WHAP Ultimate Review (unit 5-9)

6.1 Explain how ideologies contributed to the development of imperialism from 1750 to 1900.

A range of cultural, religious, and racial ideologies were used to justify imperialism, including Social Darwinism, nationalism, the concept of the civilizing mission, and the desire to religiously convert indigenous populations.

5.3 Explain how environmental factors contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1900.

A variety of factors contributed to the growth of industrial production and eventually resulted in the Industrial Revolution, including: § Proximity to waterways; access to rivers and canals § Geographical distribution of coal, iron, and timber § Urbanization § Improved agricultural productivity § Legal protection of private property § Access to foreign resources § Accumulation of capital

8.8 Explain the causes of the end of the Cold War.

Advances in U.S. military and technological development, the Soviet Union's costly and ultimately failed invasion of Afghanistan, and public discontent and economic weakness in communist countries led to the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union.

8.7 Explain various reactions to existing power structures in the period after 1900.

Although conflict dominated much of the 20th century, many individuals and groups— including states—opposed this trend. Some individuals and groups, however, intensified the conflicts. Groups and individuals challenged the many wars of the century, and some, such as Mohandas Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., and Nelson Mandela, promoted the practice of nonviolence as a way to bring about political change. Militaries and militarized states often responded to the proliferation of conflicts in ways that further intensified conflict. Some movements used violence against civilians in an effort to achieve political aims.

7.8 Genocide, ethnic violence, or attempted destruction of specific populations:

Armenians in the Ottoman Empire during and after World War I

8.4 Explain the causes and consequences of China's adoption of communism.

As a result of internal tension and Japanese aggression, Chinese communists seized power. These changes in China eventually led to communist revolution. In communist China, the government controlled the national economy through the Great Leap Forward, often implementing repressive policies, with negative repercussions for the population.

9.3 Explain the causes and effects of environmental changes in the period from 1900 to present.

As human activity contributed to deforestation, desertification, a decline in air quality, and increased consumption of the world's supply of fresh water, humans competed over these and other resources more intensely than ever before. The release of greenhouse gases and pollutants into the atmosphere contributed to debates about the nature and causes of climate change.

5.6 Explain the causes and effects of economic strategies of different states and empires.

As the influence of the Industrial Revolution grew, a small number of states and governments promoted their own statesponsored visions of industrialization.

7.5 Explain the continuities and changes in territorial holdings from 1900 to the present.

Between the two world wars, Western and Japanese imperial states predominantly maintained control over colonial holdings; in some cases, they gained additional territories through conquest or treaty settlement and in other cases faced anti-imperial resistance.

6.5 Industrialized states practicing economic imperialism

Britain and France expanding their influence in China through the Opium Wars

8.7 Responses that intensified conflict:

Chile under Augusto Pinochet

6.7 Migrant ethnic enclaves:

Chinese in Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, South America, and North America

8.4 land and resource redistribution

Communist Revolution for Vietnamese independence

9.2 Explain how environmental factors affected human populations over time.

Diseases, as well as medical and scientific developments, had significant effects on populations around the world. Diseases associated with poverty persisted while other diseases emerged as new epidemics and threats to human populations, in some cases leading to social disruption. These outbreaks spurred technological and medical advances. Some diseases occurred at higher incidence merely because of increased longevity.

5.1 Explain how the Enlightenment affected societies over time.

Enlightenment ideas and religious ideals influenced various reform movements. These reform movements contributed to the expansion of rights, as seen in expanded suffrage, the abolition of slavery, and the end of serfdom.

5.1 Explain the intellectual and ideological context in which revolutions swept the Atlantic world from 1750 to 1900.

Enlightenment philosophies applied new ways of understanding and empiricist approaches to both the natural world and human relationships; they also reexamined the role that religion played in public life and emphasized the importance of reason. Philosophers developed new political ideas about the individual, natural rights, and the social contract.

6.3 new states

Establishment of independent states in the Balkans

7.4 Explain how different governments responded to economic crisis after 1900.

Following World War I and the onset of the Great Depression, governments began to take a more active role in economic life. In the Soviet Union, the government controlled the national economy through the Five Year Plans, often implementing repressive policies, with negative repercussions for the population.

8.6 Governments guiding economic life:

Gamal Abdel Nasser's promotion of economic development in Egypt

8.1 Explain the historical context of the Cold War after 1945.

Hopes for greater self-government were largely unfulfilled following World War I; however, in the years following World War II, increasing anti-imperialist sentiment contributed to the dissolution of empires and the restructuring of states. Technological and economic gains experienced during World War II by the victorious nations shifted the global balance of power.

9.4 Explain the continuities and changes in the global economy from 1900 to present.

In a trend accelerated by the end of the Cold War, many governments encouraged freemarket economic policies and promoted economic liberalization in the late 20th century. In the late 20th century, revolutions in information and communications technology led to the growth of knowledge economies in some regions, while industrial production and manufacturing were increasingly situated in Asia and Latin America. Changing economic institutions, multinational corporations, and regional trade agreements reflected the spread of principles and practices associated with free-market economics throughout the world.

8.6 Explain the economic changes and continuities resulting from the process of decolonization.

In newly independent states after World War II, governments often took on a strong role in guiding economic life to promote development. The migration of former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles (the former colonizing country), usually in the major cities, maintained cultural and economic ties between the colony and the metropole even after the dissolution of empires.

5.8 Explain the causes and effects of calls for changes in industrial societies from 1750 to 1900.

In response to the social and economic changes brought about by industrial capitalism, some governments, organizations, and individuals promoted various types of political, social, educational, and urban reforms. In industrialized states, many workers organized themselves, often in labor unions, to improve working conditions, limit hours, and gain higher wages. Workers' movements and political parties emerged in different areas, promoting alternative visions of society. Discontent with established power structures encouraged the development of various ideologies, including those espoused by Karl Marx, and the ideas of socialism and communism. In response to the expansion of industrializing states, some governments in Asia and Africa, including the Ottoman Empire and Qing China, sought to reform and modernize their economies and militaries. Reform efforts were often resisted by some members of government or established elite groups.

6.3 Explain how and why internal and external factors have influenced the process of state building from 1750 to 1900.

Increasing questions about political authority and growing nationalism contributed to anticolonial movements. Anti-imperial resistance took various forms, including direct resistance within empires and the creation of new states on the peripheries. Increasing discontent with imperial rule led to rebellions, some of which were influenced by religious ideas.

6.5 Explain how various economic factors contributed to the development of the global economy from 1750 to 1900.

Industrialized states and businesses within those states practiced economic imperialism primarily in Asia and Latin America. Trade in some commodities was organized in a way that gave merchants and companies based in Europe and the U.S. a distinct economic advantage.

6.6 Return of migrants

Japanese agricultural workers in the Pacific

6.6 Japanese agricultural workers in the Pacific

Many individuals chose freely to relocate, often in search of work. The new global capitalist economy continued to rely on coerced and semicoerced labor migration, including enslavement Chinese and Indian indentured servitude, and convict labor

6.7 Explain how and why new patterns of migration affected society from 1750 to 1900.

Migrants tended to be male, leaving women to take on new roles in the home society that had been formerly occupied by men. Migrants often created ethnic enclaves in different parts of the world that helped transplant their culture into new environments. Receiving societies did not always embrace immigrants, as seen in the various degrees of ethnic and racial prejudice and the ways states attempted to regulate the increased flow of people across their borders.

6.6 Explain how various environmental factors contributed to the development of varied patterns of migration from 1750 to 1900.

Migration in many cases was influenced by changes in demographics in both industrialized and unindustrialized societies that presented challenges to existing patterns of living. Because of the nature of new modes of transportation, both internal and external migrants increasingly relocated to cities. This pattern contributed to the significant global urbanization of the 19th century. The new methods of transportation also allowed for many migrants to return, periodically or permanently, to their home societies.

8.4 Explain the causes and effects of movements to redistribute economic resources.

Movements to redistribute land and resources developed within states in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, sometimes advocating communism or socialism.

5.6 State-sponsored visions of industrialization:

Muhammad Ali's development of a cotton textile industry in Egypt

8.5 Compare the processes by which various peoples pursued independence after 1900.

Nationalist leaders and parties in Asia and Africa sought varying degrees of autonomy within or independence from imperial rule. After the end of World War II, some colonies negotiated their independence, while others achieved independence through armed struggle. Regional, religious, and ethnic movements challenged colonial rule and inherited imperial boundaries. Some of these movements advocated for autonomy.

9.8 Explain how and why globalization changed international interactions among states.

New international organizations, including the United Nations, formed with the stated goal of maintaining world peace and facilitating international cooperation.

9.1 Explain how the development of new technologies changed the world from 1900 to present.

New modes of communication—including radio communication, cellular communication, and the internet—as well as transportation, including air travel and shipping containers, reduced the problem of geographic distance. Energy technologies, including the use of petroleum and nuclear power, raised productivity and increased the production of material goods. More effective forms of birth control gave women greater control over fertility, transformed reproductive practices, and contributed to declining rates of fertility in much of the world. The Green Revolution and commercial agriculture increased productivity and sustained the earth's growing population as it spread chemically and genetically modified forms of agriculture. Medical innovations, including vaccines and antibiotics, increased the ability of humans to survive and live longer lives.

5.9 Explain how industrialization caused change in existing social hierarchies and standards of living.

New social classes, including the middle class and the industrial working class, developed. While women and often children in working class families typically held wage-earning jobs to supplement their families' income, middle-class women who did not have the same economic demands to satisfy were increasingly limited to roles in the household or roles focused on child development. The rapid urbanization that accompanied global capitalism at times led to a variety of challenges, including pollution, poverty, increased crime, public health crises, housing shortages, and insufficient infrastructure to accommodate urban growth.

5.2 Explain causes and effects of the various revolutions in the period from 1750 to 1900.

People around the world developed a new sense of commonality based on language, religion, social customs, and territory. This was sometimes harnessed by governments to foster a sense of unity. The ideas of Enlightenment philosophers, as reflected in revolutionary documents— including the American Declaration of Independence during the American Revolution, the French "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen" during the French Revolution, and Bolívar's "Letter from Jamaica" on the eve of the Latin American revolutions— influenced resistance to existing political authority, often in pursuit of independence and democratic ideals.

8.9 Explain the extent to which the effects of the Cold War were similar in the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.

Peoples and states around the world challenged the existing political and social order in varying ways, leading to unprecedented worldwide conflicts. Hopes for greater self-government were largely unfulfilled following the World War I; however, in the years following the World War II, increasing antiimperialist sentiment contributed to the dissolution of empires and the restructuring of states. The Cold War conflict extended beyond its basic ideological origins to have profound effects on economic, political, social, and cultural aspects of global events. The role of the state in the domestic economy varied, and new institutions of global association emerged and continued to develop throughout the century. States responded in a variety of ways to the economic challenges of the 20th century.

9.6 Explain how and why globalization changed culture over time.

Political and social changes of the 20th century led to changes in the arts and in the second half of the century, popular and consumer culture became more global. Arts, entertainment, and popular culture increasingly reflected the influence of a globalized society. Consumer culture became globalized and transcended national borders.

9.9 Explain the extent to which science and technology brought change in the period from 1900 to the present.

Rapid advances in science and technology altered the understanding of the universe and the natural world and led to advances in communication, transportation, industry, agriculture, and medicine. New modes of communication— including radio communication, cellular communication, and the internet—as well as transportation, including air travel and shipping containers, reduced the problem of geographic distance. Energy technologies, including the use of petroleum and nuclear power, raised productivity and increased the production of material goods. More effective forms of birth control gave women greater control over fertility, transformed reproductive practices, and contributed to declining rates of fertility in much of the world.

7.9 Explain the relative significance of the causes of global conflict in the period 1900 to the present.

Rapid advances in science and technology altered the understanding of the universe and the natural world and led to advances in communication, transportation, industry, agriculture, and medicine. Peoples and states around the world challenged the existing political and social order in varying ways, leading to unprecedented worldwide conflicts. The West dominated the global political order at the beginning of the 20th century, but both land-based and maritime empires gave way to new states by the century's end. The older, land-based Ottoman, Russian, and Qing empires collapsed due to a combination of internal and external factors. These changes in Russia eventually led to communist revolution. States around the world challenged the existing political and social order, including the Mexican Revolution that arose as a result of political crisis.

9.7 Explain the various responses to increasing globalization from 1900 to present.

Responses to rising cultural and economic globalization took a variety of forms.

9.5 Explain how social categories, roles, and practices have been maintained and challenged over time.

Rights-based discourses challenged old assumptions about race, class, gender, and religion. In much of the world, access to education as well as participation in new political and professional roles became more inclusive in terms of race, class, gender, and religion. Movements throughout the world protested the inequality of the environmental and economic consequences of global integration.

6.4 Resource export economies:

Rubber extraction in the Amazon and the Congo basin

6.2 Non-state to state colonial control:

Shift from the private ownership of the Congo by King Leopold II to the Belgium government

5.4 Decline of Middle Eastern and Asian share in global manufacturing:

Shipbuilding in India and Southeast Asia

6.2 Compare processes by which state power shifted in various parts of the world from 1750 to 1900.

Some states with existing colonies strengthened their control over those colonies and in some cases assumed direct control over colonies previously held by non-state entities. European states as well as the United States and Japan acquired territories throughout Asia and the Pacific, while Spanish and Portuguese influence declined. Many European states used both warfare and diplomacy to expand their empires in Africa. Europeans established settler colonies in some parts of their empires. The United States, Russia, and Japan expanded their land holdings by conquering and settling neighboring territories.

8.2 Non-Aligned Movement:

Sukarno in Indonesia

8.3 Compare the ways in which the United States and the Soviet Union sought to maintain influence over the course of the Cold War

The Cold War produced new military alliances, including NATO and the Warsaw Pact, and led to nuclear proliferation and proxy wars between and within postcolonial states in Latin America, Africa, and Asia.

8.5 illustrative example

The Indian National Congress negotiated independence from Britain

9.5 Challenges to assumptions about race, class, gender, and religion:

The U.N. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, especially as it sought to protect the rights of children, women, and refugees

9.4 Governments' increased encouragement of free-market policies:

The United States under Ronald Reagan

7.1 Explain how internal and external factors contributed to change in various states after 1900.

The West dominated the global political order at the beginning of the 20th century, but both land-based and maritime empires gave way to new states by the century's end. The older, land-based Ottoman, Russian, and Qing empires collapsed due to a combination of internal and external factors. These changes in Russia eventually led to communist revolution. States around the world challenged the existing political and social order, including the Mexican Revolution that arose as a result of political crisis.

7.2 Explain the causes and consequences of World War I

The causes of World War I included imperialist expansion and competition for resources. In addition, territorial and regional conflicts combined with a flawed alliance system and intense nationalism to escalate the tensions into global conflict.

7.6 Explain the causes and consequences of World War II.

The causes of World War II included the unsustainable peace settlement after World War I, the global economic crisis engendered by the Great Depression, continued imperialist aspirations, and especially the rise to power of fascist and totalitarian regimes that resulted in the aggressive militarism of Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler

6.8 Explain the relative significance of the effects of imperialism from 1750 to 1900.

The development of industrial capitalism led to increased standards of living for some, and to continued improvement in manufacturing methods that increased the availability, affordability, and variety of consumer goods. As states industrialized, they also expanded existing overseas empires and established new colonies and transoceanic relationships. The 18th century marked the beginning of an intense period of revolution and rebellion against existing governments, leading to the establishment of new nation-states around the world. As a result of the emergence of transoceanic empires and a global capitalist economy, migration patterns changed dramatically, and the numbers of migrants increased significantly

5.10 Explain the extent to which industrialization brought change from 1750 to 1900.

The development of industrial capitalism led to increased standards of living for some, and to continued improvement in manufacturing methods that increased the availability, affordability, and variety of consumer goods. Railroads, steamships, and the telegraph made exploration, development, and communication possible in interior regions globally, which led to increased trade and migration. The 18th century marked the beginning of an intense period of revolution and rebellion against existing governments, leading to the establishment of new nation-states around the world. Enlightenment philosophies applied new ways of understanding and empiricist approaches to both the natural world and human relationships; they also reexamined the role that religion played in public life and emphasized the importance of reason. Philosophers developed new political ideas about the individual, natural rights, and the social contract.

5.5 Explain how technology shaped economic production over time.

The development of machines, including steam engines and the internal combustion engine, made it possible to take advantage of both existing and vast newly discovered resources of energy stored in fossil fuels, specifically coal and oil. The fossil fuels revolution greatly increased the energy available to human societies.

8.2 Explain the causes and effects of the ideological struggle of the Cold War.

The global balance of economic and political power shifted during and after World War II and rapidly evolved into the Cold War. The democracy of the United States and the authoritarian communist Soviet Union emerged as superpowers, which led to ideological conflict and a power struggle between capitalism and communism across the globe. Groups and individuals, including the Non-Aligned Movement, opposed and promoted alternatives to the existing economic, political, and social orders.

6.4 Explain how various environmental factors contributed to the development of the global economy from 1750 to 1900.

The need for raw materials for factories and increased food supplies for the growing population in urban centers led to the growth of export economies around the world that specialized in commercial extraction of natural resources and the production of food and industrial crops. The profits from these raw materials were used to purchase finished goods.

7.4 Government intervention in the economy

The new deal: A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

5.4 Explain how different modes and locations of production have developed and changed over time.

The rapid development of steam-powered industrial production in European countries and the U.S. contributed to the increase in these regions' share of global manufacturing during the first Industrial Revolution. While Middle Eastern and Asian countries continued to produce manufactured goods, these regions' share in global manufacturing declined.

8.6 Explain how political changes in the period from c. 1900 to the present led to territorial, demographic, and nationalist developments.

The redrawing of political boundaries after the withdrawal of former colonial authorities led to the creation of new states. The redrawing of political boundaries in some cases led to conflict as well as population displacement and/or resettlements, including those related to the Partition of India and the creation of the state of Israel.

7.8 Explain the various causes and consequences of mass atrocities in the period from 1900 to the present.

The rise of extremist groups in power led to the attempted destruction of specific populations, notably the Nazi killing of the Jews in the Holocaust during World War II, and to other atrocities, acts of genocide, or ethnic violence.

7.5 territorial gains

Transfer of former German colonies to Great Britain and France under the system of League of Nations mandates

5.7 Explain the development of economic systems, ideologies, and institutions and how they contributed to change in the period from 1750 to 1900.

Western European countries began abandoning mercantilism and adopting free trade policies, partly in response to the growing acceptance of Adam Smith's theories of laissez-faire capitalism and free markets. The global nature of trade and production contributed to the proliferation of large-scale transnational businesses that relied on new practices in banking and finance. The development of industrial capitalism led to increased standards of living for some, and to continued improvement in manufacturing methods that increased the availability, affordability, and variety of consumer goods.

7.3 Explain how governments used a variety of methods to conduct war.

World War I was the first total war. Governments used a variety of strategies, including political propaganda, art, media, and intensified forms of nationalism, to mobilize populations (both in the home countries and the colonies) for the purpose of waging war. New military technology led to increased levels of wartime casualties.

7.7 Explain similarities and differences in how governments used a variety of methods to conduct war.

World War II was a total war. Governments used a variety of strategies, including political propaganda, art, media, and intensified forms of nationalism, to mobilize populations (both in the home countries and the colonies or former colonies) for the purpose of waging war. Governments used ideologies, including fascism and communism to mobilize all of their state's resources for war and, in the case of totalitarian states, to repress basic freedoms and dominate many aspects of daily life during the course of the conflicts and beyond. New military technology and new tactics, including the atomic bomb, fire-bombing, and the waging of "total war" led to increased levels of wartime casualties.

8.6 States created by redrawing of political boundaries:

isreal cambonia pakistan

8.3 Proxy wars:

korean war angolan civil war Sandinista-Contras conflict in Nicaragua

9.2 diseases associated with poverty

malaria Tuberculosis cholera

9.7 Responses to economic globalization:

§ Anti-IMF and anti-World Bank activism

7.7 Western democracies mobilizing for war:

§ Great Britain under Winston Churchill

5.7 Transnational businesses

§ Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC)