WH Topic 4.1

What did Europeans obtain from Africa?

Enslaved people

How did rivalries develop as more Europeans joined the Indian Ocean trade network?

Europeans faced competition from Middle Eastern traders

How does the extensive trade impact Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, France, and Holland? (What do they become)?

It transformed Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, France, and Holland into maritime empires, ones based on sea travel

Why had Europeans joined the Indian Ocean trade network?

With hopes of finding wealth and new converts as their twin motives

What did Europeans obtain from the Asia?

silk, spices, and rhubarb

How was the Omani-European Rivalry an example of competition between Middle Eastern traders?

the Portuguese set up forts in Oman but were repeatedly challenged by attempts to remove them also a reason for Christopher Columbus's search for a new route to India.

Discuss the long-term results of naval techniques on exploration, gunpowder, Islam, and Africa

· The long-term result of combining navigational techniques invented in Europe with those from other areas of the world was a rapid expansion of exploration and global trade · About the only part of the Afro Eurasia world not affected by the rapid increase in global trade was Polynesia since it was far removed from trading routes. · The introduction of gunpowder, another Chinese invention, aided Europeans in their conquests abroad. · Soon enough, however, sea pirates also used the new technology, particularly the Dutch pirates known as Sea Beggars. · In North Africa and in the trading cities along Africa's east coast, Islam spread rapidly as a result of the growth of the Abbasid Empire, centered in Baghdad, and the activities of Muslim merchants. Interactions among various cultures inside and outside of Africa brought extensive trade and new technology to the continent

Explain how Western European countries developed naval technology as a combination of old and new practices

· They were aware of traditions of sailing that went back to the classical Greeks, such as using the stars to navigate. · They combined this knowledge with new ideas developed by Islamic and Asian sailors and scholars, which they learned about because of the cross cultural interactions resulting from trade networks.

How were the following impactful in the creation of naval practices and trade routes? ● Al-Andalus & Prince Henry

● Al-Andalus: in what is now Spain, was a place where Islamic ideas diffused into Europe ● Prince Henry the Navigator: ○ Strongly supported exploration ○ Financed expeditions along Africa's Atlantic Coast & around the Cape of Good Hope ○ Explored coastal communities & kingdoms before other European powers

Although land-based empires were important, what inventions in general led to Europeans venturing out to sea?

● Magnetic Compass_ originally created in China for fortune telling, helped steer a ship in the right direction. ● _Astrolabe_ improved by Muslim navigators in 12th century, let sailors find out their position based on the equator ● _Caravel_ a small three-masted ship developed by Portuguese in 15th century, allowed sailors to survive storms better than earlier ships ● _Cartography_ also known as mapmaking, helped sailors navigate

How did the following advancements in ideas impact trade and travel: - Newton's discovery of gravitation: - Accurate Records: - Astronomical charts: - Compass: - Lateen Sail: - Rudder:

● Newton's discovery of gravitation: increased knowledge of the tides ○ As a result, sailors could reliably predict when the depth of water near a shore would be decreasing, thereby exposing dangerous rock ● Accurate Records: as people kept increasingly accurate records on the direction & intensity of winds, sailors could sail with greater confidence ● Astronomical charts: is any map of the stars and galaxies. Mariners relied on these maps to guide ships' direction, especially before the introduction of the compass, using the skies to help them determine their location ● Compass: primary direction-finding device used in navigation. It works either with magnets or a gyroscope, which is a wheel or disk mounted to spin rapidly around an axis in various directions. Other compasses determine the location of the sun or a specific star. The magnetic compass, originally invented in China, allowed sailors to steer a ship in the right direction ● Lateen Sail: could catch the wind on either side of the ship, allowing it to travel in different directions ● Rudder: from China, allowed ships to move adroitly, in a clever way, made sailing faster and safer.

What motivations pushed Europeans into exploration and trade? List the matching demographic pressures below:

● _As the population grew_ not all workers could find work or food ● _Primogeniture Laws_ not all sons of wealthy could own land, estates went to the eldest son ● _Religious Minorities_ searched for a place to settle where they would be treated w/tolerance

List the developments in equipment that impacted trade and travel next to the correct description:

● _Carrack_ Square and lateen sails/masts, made for trade and used by Portugal. Big, more Trade ● _Caravel_ Lateen sails, made for long voyages at great speed, used by Portugal/Spain. Fast, faster Trade ● _Fluyt_ Square sails, used for trade, used by the Dutch. ● _Lateen Sail_: ship sail in the shape of a triangle used by Arab sailors in the Indian Ocean first; could catch wind on either side of the ship.