Westward Expansion and Industrial Revolution

When did the National Grange (Order of Patrons of Husbandry) form?

1867

Explain how a business would grow through horizontal integration

A business would grow through horizontal integration by a company owning their competitors and eliminating competition.

Describe what corporations are and why they formed

A corporation is a jointly owned company that issues shares of stock.

Describe the Haymarket Square Riot of 1866

A crowd gathered in Haymarket Square in Chicago to protest police brutality. When the police arrived to break up the crowd, someone threw a bomb into the police line. The police fired at the workers. Seven police and several strikers were killed. 3 speakers and 5 others were charged with creating a riot. After this, the union movement lost some public support.

What was Upton Sinclair known for?

A journalist who sought social reform and wrote a novel that exposed terrible living and working conditions. In 1906, he wrote The Jungle, a best-selling novel. In The Jungle, Sinclair sought to describe the harsh physical conditions under which immigrants worked and how the greed of business owners affected them. However, readers saw something else in the story. Many were horrified at the descriptions of the meatpacking plant and sickened by Sinclair's accounts of the handling of food products. Eventually the government took action and laws passed such as the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906. President Theodore Roosevelt called him, and other writers who fought for social reform, muckrakers.

What were political machines?

A party organization, headed by a single boss or small autocratic group, that commands enough votes to maintain political and administrative control of a city, county, or state. They helped the poor in exchange for their vote.

Describe anarchy

A system of government in which the state is seen as undesirable and unnecessary; it opposes capitalism, which enriches one part of society while impoverishing another, and values the will of individuals over that of the state.

Explain what a "trust" was and why they would form

A trust is a group of companies that turn control of their stock over to a common board of trustees who then run all of the companies as a single business. They formed so the companies could produce goods cheaply.

Describe communism

An economic and political system in which the state owns and controls all property.

Describe capitalism

An economic system in which the means of production are controlled by individuals rather than the state.

What was the main entry point on West Coast for Asian immigrants?

Angel Island in San Francisco Bay.

Australian ballots

Ballots that are printed and distributed by the government at polling places. The ballots are filled out in private. It limits voter intimidation and fraud.

Why was President Roosevelt's position during the Coal Strike of 1906 significant?

Before this strike, government officials always sided with the businesses and management. Roosevelt was in favor of the workers in this strike. He urged for managers to give the workers what they wanted.

What school did Washington help start in Alabama?

Booker T. Washington helped start Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute.

Describe socialism

Businesses are owned and controlled by the workers, rather than the business owners. The workers controlled the factory, products being produces, and their pay. The government sets rules that determine price, supply, and other rules. The overall idea is that workers had the control.

What were "yellow dog contracts"?

Businesses didn't want people to start unions, so they made their employees sign a contract that said they wouldn't join a union.

Explain how a business would grow through vertical integration

Businesses would grow through vertical integration by buying their suppliers rather than buying their supplies from them and having to pay less for supplies.

Initiatives

Citizens petitioned for bills or amendments to be voted on. They were voted on by ballot or legislators. Citizens would come up with them and get signatures.

Referendums

Citizens vote on proposed bills or amendments as opposed to the legislators.

16th amendment

Created a federal income tax. Graduated income tax. The money you are paying to income tax is going to be used to implement services and regulations, to enact change and reform.

What impact did union eventually have on worker wages and hours?

Despite court decisions, union membership steadily increased. At the end of the 19th century, unions had successfully demonstrated their ability to organize workers. They had won victories for higher wages and shorter workdays.

What was the main entry point on East Coast for European immigrants?

Ellis Island in New York Harbor.

Describe the characteristics associated with "Robber Barons", by people who were critical of them

Exploitative. Controlling. Immoral. Unfair. Greedy rich men. Unfairly preventing competition. Unfairly exploiting their workers. Unfairly overcharging people for their products and services. Not paying their workers enough and overworking them.

Describe worker pay, hours and conditions during the Industrial Revolution.

Factories were unsanitary and dusty. Many people were willing to work for low pay and under harsh conditions. Women and children worked full-time jobs, 12 hours a day, 6 days a week. Long hours and dangerous working conditions were common. There were no laws protecting workers. Any workers who objected hours, conditions, or pay were fired. Workers injured on the job were replaced.

Who were the main groups of people that made up the Populist Party?

Farmers and laborers.

Describe President Wilson's "New Freedom"

Focused on 3 things. He wanted to reform the banking industry, he wanted to reform big businesses, and he wanted to lower tariffs.

Describe the Knights of Labor

Formed in 1869. Uriah Stephens and a group of tailors organized the Noble Order of the Knights of Labor. This labor union accepted skilled workers, unskilled workers, women, and people of any race. They fought for an 8-hour workday for all. They called for equal pay for women who did the same work as men. They went from 10,000 workers to over 1 million by the 1880s.

Describe the American Federation of Labor. Who led it?

Formed in 1881. Alliance of trade and craft unions led by Samuel Gompers. They focused on improving working conditions for the working class. They used collective bargaining to successfully gain higher wages and shorter workdays.

What were the main things the Populist Party wanted to achieve?

Free, unlimited coinage of silver, establishment of a federal income tax (graduated income tax), and government ownership of railroads.

Where did immigrants between 1820-1880 (Old Immigrants) come from?

Great Britain, Ireland, Germany, and China.

Describe President Roosevelt's "Square Deal"

He believes there needs to be a fairness. He wants to control large corporations, so they don't take advantage of things. He doesn't want to favor any particular group, so he's trying to make it fair between the workers and the management and the consumers and the businesses.

Describe the path that Booker T. Washington felt would help African American achieve equal civil right in the US

He felt that African Americans could achieve social equality through educational and vocational training.

What laws did President Roosevelt sign into law after publication of The Jungle?

He signed the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act. They came about because of a book called "The Jungle" that exposed how unsanitary the meat industry was. The Meat Inspection Act called for federal health inspectors to make sure the conditions were safe and healthy. The Pure Food and Drug Act calls for medicines to be accurately labeled and foods to be accurately labeled and nothing in the food or medicine is poisonous or can kill you. He created the Food and Drug Administration.

What did it mean if a worker was "blacklisted"?

If a worker joined a union, the businesses owners would tell other business owners so that worker couldn't get another job, and they were fired. It was a threat to workers, because they couldn't complain about harsh conditions or else they'd be fired and wouldn't be able to get a job.

How did "lock-outs" work?

If all of the employees complained or formed a union then the business owners would fire EVERY employee instead of negotiating with the workers.

How would forming and joining a labor union help workers improve their conditions?

In 1866, the National Labor Union became the first organization of smaller labor unions. In 1868, this group succeeded in getting an eight-hour workday for government workers. They refused to allow African American or Chinese workers and did little to help women workers. Usually workers were fired and, sometimes, also blacklisted for joining a union.

How did Thomas Nast cause problems for Tammany Hall?

In 1869, political cartoonist, Thomas Nast began publishing cartoons exposing the corruption of Tweed's ring (Tweed's associates who helped him control the city's money). He drew Tammany as a raging tiger. He caricatured Tweed as a vulture, a pirate, and a convict in prison's clothes. Tweed didn't care, because most of his supporters couldn't read. However, Nast worried tweed because even those unable to read could understand the message behind his cartoons. Years later, after Tweed escaped prison for several charges, he fled to Spain disguised as a sailor, and a policeman recognized him from Nast's cartoons. Tweed was returned to New York, where he died in jail in 1878.

When did the Chinese start to come to the US?

In the early 1850s.

Describe William Jennings Bryan's "Cross of Gold" speech

In this speech, he compared the gold standard to a cross that people were being crucified on. He praised farmers by saying that the farms could support the cities if they were destroyed, but the cities couldn't live without farms.

Describe the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, which the National Grange helped get passed

It regulated private business. The federal government regulated railroads if they crossed state lines. They regulated trade particularly when it involved railroads that traveled between the states. It monitored the rate railroads charged and the routes they used.

What pull factor led to some much immigration?

Jobs and land.

Describe the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

Law passed by congress that denied U.S. citizenship to people born in China and banned immigration from China for 10 years. It was supposed to last for only 10 years but was not repealed until 1943.

Describe the Immigration Act of 1924

Law reducing the annual immigration quota for each nationality to two percent of the 1890 census figures. it limited total immigration to 164,000 people per year. In July 1927, the number was reduced to 150,000 per year. The act also restricted immigration from southern and eastern Europe. It banned Asian immigration completely.

What did the Hepburn Act (signed by President Roosevelt) do?

Law that strengthened something that already existed, the Interstate Commerce Act. It regulated interstate trade and the railroad industry. In charge of watching over the interstate trade and railroad industry and make sure unfair practices weren't taking place. It made it to where the Interstate commerce act was able to act.

Describe the Underwood-Simmons Act, signed by President Wilson

Lowered tariffs, which allowed foreign companies to sell more goods cheaper in America. It promoted more competition among domestic companies, which is good for the consumer because the goods were cheaper.

17th amendment

Made citizens able to elect senators for their states. They used to be picked by state legislators.

Describe the International Workers of the World, which formed in 1905

Massive labor union. Didn't need to be skilled. Goal was to be as big as possible. For miners, lumber workers, cannery workers, and dockworkers. People in the union liked the idea of socialism. They were often referred to as Wobblies. They were seen as radical and aggressive. The pushed for socialism.

Describe what "bimetallism" was

Monetary standard that is based on two metals instead of one. Viewpoint that paper money should be backed up by two metals, silver and gold.

What does collective bargaining mean?

Negotiations between an employer and representatives of groups of employees to reach agreement on working conditions.

What city government did the Tammany Hall political machine control?

New York City

Describe the type of housing many working-class poor often lived in

Overcrowded, poorly constructed apartment buildings. They lived in tenement homes that were poorly constructed and unsafe.

Direct primaries

Party members elect who runs for office in a general election and who represents your political party. Before this, the people who chose the representatives were the party bosses, they weren't elected. Now people have more say so.

What push factor caused so many Irish immigrants to leave Ireland in mid-1800s?

Potato blight, a disease that rots potatoes, caused a famine in the 1840s.

18th amendment

Prohibition of alcohol. Progressives felt as though alcohol was a leading cause of a lot of problems such as poverty, social problems, domestic violence, and unemployment.

Why were immigrants often discriminated against?

Race. People were afraid immigrants would take their jobs. Cultural differences.

What was Ida Tarbell know for?

She published one of the most famous business books ever written, The History of the Standard Oil Company. It exposed the methods that America's first ever billionaire, John D. Rockefeller, had used to build the Standard Oil Trust. In 1911, the United States Supreme Court was ordered to break up the trust. Today, She would be called an "investigative reporter".

What was Florence Kelley known for?

She was a socialist and fought for labor reform and child labor laws. In 1909 she worked with W.E.B. DuBois and others to found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

What role did Alice Paul play in the fight for suffrage?

She was a women's rights advocate, who used radical, attention-getting methods. She founded the National Women's Party in 1914, which sought social and economic equality for women as well as the right to vote. She believed in the federal fight.

What role did Susan B. Anthony play in the fight for suffrage?

She was one of the leaders of the National Woman Suffrage Association. She was a believer in the state by state fight method.

What was Jane Addams know for?

She was the first American woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. She was a social worker who founded the Hull House in 1889, a settlement house to guide the poor to help themselves. The Hull House conducted classes in English for Immigrants and offered job training, childcare for working parents, legal advice, and art classes.

Describe the problems that existed in many cities, because of how fast they grew in population size

Some Americans worried that the U.S. economy could not support the immigrants. Overcrowding. Tenement buildings were built that families rented rooms in. There were poorly made and unsafe. Lack of services because of overcrowding.

Describe the hardships that farmers faced

Some farming families could not afford the tools and equipment needed to farm the land. By the late 1800s, the supply of products grew higher than the demand. This surplus caused crop prices to drop which was the start of the challenging times of farmers. Many farmers were unable to pay the rising costs of shipping their crops to consumers. Roughly 80 percent of farms that began with the Homestead Act had failed. Crops were failing and soil was depleted. Even after the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, farmers were still paying high prices for shipping their products. Many farmers used credit or borrowed money, which caused many farmers to be swimming in debt. As a result of the Gold Standard, the silver dollar was eliminated, which meant there was less money in circulation, which made it hard for farmers to pay their bills. Harsh environment, debt, isolation.

Describe the Clayton Anti-trust Act, signed by President Wilson

Sought to regulate businesses. He sought to break up all monopolies, unlike Roosevelt who sought to break up only bad monopolies. The Clayton Anti-Trust Act was stricter than Sherman Anti-Trust Act. Clayton Anti-Trust Act calls for monopolies and trusts to be broken up. He set rules to prevent monopolies from forming. Allows for labor unions to be protected.

Where did immigrants between 1880-1920 (New Immigrants) come from?

Southern and Eastern Europe, Greece, Italy, and Russia. There were still many immigrants coming from northern and western Europe as well as Asia and Latin America.

What did the National Grange do?

Taught farmers how to farm.

Describe the impact of cheaper steal and all the new railroads that were being built across the US

The Bessemer process allowed steel to be mass-produced for the first time. Steel railroads tracks were lighter and stronger than iron railroads. The construction of the Transcontinental Railroad increased travel and encouraged settlement in the West, resulting in a growth in the population and economy in this region. Farms, ranches, and towns appeared throughout the West. The railroad allowed producers to send goods to the East at a higher speed and lower cost than possible before. Railroads also opened up other parts of the country to new settlement and investment.

What new Executive Department, with a Cabinet level Secretary, was created in 1913?

The United States Department of labor. Make sure that proper labor regulations are being enforced. The federal government took steps to protect workers.

Describe what the "gold standard" was

The amount of paper money in circulation had to be backed by an equal amount of gold in the nation's treasury. In addition to establishing the gold standard, Congress eliminated the silver dollar as an authorized coin. This meant there was much less money in circulation.

Describe the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, which occurred in 1911

The fire, fueled by the oil in the machines and many stacks of cloth, raced through the top floors of a building that employed more than 500 young women in sweatshop conditions. To prevent theft by the employees, all of the doors but one had been locked. There was no sprinkler system in the building. There was only one fire escape. Workers jumped from the building to their deaths when they realized the fire department ladders couldn't reach them in the top stories of the building. The fire killed 146 workers, most of them young female immigrants.

Define was "nativism" means

The interests of native-born Americans. It supported anti-immigration legislation.

Describe the Federal Reserve Act, signed by President Wilson

The nation is divided into a number of federal districts. Each federal district has a federal reserve bank. The federal reserve bank in each district would loan money out to the different banks and those banks would loan money to consumer banks to the people in those districts. The federal reserve board, fed, would watch over rules for the federal banks. The Fed would set interest rates for the money being loaned out. By doing this, they are controlling inflation, the dollar value goes down and prices go up, and deflation, the dollar value goes up and prices go down.

Describe how Theodore Roosevelt became President in 1901

The president William McKinley was killed and Theodore Roosevelt was the vice president, so he became president.

What is "stock"?

The shares in which ownership of the corporation is divided. A single share of the stock represents fractional ownership of the corporation in proportion to the total number of shares.

Explain why a person could argue that cities were both very diverse, yet very segregated

There were people from different countries other than America in some cities and they had jobs. Cities were very diverse as a whole, but there were very distinct cultural neighborhoods.

What was the result of the high reliance farmers had for railroads and grain elevators?

These companies were monopolies, so many railroad companies also owned these grain elevators. They charged famers high prices for shipping their products, which cause many farmers to not be able to pay to ship their crops, and they couldn't pay for other things they needed.

Describe how government officials would respond to fights between labor unions and business leaders

They almost always sided with the business owners.

What did "muckrakers" do?

They are journalists who investigate and publish truthful reports on a variety of social issues, such as corrupt politicians and dishonest businesspeople. President Theodore Roosevelt compared them to an unhappy character in a book who could only look "downward with a muckrake in his hand." He meant the term as criticism at first, but eventually he shared their goals.

How did farmers feel about the gold standard?

They did not like it. They called it the "Crime of '73". They wanted to expand the currency supply by coining an unlimited amount of silver.

How did business leaders feel about the formation and growth of unions?

They didn't like them, because the unions have more negotiation power, and they would have to pay them more. If one person complained, then the business owners could just fire them, but if everyone complained, then they would have to pay them money.

Explain how the increase in crop supply led to problems for farmers

They suffered as a result of lower prices for their products.

Why did they support him?

They supported him, because he supported bimetallism.

What were the goals of the Progressives?

They wanted to improve living conditions. Limit the power of big businesses. They wanted to make government more fair.

What prompted many people in the public to call for a safer working-conditions?

Tragedy occurred many times, due to unsafe conditions. In 1907, more than 300 miners died in a coal mine collapse.

Describe why achieving suffrage was such a difficult accomplishment

Two thirds of all the states had to vote in favor for the amendment to pass for women's rights.

What is a strike?

Union members might refuse to work until an agreement was reached. They are in response to harsh working conditions, wage-cuts, etc. Goal was to get business and company owners to realize these problems and help the workers.

Describe the characteristics associated with "Robber Barons", by people who would praise them

Visionary businessmen. Provided services. Entrepreneurs taking risks. Growing businesses.

How did Washington's contemporary, W.E.B. DuBois, feel African Americans would gain equality in the US?

W.E.B. DuBois advocated a liberal arts education to develop talented leaders. This idea was termed the Niagara Movement, it intended to end racial discrimination by promoting the most talented African Americans to positions of influence. He believed the "Talented Tenth" of the African American community was best equipped to join mainstream American life. These people would bring equality to other African Americans.

Recalls

When citizens are able to force a special election to take place, because of a petition getting enough signatures, of an elected official before that person's term is up. That person has to win the election or they are replaced.

hy was President Roosevelt called the "Trustbuster"?

When he came into office, there were a lot of big companies that were monopolies. Some monopolies were good and some were bad. He sought to break up the bad monopolies that took advantage of society and workers. In his time in office, he started the process for 40 different trusts to be broken up.

Describe the Pullman Strike of 1894

When the Pullman Company cut workers' wages without cutting the cost of employee housing, the American Railway Union boycotted Pullman cars. Pullman hired strikebreakers, and the strike turned violent. President Grover Cleveland sent in federal troops to end the strike. As a result, strike leader Eugene V. Debs was jailed, most of the strikers were fired, and many others were blacklisted so that other companies would never hire them.

What were "strike-breakers" and "scabs"?

When the employees of a company joined a union and were fired, the business owners hired replacement workers called scabs. When the employees who were fired got upset and started a strike, the business owners would bring in strike-breakers to break up the strikes.

When would a single company or trust be considered a monopoly?

When they control all or most of the business in an industry.

Who did the Populist Party support in the presidential election of 1896?

William Jennings Bryan

Who was the "boss"/leader of the Tammany Hall political machine?

William M. Tweed

Who won the election?

William McKinley

What did suffragettes fight for?

Women that fought for the right for women to vote.

19th amendment

Women's right to vote.

Describe the Great Railroad Strike of 1877

Workers on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad went on strike when their wages were cut. Railroad owners complained that the strike was interfering with interstate commerce, so the president Rutherford B. Hayes used federal troops to stop the strike. Soldiers went along the rail line and forced workers to resume work.

Describe the Homestead Strike of 1892

Workers went on strike at the Carnegie Steel Company's Homestead plant to protest the decision by Henry Clay Frick to cut wages. In response, Frick brought out strikebreakers. He used armed guards to protect the strikebreakers. A gun fight broke out between the strikers and the guards, killing 7 guards and 9 strikers. After several months, the strikers eventually gave in.

Approximately how much of the US population lived in urban areas (cities) by 1900?

half the people.