Galileo to recant them in a trial before the Inquisition

Maria Sibylla Merian gained fame as an important entomologist. was trained at the University of Berlin. earned her a place in the Royal Academy of Science. completed much of her scientific work in Africa. All of these are correct.

gained fame as an important entomologist

The overall effect of the Scientific Revolution on the querelles des femmes was to dispel traditional myths of female inferiority. increase the role of women in the child-bearing process. generate facts about differences between men and women that were used to prove male dominance. demonstrate that there were no inherent skeletal differences between the sexes. allow women to enroll in most of Europe's universities.

generate facts about differences between men and women that were used to prove male dominance

The foundation of Francis Bacon's scientific method was built on inductive reasoning. speculative reasoning. deductive reasoning. triangulation. alchemy.

inductive reasoning

Galileo's idea that a body in motion continues in motion unless deflected by an external force is called the principle of planetary motion. gravity. displacement. universal mechanics. inertia.

inertia

Antoine Lavoisier discovered the law of gasses. gave scientific proof to the theories of Newton. reconciled religion and reason in his Pensées. is considered the father of the Scientific Revolution. is regarded as the founder of modern chemistry.

is regarded as the founder of modern chemistry.

Science became an integral part of Western culture in the eighteenth century because people perceived it to be rationally superior to other belief systems. its mechanistic nature was popular with the lower classes. the victory of radical political groups throughout Europe encouraged freedom of expression. it offered a new means to make profits and maintain social order. it allowed an alternative religious belief system to that of Christianity.

it offered a new means to make profits and maintain social order

Copernicus supported the heliocentric conception of the universe because as a Protestant, he felt free to interpret Scripture in a non-literal fashion. it earned him entrance into the Royal Academy of Science. it offered a simpler and more accurate explanation for the observed motions of heavenly bodies. he wanted to prove the theories of his patron, the prince of Parma he argued that the sun is the source of all energy on earth.

it offered a simpler and more accurate explanation for the observed motions of heavenly bodies.

Which one of the following comments best summarizes the impact of the Scientific Revolution on Western Civilization? It created a new "heaven" but had little impact on conceptions of the earth. It slightly modified the medieval, Aristotelian-Ptolemaic worldview. It was a major turning point that represented cooperation in the pursuit of new knowledge. It forcefully and deliberately attacked the moral foundation of a Christian civilization. It created a new "earth" but had little impact on conceptions of the universe.

it was a major turning point that represented cooperation in the pursuit of new knowledge

Tycho Brahe contributed to the advance of astronomy by working out the theory of inertia. making accurate observations of the planets. calculating the pull of gravity on the tides by the moon. calculating the distance to the sun. inventing the astrolabe.

making accurate observations of the planets

According to Leonardo da Vinci, what subject was the key to understanding the nature of things? astronomy art biology the Bible mathematics

mathematics

For Spinoza, the failure to understand God led to false worship of nature. people using nature for their own self-interest. a lack of moral judgment of others. sexual perversion. the establishment of divine right monarchies.

people using nature for their own self-interest.

Johannes Kepler was the first astronomer to show that the planets are made of earth-like material. planetary orbits are elliptical. the stars are immensely far away. everything is an illusion. the moon orbits around the earth.

planetary orbits are elliptical

The scientific societies of early modern Europe established the first fund-raising events for medical research. regularly published scientific journals. code of ethics for experimentation on humans and animals. college departments for scientific study. international European institutions for the study of all branches of science and mathematics.

regularly published scientific journals

Organized religions in the seventeenth century conceded the accomplishments of science and separated theology from science proper. rejected scientific discoveries that conflicted with the Christian view of the world. contributed greatly to scientific research through work in cathedral schools. largely ignored science as merely a "toy for the minds of God's children." rapidly reoriented their theologies to accept the findings of modern science.

rejected scientific discoveries that conflicted with the Christian view of the world

Scholars devoted to Hermeticism believed that the world was a very recent and still imperfect creation. credited the devil with control over the dark secrets of nature. saw the world as a living embodiment of divinity where humans could use mathematics and magic to dominate nature. retreated from study of the natural world to concentrate on mastery of theories of magic. All of these are correct.

saw the world as a living embodiment of divinity where humans could use mathematics and magic to dominate nature

The philosophy of Rene Descartes stressed a separation of mind and matter. stressed a holistic universe of mind and matter devoid of a creator-God. saw the material world as a living thing containing the human essence. would not have a wide influence upon Western thought until the nineteenth century. was condemned by the government of the Dutch Republic.

stressed a separation of mind and matter.

Galileo's Dialogue on the Two World Systems was chiefly an attempt to expose the errors in the thinking of Copernicus. support Copernicus through a publication in Italian accessible to a wide audience. attack Luther and Protestant theological restrictions on scientific inquiry. apologize to the church for earlier theories he now saw as mistaken. oppose the dogma and doctrine of the Catholic Church.

support Copernicus through a publication in Italian accessible to a wide audience

The cosmological views of Antiquity and the Middle Ages held that which of the following was the center of the universe? the sun the earth heaven the epicycles the moon

the earth

The Ptolemaic conception of the universe was also known as God's master plan. the geocentric conception. the lunacentric conception. the expanding universe. the pantheistic theory.

the geocentric conception

Newton's contribution to astronomy was to prove that the planets obey the same laws as do objects on earth. accurate observation is the foundation of sound theory. nothing can ever really be proven. the moon orbits the sun.

the planets obey the same laws as do objects on earth

All of the following are considered possible influences and causes of the Scientific Revolution EXCEPT the practical knowledge and technical skills emphasized by sixteenth-century universities. mathematical and naturalistic skills of Renaissance artists. the Hermetic belief in magic and alchemy. the humanists' rediscovery of Greek mathematicians and thinkers. the inspired work of a few intellectuals.

the practical knowledge and technical skills emphasized by sixteenth-century universities

Descartes believed that the world could be understood by the same principles inherent in mathematical thinking. quiet contemplation and following of the Scriptures. mystical experiences. interpreting dreams and applying that knowledge to our everyday lives. incorporating the mind with the body.

the same principles inherent in mathematical thinking

Descartes believed that the world could be understood by the same principles inherent in mathematical thinking. quiet contemplation and following of the Scriptures. mystical experiences. interpreting dreams and applying that knowledge to our everyday lives. incorporating the mind with the body.

the same principles inherent in mathematical thinking.

Which of the following is NOT true of the ideas of Copernicus? they raised serious questions about Aristotle's astronomy and physics. they revealed Copernicus to be basically conservative. they seemed to create uncertainty about the role of humans in the universe. they resulted in a system much less complicated than that of Ptolemy. they cast into doubt God's location in the universe.

they resulted in a system much less complicated than that of Ptolemy

The Inquisition found Galileo guilty of teaching condemned ideas and sentenced him to be burned at the stake. to serve as a galley slave on a Mediterranean shipping vessel. to five years of hard labor in prison. to write a tract in support of the Ptolemaic conception of the universe. to house arrest.

to house arrest

On the Fabric of the Human Body was Andreas Vesalius's masterpiece on anatomical structure. contained William Harvey's theories on blood circulation. contained theories on a macrocosm-microcosm universe advanced by Paracelsus. was da Vinci's masterpiece that influenced so many doctors during the Renaissance. was Cavendish's theory of human dissection.

was Andreas Vesalius's masterpiece on anatomical structure

Maria Winkelmann was an English aristocrat. was a German astronomer. became a member of the England's Royal Society for her scientific work. was the first woman named to a university teaching position. authored Metamorphosis of the Insects of Surinam​.

was a German astronomer.