Western Civilization II: Chapter 22-24

Prussian leadership of German unification meant the triumph of __________ & ___________ values over liberal & constitutional values in the new German state.

authoritarian and militaristic

What type of new energy source powered the second industrial revolution?

electricity

In economic matters, Napoleon III used ____________ ________ to stimulate the national economy and industrial growth

government resources

A rise in female prostitution in European cities during the later 19th century can best be attributed to _____ _________ to cities by country women and their increasingly desperate struggle for urban economic survival.

heavy migration

The driving force behind immigration to the cities was ____ opportunities.

job

The First International served as a type of umbrella organization for all European ______ interests.

labor

The Upper classes in the late 19th century included: the ______ aristocracy, the upper _______ classes, ________ upper middle classes, and industrial __________.

landed, middle, wealthy, plutocrats

The ______ classes of 19th century Europe were very concerned with propriety and shared values of hard work & Christian morality.

middle

The chief cause of rising European populations between 1850-1880 was a declining __________ rate

mortality

Initially, trade unions in the first half of the 19th century functioned primarily as

mutual aid societies

by 1871, the focus of Europeans' lives had become the _________ state.

national

The dominant literary & artistic movement in the 1850's and 1860's was

realism

The "Second Industrial Revolution" saw the advent of what new product?

steel

The first professional occupation to be opened up to women was _________.

teaching

The immediate origins of the Franco-Prussian War concerned Bismarck's devious editing of a ________ from King William I

telegram

An issue that brought socialists together in the 19th century was the desire to improve working and living conditions for most _______.

workers

The Russian ________ were local assemblies with limited self-governing powers

zemstvos

The dominant foreign power in Italy prior to unification was _______

Austria

The Ausgleich or Compromise of 1867 created the dual monarchy of

Austria-Hungary

By 1914, the nation with the largest number of trade unionists was ________

England

Who was responsible for the theory of relativity?

Einstein

The radical organization responsible for the assassination of Tsar Alexander II in 1881 was the _________ ______

People's Will

Charles Darwin's, _________________ argued for the animal origins of human beings, who had evolved by adapting to their environment over time.

The Descent of Man

According to Sigmund Freud, behavior was determined by one's __________ and by inner drives of which people were generally unaware.

unconscious

By 1860, there were approximately ___________ slaves in the United States

4 million

by 1890, richest 9 percent of Americans owned _____ of the wealth

71%

Elizabeth Blackwell became the first formally educated female doctor in ___________

America

___________ movements were most successful in less industrialized and less democratic countries where ordinary people could see no hope of peaceful political change.

Anarchist

Among the key motives prompting England & France to fight Russia in the Crimean War, it must be counted ________'s concern over disruption of the existing balance of power

Britain

_______ rule brought all of the following to India in the late 19th century: western style secondary schools, western technology (such as railroads and medical knowledge), great security and order, and relatively honest and efficient government

British

The prime minister of Piedmont who organized the unification movement was

Camillo di Cavour

________ largely gained its independence in 1867 with the Dominion of Canada Act

Canada

The "open door" policy was to allow more freedom of trade in so-called spheres of influence in _______.

China

The immediate origins of the Crimean War involved Russia's right to protect ___________ shrines in Palestine

Christian

The ________ _________ of Marx & Engels based all historical development on class struggle.

Communist Manifesto

Charles ________ theory emphasized the idea of the "survival of the fit" in which advantageous natural variants & environmental adaptations in organisms determine their survival.

Darwin

________ in European working-class families were fully expected to work until marriage.

Daughters

In general, by the late 19th century, the worst treatment of the Jews occurred in _________ Europe

Eastern

In the opinion of the British prime minister, the proclamation of a newly unified German state ruled by an emperor in 1871 guaranteed peace, as a single _________ was better than many competing Germanies

Germany

The triple Alliance before 1914 included which countries?

Germany, Austria, and Italy

The leader of the Red Shirts who helped to unify Italy through his military command was _________ ________

Giuseppe Garibaldi

By 1870, the largest producer of pig iron was _____ ________

Great Britain

Octavia ______'s housing venture was designed to give the poor an environment they could use to improve themselves.

Hill

Pissarro's statement that "It is the brush stroke with the right value and color which should produce the drawing... Don't proceed with rules and principles but paint what you observe and feel" refers to which school of painting?

Impressionism

In seeking unification, many ______ nationalists in the 1850's looked for leadership from the kingdom of Piedmont

Italian

The Meiji Restoration in _______ created a political system that was democratic in form but rigidly authoritarian in practice and sent many Japanese abroad to be educated in the ways of the west and adopted many western reforms in political & military organizations

Japan

The emergence of a true parliamentary system in Prussia was blocked by the ______'s overwhelming executive power

King

The germ theory of disease was primarily the work of _______ ________

Louis Pasteur

The development of ________ after 1870 was best characterized by urban consumers in Europe who desired a growing number of consumer products.

Markets

Karl ______ embraced the German philosopher Hegel's idea of the dialectic, meaning all change in history is the result of clashes between directly antagonistic elements.

Marx

The _______ revisionist Eduard Bernstein stressed the need for working through democratic politics to create socialism.

Marxist

Napoleon's most disastrous foreign policy adventure occurred in ________

Mexico

As chancellor of Prussia, Otto von Bismark largely bypassed parliament in pursuing his political goals of ________ ____________

Military Modernization

__________ in music included all of the following elements: attraction to the ______, ___________ themes, ____ music, and the lure of the ________.

Modernism, exotic, nationalist, folk, primitive

In establishing the Second Empire, ___________ received the overwhelming electoral support of the people

Napoleon III

Who said, "All this colonial business is a sham, but we need it for the elections."

Otto von Bismark

Among Napoleon III's great domestic projects, was a reconstruction of ______ with broad boulevards, public squares, and municipal utilities

Paris

During the _________ era in the United States, all of the following reforms were adopted: Pure food & Drug Act, Meant Inspection act, Federal income tax legislation, and federal reserve system

Progressive

The Zollverein describes the German states' customs union dominated by

Prussia

Otto von Bismarck, the Prussian-born leader of German unification, practiced __________ in conducting domestic & foreign policy

Realpolitik

The final act of Italian unification occurred in 1870 when _____ became the capital city following the withdrawal of French Troops

Rome

_______ ________ was applying the ideas of Darwin to Society.

Social Darwinism

Auguste Comte was responsible for founding the discipline of ___________

Sociology

In 1871, William I was proclaimed Kaiser, or emperor, of the Second Reich in ______________

Versailles

The 19th century composer associated with the concept of the Gesamtkunstwerk ("Total art work") was ________

Wagner

The Second Industrial Revolution experienced a drop in

agricultural prices

European middle-class families during the late 19th century stressed functional knowledge for their _________ to prepare them for their future roles.

children

According to Karl Marx, the final result of the struggle between bourgeoisie and proletariat would be a __________ society

classless

In late 19th century Europe, human progress was increasingly indentified with material progress or greater ___________ of material goods.

consumption

Coitus interruptus, abortion, abandonment, and infanticide were used to limit _______ ____ in the late 19th century

family size

By 1900, most European educational systems were ____ and compulsory at least at the primary level.

free

The first internal combustion engine burning a mixture of _____ & _______ was produced in 1878

gas and air

The Largest segment of European society in the 19th century was composed of ________ landholders, _______ day laborers, and __________ servants.

peasant, unskilled, domestic

Although several motives drove European states to develop systems of mass public education for their citizens, the chief reason for which they did this was _________, to produce more informed voters in expanding electorates and to heighten patriotism

political

A new development of the age of mass leisure was __________ ______.

professional sports

The theoretical discoveries in science in the 19th century led to all of the following: a belief in material _______ as the only reality, great advances in _________ & thermodynamics, __________ improvements that affected all Europeans, and greater _______ progress for many.

reality, mathematics, technological, material

For Elizabeth Poole Sanford, women should avoid being

self-sufficient

The reforms of Tsar Alexander II centered around the abolition of _________.

serfdom

The trade union movement prior to World War I varied from country to country, but was generally allied with _________ parties.

socialist

The American Civil War of 1861-65 was a clear precursor of "________" in the twentieth century

total war

Employment opportunities for _______ during the Second Industrial Revolution changed in quality & quantity with the expansion of the service sector.

women

When not able to find work in the factories, many working class European _______ took jobs as clerks, shop assistants, and nurses.

women