Western Civilization II Chapter 20

Samuel Slater

"Father of the Factory System" in America; escaped Britain with the memorized plans for the textile machinery; put into operation the first spinning cotton thread in 1791.

Napoleon III

(1852-1870) Former Louis Napoleon, who became president of the Second Republic of France in 1848 and engineered a coup d'etat, ultimately making himself head of the Second Empire. Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, and elected emperor of France from 1852-1870, he invaded Mexico when the Mexican government couldn't repay loans from French bankers. He sent in an army and set up a new government under Maximillian. He refused Lincoln's request that France withdraw. After the Civil War, the U.S. sent an army to enforce the request and Napoleon withdrew.

Crimean War

(1853-1856) Russian war against Ottomans for control of the Black Sea; intervention by Britain and France cause Russia to lose; Russians realize need to industiralize.

Queen Victoria

-British queen from 1837-1901 with the longest reign in English history who helped to stabilize the economy with continued improvements as a result of the Industrial Revolution. In 1876, she also assumed the title of Empress of India. -The first monarch to live in Buckingham Palace. -During her decades on the throne, the British Empire abolished slavery, fought in wars in the Crimea, Afghanistan, and Africa, and acquired the Suez Canal. -Became the first British monarch to travel by train - She firmly believed that Britain's role as a great nation depended on scientific advances and the intelligent use of emerging technology.

James Hargreaves

1764, a Brit who invented the spinning jenny - hand operated, sped up spinning by forming eight threads at one time thus increasing the output of yarn.

Karl Marx

1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize.

Benjamin Disraeli

A British Prime Minister, parliamentarian, Conservative statesman and literary figure. Only Prime Minister of Jewish heritage. He played an instrumental role in the creation of the modern Conservative Party after the Corn Laws schism of 1846. - A British politician who extended the vote to the rich middle class in order to broaden the political base of the conservative party - (1804-1881), extended the vote to all middle-class males, aimed to broaden the Conservative party's traditional base of aristocratic and landed support -

William Gladstone

A Liberal British Prime Minister who gave concessions to various parties and ultimately introduced bills for Irish self-governance. Served as Liberal Prime Minister four times. Famous for his intense rivalry with the Conservative Party Leader Benjamin Disraeli. Supported repeal of the Corn Laws. British Liberal Party leader. Ministry included reforms in public education, civil service exams, and secret balloting (1809-1898)

Trench warfare

A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield. Fighting with trenches, mines, and barbed wire. Horrible living conditions, great slaughter, no gains, stalemate, used in WWI.

Tories

A member of a British political party, founded in 1689, that was the opposition party to the Whigs and has been known as the Conservative Party since about 1832. They were colonists who disagreed with the move for independence and did not support the Revolution.

Central powers

A military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire.

Giuseppe Mazzini

A political nationalist in Italy in the mid-1800's. He started a group called Young Italy that promoted independence from Austrian and Spanish rule and the establishment of an Italian national state. By the mid-nineteenth century, Young Italy had inspired the development of nationalist movements in other countries besides Italy, such as Ireland, Switzerland, and Hungary.

Methodism

A religion founded by John Wesley. Insisted strict self-discipline and a methodical approach to religious study and observance. Emphasized an intense personal salvation and a life of thrift, abstinence, and hard work.

Concert of Europe

A system in which Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain met periodically to discuss any problems affecting the peace in Europe; resulted from the post-Napoleon era Quadruple Alliance - Its actions kept France from becoming too strong and over-powering other countries or too weak and becoming over-powerless. - Succeeded in overseeing a prolonged period of peace.

What was a key demand of a significant share of British industrial workers by the mid-nineteenth century?

A ten-hour workday

Franco-Prussian war

A war in which a coalition of German states led by Prussia against France. The war marked the end of French hegemony in continental Europe and resulted in the creation of a unified Germany

League of Nations

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.

Which of the following was true in 1750?

All of the world's major countries had roughly similar levels of industrial production.

Klemens von Metternich

An Austrian foreign minister who organized and ran the Congress of Vienna.

Georges Clemenceau

An effective and almost dictator-like leader of France, who would not take defeat as an answer. French statesman who played a key role in negotiating the Treaty of Versailles (1841-1929) "tiger of France", the French prime minister who wanted to ensure that Germany would never again threaten France; at the Paris Peace Conference. French prime minister in the last years of World War I and during the Versailles Conference of 1919, pushed for heavy reparations from Germans He wanted to punish Germany at the Paris Peace Conference.

John Stuart Mill

Arguably the most famous English philosopher and politician of the 1800s. Champion of liberty over unlimited state control. Also famous for adding falsification as a key component of the scientific method. English philosopher and economist remembered for his interpretations of empiricism and utilitarianism (1806-1873).Wanted full rights for women, better education, and improved health services

Nov. 11, 1918

Armistice day The end of the great war-World War I Germany, bereft of manpower and supplies and faced with imminent invasion, signed an armistice agreement with the Allies in a railroad car outside Compiégne, France.

Thomas Malthus

Author of "Essay on the Principal of Population" (1798) who claimed that population grows at an exponential rate while food production increases arithmetically, and thereby that, eventually, population growth would outpace food production.

Which of these best captures the most common response of nineteenth-century authors and artists to rail travel?

Awe at the power and speed of trains

Tsar Nicholas I

Became known throughout his empire and the world as the quintessential autocrat, and his Nicholaevan system as the most oppressive in Europe. Established a new concept of imperial rule in Russia, one that relied upon the parade ground and the court as a means of demonstrating power and order. Within the first few months of his rule, he initiated ceremonies and reviews of military and dynastic might that became hallmarks of his reign. He provoked a war with the Ottoman Empire over continued disputes in the Holy Land. Alarmed by Russia's aggressive policies, England and France joined the Ottoman Empire in declaring war. The resulting Crimean War led to a humiliating defeat and the exposure of Russian military weakness. Died of a cold

What was one impact of the slave trade on Britain's economy?

Britain developed finance and credit institutions.

Which list reflects the order, from earliest to latest, in which countries industrialized rapidly?

Britain, Belgium, France, Germany, and the United States

How did Western governments support the growth of domestic industrialization in the nineteenth-century Industrial Revolution?

By adopting high tariffs

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714)

With which of these statements might Mr. Payne be most likely to agree?

Child laborers in the mines are not worked beyond their capacity and suffer no ill effects from their employment

Working class

Considered to be below the middle class/proletariat/ laborers. The people employed for wages, especially in manual labor occupations and in skilled, industrial work.

Robert Owen

Cotton magnate and social reformer Under his direction plans emerged for The Grand National Consolidated Trade Unions. Its primary purpose was to coordinate a general strike for 8 hour work days. (1771-1858) British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed Utopian socialist who improved health and safety conditions in mills, increased worker's wages and reduced hours. Dreamed of establishing socialist communities the most notable was New Harmony (1826) which failed (1771-1858)

Charles X

Count of Artois, succeeded Louis XVIII. Pursued religious policy that encouraged Catholics to reestablish control over the educational system. (brought instability to France) set out to restore the absolute monarchy with the help of the ultraroyalists. Tried to repay nobles for lands lost during the revolution, but the liberals in the legislative assembly opposed him. Eventually, he issued the July Ordinances.

Treaty of Versailles

Created by the leaders of the victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. Stripped Germany of all Army, Navy, Airforce. Germany had to repair war damages(33 billion) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI Germany could not manufacture any weapons.

Who developed the "iron law of wages," the idea that wages would always sink to subsistence level?

David Ricardo

In which country did efforts at industrialization falter under the weight of lower-priced European imports during the early nineteenth century?

Egypt

What country tried to launch its own modern textile industry in the early nineteenth century?

Egypt

Richard Arkwright

English inventor and entrepreneur who became the wealthiest and most successful textile manufacturer of the first Industrial Revolution. He invented the water frame, the machine that, with minimal human supervision, could spin several threads at once.

Charles Darwin

English naturalist and scientist whose theory of evolution through natural selection was first published in 'On The Origin of the Species" in 1859.

Charles Dickens

English writer whose novels depicted and criticized social injustice (1812-1870) An author who wrote about the horrible pollution of the Industrial Revolution, among other things. "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times" Who was the English novelist who portrayed the lives of slum dwellers and factory workers in his books such as David Copperfield, A Christmas Carol, Oliver Twist, and A Tale of Two Cities.

Which of the following was true of economic conditions in Britain between 1792 and 1830?

Factory workers saw modest gains in wages after 1815.

Lenin

Founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924. Leader of the Bolsheviks Under his rule the Russian Empire was replaced by the USSR

Which state continued to dominate the market in luxury goods during the early phases of the Industrial Revolution?

France

Which European area, other than Britain, showed a spectacular rise in industrial output?

German lands

What was Matthew Boulton's contribution to the success of the steam engine?

He provided Watt with capital and salesmanship.

Nicholas II

He was deposed during the Russian Revolution and executed by the Bolsheviks.End of the Romanov line. Last Tsar of Russia who was a weak and ineffective leader; he attempted to command the army in order to win the war; abdicated during a worker revolt and was killed with his family under the order of Lenin. Tsar who took the throne after Alexander II's assassination, a weak ruler who used expansionist ventures to deflect attention from domestic issues and neutralize revolutionary movements.

What role did Ellis assign the middle-class wife?

Helper and assistant to all other family members

Louis Kossuth

Hungarian statesman who led his people in revolt against the Habsburg Empire during 1848-1849, Leader of the Hungarians, demanded national autonomy with full liberties and universal suffrage in 1848.

As a result of reliance on steam power, where were early factories built in the nineteenth century?

In cities

Child labor

In the Industrial Revolution, ........ was exploited more than ever and in a considerably more systematic fashion. Children had an especially delicate touch as spinners of cotton. Their smaller size made it easier for them to crawl under machines to gather loose cotton. They were more easily broken to factory work and represented a cheap supply of labor. Children made up an abundant supply of labor, and they were paid only about one- sixth to one-third of what a man was paid. Children as young as seven worked twelve to fifteen hours per day, six days a week, in cotton mills.

How was Thomas Malthus's prediction that population growth would outstrip growth of the food supply proven wrong?

Industrialization improved productivity in all areas, including agriculture.

Ireland's Great Hunger

Ireland was on brink of disaster due to laws biased heavily in favor of landlords No other crop but potato would suffice to feed the families of the tenants. Poverty was widespread Potato Blight is caused by Phytophthora infestans which is an oomycete (fungus like microorganisms) Poor Governance by Britain extended the Great Famine. It is held responsible for the decline of the Irish language and creation of an Ireland which considered itself English-speaking. It led to various nationalist movements and is considered as a trigger for the Irish War of Independence which eventually led to Irish independence in the following century.

Which statement describes opportunities in industry as factories grew larger during the nineteenth century?

It became harder for talented workers of modest means to find opportunities for success.

How did the inventions of Henry Cort in the 1780s affect the iron industry?

It became possible to produce iron products in every shape and form.

What was an unintended consequence of the British Factory Act of 1833?

It broke the pattern of families working together

What was the significance of the development of the railroad?

It reduced the cost and uncertainty of shipping freight over land.

How did Richard Arkwright's water frame work?

It took advantage of water currents to power several hundred spindles at once.

Which statement describes the work available for women and girls in the coal mines during the mid-nineteenth century?

It was viewed by many to be inappropriate and dangerous.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882). Unified Southern Italy with his red shirts through war.

Camillo di Cavour

Italian prime minister considered the "brains" of Italian unification who used diplomacy and alliances, such as an alliance with France to aid the unification of Italy. He also provoked Austrian invasion and defeated the Austrians

On the Subjugation of Women

John Stuart Mill...He argued that women deserve equal rights to men including the vote. He argued that no one was free as long as half of humanity was inferior.

Congress of Vienna

Meeting in 1815 to discuss the fate of Europe. Included Prussia, Britain, Austria, and Russia Goals: - Restore the balance of power in Europe - Stop the spread of liberalism & nationalism - Determine economic compensation for the Napoleonic Wars - Restore the legitimate powers of Europe -Restored the Bourbon monarchy to France (Louis )

Gavrillo Princip

Member of the Black Hand who shot and killed Franz Ferdinand and his wife. The conspirators were members of the Black Hand, a Serbian terrorist organization that wanted Bosnia to be free of Austria-Hungary and to become part of a large Serbian kingdom.

Which of the following was true of economic conditions in Britain between 1792 and 1830?

Modest wage gains by factory workers were offset by a decline in the labor of children and married women.

railroads

Networks of iron (later steel) rails on which steam (later electric or diesel) locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds. The first were built in England in the 1830s. Success caused the construction of these to boom lasting into the 20th Century These were first used in the 1800s by George Stephenson and were made possible by the steam locomotive. It allowed merchants to ship goods were rivers didn't go. Over the years, the system improved and became faster.

Verdun

No territory was gained; Battle in WWI that ended in massive casualties and had little direct result Considered some of the bloodiest fightings in WWI and the German offense was stopped; offensive battle on the western front initiated by Germany in which they hoped to crush France, and take them out of the war, however, France was in a very good defensive position and French held it for 10 months. Nearly a million killed. French drew reserve troops from the Somme to help defend. No territory was gained; Battle in WWI that ended in massive casualties and had little direct result

Bolsheviks

Radical Marxist political party founded by Vladimir Lenin in 1903. They eventually seized power in Russia in 1917. Executed Nicholas and his family Former members of the Russian Social Democratic Party who advocated the destruction of capitalist political and economic institutions and started the Russian Revolution. In 1918 changed their name to the Russian Communist Party.

July Revolution of 1830

Rebellions against conservative kings and governments by liberals and revolutionaries in different parts of Europe. Started in France Prompted by Charles X's publication on July 26 of four ordinances dissolving the Chamber of Deputies, suspending freedom of the press, modifying the electoral laws so that three-fourths of the electorate lost their votes, and calling for new elections to the Chamber in September. Strikes and protests were followed by armed confrontations. The royal forces were unable to contain the insurrection; and, after three days of fighting (July 27-29), Charles abdicated the throne and soon afterward fled to England. The radicals wanted to establish a republic, and the aristocracy was loyal to Charles, but the upper-middle class was victorious in their decision to offer the crown to the Duke of Orléans, Louis-Philippe. The Chamber of Peers had been transformed from a hereditary body into a nominated house, special tribunals were abolished, the alliance of the monarchy and the Roman Catholic church was ended, and the white flag of the Bourbons was replaced by the tricolor.

Whigs

Received support from the new industrial middle class Members came from the landed class Introduced an election reform bill/ Reform Act Eventually called liberals

James Watt

Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819). invented the condenser and other improvements that made the steam engine a practical source of power for industry and transportation. The watt, an electrical measurement, is named after him.

Austro-Prussian war

Seven Weeks' War. A war between Prussia on the one side and Austria, Bavaria, Saxony, Hanover, and certain minor German states on the other. It ended in a Prussian victory, which meant the exclusion of Austria from Germany. Confirmed Prussian leadership of the German states and threatened France's position as the dominant power in Europe.

Luddites

Skilled craftspeople in the Midlands and Northern England who rioted and destroyed laborsaving textile machinery in the belief that such machinery would diminish employment/ threaten their livelihoods.

Industrial Revolution

Social and economic change that began in England in the 1760s when the industrial geography of England changed significantly and later diffused to other parts of western Europe. In this period of rapid socioeconomic change, machines replaced human labor and new sources of inanimate energy were tapped. Coal was the leading energy source fueling the industrial revolution in England's textile-focused industrial explosion. New sources of energy and power, especially coal and steam, replaced wind and water to run machines that significantly.

Which of these was suggested by the testimony of Ann Eggley?

That child laborers in the mines had no time to acquire an education or religious instruction

Which of these was suggested by Patience Kershaw's testimony?

That female miners were subjected to sexual harassment and abuse

As Britain produced more manufactured goods and its gross national product rose fourfold from 1780 to 1850, who consumed the increased output?

The British themselves, as a result of rapid population growth

What was a key problem in the preindustrial textile industry that hampered production?

The demand by weavers for thread was greater than the supply.

What factors encouraged working-class British women to withdraw from paid labor in the nineteenth century?

The domestic ideals promoted by middle-class women

Alexandra of Hesse-Darmstadt

The dominant personality in the relationship with Nicholas the second, and encouraged the weaker Nicholas's autocratic tendencies. Took a more active role in government. Russia was suffering heavy losses in the war, there were high inflation and severe food shortages at home, which compounded the grinding poverty most Russians already endured. Became the focus of discontent, as did her confidante, the mystic, Rasputin, who had been at court since 1905 and had gained great influence through his apparent ability to treat the haemophilia of Alexis, the heir to the throne.

Which of these best characterizes Mr. Philips's argument against the Cotton Mills and Factories Act?

The evil addressed by the bill was actually very small and would, in any case, cure itself.

According to Peel, why was Manchester no longer a source of recruits for the army?

The ill effects of factory work stunted children's growth.

Which of these is never mentioned in the excerpt from Ellis's book?

The needs and desires of the middle-class wife

Which of the following was true of economic conditions in Britain between 1792 and 1830?

The wages of cottage workers and rural laborers declined.

What was a major advantage enjoyed by industrialists on the European continent?

There was a rich tradition of the putting-out system on which to build.

Which of these was an important contribution of railroads to economic growth?

They dramatically reduced the cost and uncertainty of shipping goods over land.

How did workers in the early nineteenth century accommodate to the new factory system?

They entered mills and mines as family units.

Which statement describes middle-class women in the mid-nineteenth century?

They were encouraged to concentrate on their roles as wife and mother.

After 1850, which group of married women was most likely to work for wages outside the home?

Those from the poorest families

What did the British social critic Thomas Malthus fear?

Unrestrained population growth would outpace the food supply and lead to greater poverty.

What legal steps did the British take to protect their lead in industrialization in the first half of the nineteenth century?

Until 1843 the export of textile machinery and other equipment was forbidden.

What was one reason Britain turned to coal as a source of heat and power early in the Industrial Revolution?

Wood was becoming more scarce.

Which of the following contributed to the improvement in the living standards of the British working class from the 1840s onward?

Workers' wages made substantial gains.

Compared to their English counterparts, laborers in western Europe

bitterly resisted the move to factories.

Prior to the advent of the railroad, travel was largely measured

by the distance a man or horse could cover before becoming exhausted.

Balance of power

distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong

Workers in the early factories found leisure time

harder to come by as industrialization progressed.

The first factories of the Industrial Revolution were

located along fast-running rivers and streams.

Louis XVIII

restored Bourbon throne after the Revolution and Congress of Vienna. He accepted Napoleon's Civil Code (principle of equality before the law); honored the property rights of those who had purchased confiscated land and established a bicameral (two-house) legislature consisting of the Chamber of Peers (chosen by king) and the Chamber of Deputies (chosen by an electorate).

The industrial development in Britain would not have been possible without

the rapid population growth.