WHAP Unit 1 - 6 vocab

Bhakti Movement

DEF: An immensely popular development in Hinduism in South India and spreading northward, it advocated intense devotion toward a particular deity SIG: a reforming movement within Hinduism which advocated personal devotion to a deity as the means to achieve moksha, it may have developed as a response to Sufi Islam which also advocated a personal relationship to God to achieve salvation

Srivijaya Empire

DEF: Hindu/Buddhist state that controlled modern-day Indonesia and much of the Malay Archipelago from the 7th to 12th centuries, heavily trading with India and China while incorporating Buddhist and Chinese political practices into their traditions. SIG: demonstrated continuity, innovation and diversity with the states from which it gained its major influences, leading to the emergence of a syncretistic new Southeast Asian culture; even after their demise the trade routes they established continued to be used even into the modern era

Mali Empire

DEF: The kingdom in West Africa that followed the Kingdom of Ghana SIG: its wealth was also based on trans-Saharan trade; it also encouraged the spread of Islam brought into Africa by merchants and adopted by the elite and upper class people

Muslim Iberia/Al-Andalus

DEF: a medieval Muslim territory and cultural domain occupying at its peak most of what are today Spain and Portugal SIG: served as a conduit for innovation and scholarship into Europe, formation of a syncretic culture blending Arabic, Christian and Jewish influences which influenced Spain even after Christians regained control

Sultanate of Melacca

DEF: a small fishing village that eventually became a kingdom after the arrival of a Hindu prince from nearby Srivijaya Sig: it controlled the Malaccan straits and in essence the sea trade route between India and China, which allowed it to become very rich and experience a Golden Age

Bananas in Africa

DEF: brought into Madagascar (and from there the rest of Africa) by the Malays of southeast Asia Sig: this helped increase the population of Africa to 17 million due to its nutritional value; this diffusion was a result of the Malays traveling on the Indian Ocean Trade routes

Compass and Astrolabe

DEF: instruments that allowed travelers to determine direction and latitude, respectively Sig: innovations that significantly increased trade of both luxury and mass market products on the Indian Ocean

Diasporic Communities

DEF: merchant communities on the Indian Ocean that introduced their own cultures into local cultures and were themselves influenced by local cultures SIG: a significant effect of the growth of the Indian Ocean Trade Network, that saw the spread of Islam to east Africa and Southeast Asia, and Buddhism from India to Southeast Asia, as well as Chinese merchants to Southeast Asia, leading to the emergence of syncretic cultures in these places

Swahili City-States of East Africa

DEF: with the arrival of Arab merchants, the Africans in this area began to trade on the Indian Ocean trade network Sig: Indian Ocean trade allowed for the flourishing of these states while also helping to create a syncretic culture combining Arabic and Bantu

Ibn Battuta

Def: 14th century Muslim scholar and traveler from Morocco (North Africa) who traversed all of the Dar al Islam (from West Africa to India) on the trade routes; most celebrated Muslim traveler of the postclassical world Sig: he promoted the proper observance of Islam wherever he went, such as modesty of dress in West Africa and the islands of SE Asia; was highly critical of the syncretic nature of Islam in places like India and West Africa

Ana Nzinga

Def: 17th century Angolan queen who fought internal and neighboring enemies by partnering with the Portuguese and then partnering with the Dutch to unsuccessfully stop the Portuguese from taking over her country Sig: resistance to European expansion by a powerful female African monarch who took over a neighboring country (Matamba) and established it as a trading power and the gateway to the Central African interior while stirring rebellions against the Portuguese who had taken over her native Ndongo homeland

Ottoman-Safavid Conflict

Def: A century-long conflict from 1534-1639 in which the Sunni Ottomans fought the Shiite Safavids over control of Mesopotamia Sig: it was a political and religious dispute between two groups descended from Central Asian Turks, it led to emerging Iranian nationalism as a Shi'ite Islamic state struggling against its Sunni neighbors

Atlantic Trading System

Def: A triangle trading system on which Africa depended on goods, the Americas depended on slaves, and Europe depended on cash crops Sig: brought about the dominance of Northern European countries in global trade and as the masters of the American colonies

United Fruit Company

Def: American corporation that traded in tropical fruit (primarily bananas), grown on Central and South American plantations, and sold in the United States and Europe; until the 1970s, it dominated 90% of the global banana market Sig: dominated portions of a dozen countries in the Western Hemisphere through repressive methods, both by supporting right wing dictators and using paternalism and violence to control workers; laid the framework for modern multinational corporations

House of Wisdom

Def: An academic center for research and translation of foreign texts that was established in Baghdad in 830 C.E. by an Abbasid ruler. Sig: home of ancient and modern learning during the Islamic Golden Age, preserving important works of European and Middle Eastern scholarship during the Dark Ages, which were later transferred back to Europe to kick off the Renaissance era there

Seljuk Empire

Def: An empire formed by Turkish and Persian Sunni Muslims, lasting from 1037 to 1194 A.D. Sig: the fragmentation of the Abbasid Caliphate allowed for the Seljuk and other Turkish peoples to emerge and create powerful new political entities

Camel Saddle

Def: An invention which gives camel riders more stability on the animal and its invention and basic idea traveled along the Trans-Saharan Caravan Trade Route SIG: allowed for trade to extend into Africa from Asia by making it possible for traders to comfortably travel over the dry Sahara desert for long periods of time

Dar-al-Islam

Def: Arabic term referring to the "house of Islam" and the lands under Islamic rule Sig: influenced by Persian administrative techniques and ideas of kingship, language, and literature; Indian mathematics; Greek philosophy and medicine; and Chinese technologies (gunpowder and paper)

Ottoman Tax Farming

Def: Assigned to holders who paid fixed annual sums to the empire's central treasury in exchange for use of the property and the right to collect taxes for the empire - they were able to keep a portion of their collections as profit Sig: The assignment of tax farmers to the land of existing nobles (timars) led to the decline in the power of the timars to influence the Sultan

Mamluk Sultanate

Def: Central Asian nomads (of Turkic lineage) who came as slaves to Egypt but eventually overthrew their masters and built their own Islamic dynasty lasting 300 years Sig: their military techniques and innovation allowed them to defeat both the Mongols from Asia and the Crusaders from Europe, preventing both groups from conquering Egypt

Gunpowder

Def: Chinese invention of explosive powder that was in use during the Tang dynasty but utilized as a weapon by the Song Sig: reached Europe by 1258 in large part due to the Mongols; ultimately played a key role in European conquest of the Americas

Neo-Confucianism

Def: Emerged In the late Tang and Song dynasties as Chinese scholars combined Confucian beliefs with Buddhist writings and Doaist principles and reinvigorated the traditional civil service exam process to staff the government bureaucracy Sig: shows Buddhism's lasting influence on the Chinese sociopolitical structure and throughout East Asia, including its transference to Korea and Japan; this philosophy remained important in China until early 20th century

Heian Period (794-1185 CE) Japan

Def: Golden Age of Japan, when the Japanese voluntarily adopted the Chinese pattern of centralized government from the Tang Dynasty and oversaw the publishing of one of the greatest works of literature, The Tale of Genji Sig: in the earlier part of this timeframe, Buddhism also diffused into the country from China when the Japanese were dealing with social upheaval and infighting amongst is many warlords

Filial Piety

Def: In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors. Sig: A continuity in Chinese culture, it also influenced the traditions of neighboring regions

Communism

Def: Inspired by Karl Marx's "Communist Manifesto", this is a totalitarian system of government in which a single authoritarian party controls state-owned means of production and controls all sociopolitical facets of the country on behalf of the previously exploited lower classes Sig: inspired many local resistance movements to capitalism; was the theory of the Bolsheviks in Russia that overthrew the czarist government to establish the Soviet Union, and spread around the globe; this spread led to competition between democratic Western nations and communist Eastern nations known as the Cold War

Serfdom

Def: Institution in which a peasant is attached to a feudal estate Sig: given that Europe was largely an agricultural society, and with no unifying political power, manor lords were dependent on the production of food by peasants and coerced labor, which were serfs

Sharia

Def: Islamic canonical law based on the teachings of the Koran and the traditions of the Prophet Mohammed; prescribes both religious and secular duties and sometimes retributive penalties for lawbreaking. Sig: along with the Quran, this emphasized patriarchy, patrilineage, male inheritance, and control of women by male guardians

The Silk Roads

Def: the world's most extensive network of land exchange until the 15-16th century, which brought great wealth and power to those who controlled it Sig: facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas and disease across long distances and it promoted the growth of powerful new trading cities.

Sufism

Def: Islamic sect whose members who saw the worldly success of Islam as a distraction and deviation from the pure spirituality of Mohammed's time; focused on a mystical and spiritual union with Allah rather than a strict interpretation of Islam Sig: succeeded in converting people in India, sub-Saharan Africa, and southeastern Asia between 1000 to 1500 by incorporating local traditions into Islam; considered by the ulama to be almost heretical because of their disregard for orthodoxy in favor of spirituality

Marco Polo

Def: Italian merchant who traveled from Italy to China during Mongol rule and stayed at the court of Yuan emperor Kublai Khan for years; stories of his travels on the Silk Roads and the Indian Ocean Trade Network were accumulated in a book and rapidly circulated throughout Europe Sig: introduced readers to the rich world of the Chinese and their customs, advanced technologies and luxury products; inspired Columbus and others to find a passage to the East

Kingdom of Kongo

Def: Kingdom dominating small states along the Congo River that maintained effective, centralized government and a royal currency until the seventeenth century Sig: grew as a result of its participation in the Atlantic slave trade but also challenged the Portuguese by pushing for the slave trade to be subjected to/limited by Kongolese laws

Zheng He

Def: Muslim eunuch and Chinese admiral who commanded an extensive naval fleet of junks on seven exploratory voyages as far as Eastern Africa to establish tributary relationships between 1405 and 1433 (during the Ming dynasty) Sig: demonstrated China's ability to be a military, political, and economic power in the Indian Ocean

Mongol Khanates

Def: New imperial states that arose after Genghis Khan and his descendants brought about the demise of existing post-classical empires; these became the Khanates of Chaghati, Golden Horde, the Great Khan and Il-khanate of Persia. Sig: They drew in new peoples into their economies and trade networks and guaranteed a time of peace and security, allowing Silk Roads trading to reach its peak

Manchus/Qing Dynasty (1636-1912)

Def: Nomadic people from north of the Great Wall who invaded China and established a dynasty, claiming the "Mandate of Heaven" and adopting the Confucian belief and political administration system Sig: opened up trade with Europeans and the limitations on the power and freedoms of the ethnic Chinese Han people, as well as intermarriage with them, dramatically increased the power of the dynasty during this time

Reconquista

Def: The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims and Jews out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492 Sig: evidence of differential treatment of religious groups in Spain that eventually led to their expulsion but also allowed for the Ottoman Empire to absorb them and their talents to their benefit (Jews were allowed their own self-governance in Ottoman lands)

Monsoon Winds

Def: The seasonal wind of the Indian Ocean and southern Asia, blowing from the southwest in summer and from the northeast in winter (aka rainy season). Sig: advanced environmental knowledge of phenomenons such as these allowed for expanded trade on the Indian Ocean

Lateen Sail

Def: Triangular sail that was developed in Indian Ocean trade that allowed a ship to sail against the wind Sig: a European technological development that was influenced by cross-cultural interactions with the Islamic and Asian world

Salaried Samurai

Def: Under the Tokugawa Shogunate, the importance of these individuals as mercenaries/warriors who reported only to their daimyo declined so they took paid jobs as bureaucrats within the government of the shogunate Sig: this was an effort by the Tokugawa government to minimize resistance from this warrior class and in effect, break the power hold of the daimyos who they served

Adam Smith

Def: a Scottish economist, Enlightenment philosopher and author as well as a moral philosopher who authored "The Wealth of Nations" Sig: Opposed mercantilism because he believed government should not have a hand in directing the economy (i.e. laissez faire); believed economy should be directed by consumers and supply and demand; credited for creating classical economics and championing capitalism

Transnational Business

Def: a business that operates in several different countries but has their primary office and headquarters in one country; the growth of the global nature of trade and production led to the increase in these businesses in the 19th century, as the influence of mercantilism and joint-stock companies decreased Sig: led to greater economic imperialism by several countries, including the United States, who used transnational businesses as a way to influence other countries; examples include HSBC, Unilever and the United Fruit Company

Simon Bolivar (1783-1830)

Def: a creole from South America who led a successful revolutionary movement against Spanish rule; for over a decade he led military campaigns against the Spanish, winning independence for Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia Sig: was inspired by the American and French Revolutions and Enlightenment ideals; desired to create a United States of Latin America but was hindered by nationalist sentiments, which led to the creation of individual nations instead

Catholic (Counter) Reformation

Def: a direct response by the Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation by attempting to reform the church to stop spread of Protestant ideas and win back converts Sig: new religious orders to gain conversions were founded, who were dedicated to the reaffirmed doctrines of the Catholic Church, which saw only minor reforms

Stock Market

Def: a general term used to describe all transactions involving the buying and selling of stock shares issued by a company; developed as a new financial instrument in the 19th century as a result of the new global nature of trade Sig: led to the growth of larger international and transnational corporations that increased the power of Western nations, such as the U.S.; led to the decrease of the power of traditional joint-stock companies

Casta System

Def: a hierarchical system of race classification created by Spanish elites in Hispanic America and the Philippines during the 17-18th centuries Sig: Was used for social control and determined a person's importance in society, thereby impacting every aspect of life, including economic status and taxation

Encomienda System

Def: a labor system that forced Native Americans to labor on land, typically originally given to conquistadors, as a cheap labor source Sig: harsh treatment led to Native Americans dying, leading to the increased importation of slaves from Africa

Volta del Mar

Def: a major step in the art/science of navigation perfected by Portuguese navigators in the mid-late 15th century, using the dependable phenomenon of the great permanent wind wheel, the North Atlantic Gyre Sig: the European sea empires would never have been established had the Europeans not figured out how the trade winds in the Atlantic worked

Mercantilism

Def: a new economic theory adopted by many Western European nations with the goal of maintaining a favorable trade balance- whereby a country exports more than it imports - in an effort to accumulate the most bullion (precious metals such as gold and silver) Sig: Through this process, European rulers expanded and controlled their economies and claimed overseas territories that were required to trade exclusively with their own mother country, thus encouraging competition and a race for conquest among the Western European nations

Liberalism

Def: a political ideology asserting that individuals possess certain rights such as liberty and equality and that the purpose of government is to protect these rights Sig: developed in response to the Enlightenment ideas and the changes brought about by the American and French Revolutions and reflective of the spread of transnational ideologies in this time period

Great Zimbabwe

Def: a powerful state that emerged in Southern Africa due to its wealth in gold and large cattle herds Sig: despite its interior location and distance from the Swahili states, it's participation in the Indian Ocean Trade through them led to its increasing prominence

Joint-Stock Companies

Def: a profitable commercial venture that enabled exploration by bringing together many investors and merchants in order to minimize the risks and costs of the investment (i.e. the Dutch East India Company and the British East India Company) Sig: a significant element of mercantilism and operated with their own military - brought raw materials, resources, and wealth back to the mother country, dramatically increasing European power around the world

Sultanate of Oman

Def: a prominent Indian Ocean Trade player located on the Strait of Hormuz in the middle east, all its ports faced the Indian Ocean and it was greatly involved in trade from East Africa to China Sign\: Defeated and occupied by the Portuguese from 1507-1648, it remerged as a Indian Ocean Trade power and ran the slave trade out of East Africa after kicking the Portuguese out and despite of growing European power in the Indian Ocean

Mahdist War (1881-99)

Def: a rebellion against the Khedivate of Egypt, and later the British by the Mahdist Sudanese in modern-day Sudan. Inspired by Islam, it was led by Muhammad Ahmad bin Abd Allah, who had proclaimed himself the "Mahdi" of Islam. Sig: it was a decisive rebellion against the imperialist forces of Britain, but it resulted in the creation of the jointly-ruled state of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, where the British and the Egyptians, where the British had de facto control over Sudan.

Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)

Def: a rebellion by Chinese peasants challenged and threatened the imperial rule of the Qing dynasty; the leaders of the revolt were heavily influenced by Christian teachings and offered ideas such as the redistribution of land, public education and rights for women Sig: although the rebellion was successful in gaining supporters and captured Nanjing, led to a tremendous loss of life; ultimately failed but forced the Qing to make reforms, such as the Self-Strengthening Movement

French Revolution (1789-1799)

Def: a rebellion of the common people against the absolute monarchy, church and aristocracy of France; caused primarily by increased taxation but lack of representation in government and excessive spending of the monarchy; began when the Third Estate broke off from the Estates General to form the National Assembly Sig: led to the downfall of the French monarchy and rise of a constitutional assembly; the Reign of Terror led to instability in the government and mass casualties; perpetuated Enlightenment ideals and spread revolutionary fervor through Europe

American Revolution (1775-1783)

Def: a revolutionary war raged by the British American colonists against their colonial power, Great Britain, that led to the successful independence of the United States from Great Britain Sig: influenced by Enlightenment ideals, revolutionary documents such as the "Declaration of Independence" were created that espoused ideas of freedom and liberty; the American Revolution influenced later revolutions including the French Revolution, Haitian Revolution and Latin American Revolutions

Ghost Dance

Def: a ritual the Sioux performed to bring back the buffalo and return the Native American tribes to their land; was a form of resistance against American westward expansion Sig: It signified native resistance against American expansionism and neocolonialism; resulted in multiple massacres of Native Americans in the U.S., as the American authorities misinterpreted the dance as a threat to the U.S. government.

The Crusades (1095-1291)

Def: a series of 5 holy wars declared by the Catholic Pope in which Crusaders (warriors wearing crosses) fought to take back the Holy Land (Palestine and Jerusalem) from the Muslims Sig: along with transfer of Greco-Islamic medical knowledge, luxurious eastern goods and technology diffused to Europe, generating a pressing need for Europeans to find a way to trade directly with the East instead of going through Muslim intermediaries

White Australia Policy

Def: a series of political policies instituted by the Australian government to prevent the further immigration of non-European people to Australia; caused due to the competition between laborers in the gold fields and sugar plantations. Sig: was heavily influenced by European ideals and racist ideologies such as the "White Man's Burden" and the Chinese Exclusion Acts

Maori Nationalism

Def: a series of protests of the native Maori New Zealand population against British colonial rulers; the Maori nationalists used petitions, court cases, deputations to the British monarch and New Zealand governments, passive resistance and boycotts to achieve independence as a separate Maori political system Sig: led to a series of conflicts and even violent revolts against the New Zealand government; the Maori population was not fully successful in achieving full independence, but eventually would receive land rights and greater political representation in New Zealand government

Social Darwinism

Def: theory based in part on Charles Darwin's theories of evolution and natural selection; the concept of "survival of the fittest" was was used to explain why some people where more successful than others Sig: this racial ideology served as justification for white European capitalist powers to control other nations and justify imperialism

Self-Strengthening Movement

Def: a series of reforms enacted by the Qing dynasty as a result of a series of unequal treaties and internal revolts; the reforms focused on the introduction of selective Western technology in the hopes of modernizing the nation Sig: had limited success (allowed China to bolster its military to a limited extent) but China remained an agrarian-based society centered on traditional Confucian thought

Latin American Revolutions

Def: a series of uprisings in the Spanish colonies of Latin America (1810-1826) that established the independence of new states from Spanish rule but that for the most part retained the privileges of the elites despite efforts at more radical social rebellion by the lower classes; these revolutions were inspired in part by the ideals spread from the American and French Revolutions Sig: led to the decrease of Spanish global power and the rise of many independent nations across Central and South America; however, many lower class peoples were still repressed and didn't truly gain political power or influence in these countries

Sikhism

Def: a syncretic belief system founded by Guru Nanak in the early 1500s in South Asia which blends elements of Hinduism and Islam into a single faith Sig: its rejection of the caste system and lesser patriarchal expectations made it appealing to Hindus, women, and merchants; was under attack by the Mughal empire since its inception, leading to longstanding Sikh/Muslim enmity

Devshirme

Def: a system developed by the Ottoman Empire which took non-Muslim children as an alternative tax to have them trained as Janissaries (soldiers trained to protect and serve the sultan) or to serve in the government Sig: system was utilized by Ottoman emperors to maintain centralized control over their culturally diverse populations

Feudalism

Def: a system in which land, a traditional source of power and legitimacy, was given in exchange for protection; lords lived off the surplus crops of their vassals Sig: this was the basis for the political and social order of medieval Europe where the local political and military authorities were powerful while a king, if any, had limited authority and power

Indentured Servitude

Def: a system of coerced labor in which people from Europe promised to work for a certain amount of time in the New World in exchange for their paid passage there Sig: developed due to a demand for cheap labor in North America but lasted for a short period of time, especially in the south, as plantation owners began looking for a cheaper supply of labor by the early 17th century- African slaves

Limited-Liability Corporation

Def: a type of business with limited liability for the owners, with the advantage of not paying corporate income tax; the owners of the company are not personally liable for any of the debt or other issues within a company Sig: developed in the 19th century as a new financial instrument and came to replace many joint-stock companies of earlier times; became increasingly popular in many western nations including the U.S.

Bills of Exchange

Def: a written order to a person requiring the person to make a specified payment to the signatory or to a named payee; a promissory note Sig: allowed for the growth of interregional trade by providing buyers and sellers over long distances with assurance that they would be paid for their investments

Mughal-Maratha Wars (1680-1707)

Def: aka Maratha War of Independence fought in response to Mughal expansionism over the Indian sub-continent Sig: the first significant resistance to Mughal rule by a Hindu kingdom, which then encroached on additional Mughal territory while other minor kingdoms elsewhere also began to assert their independence against the Mughals - beginning of the end of Mughal dominance over India and the beginning of British incursion into India

Enlightenment

Def: also known as the "Age of Reason"; period of time where thinkers began to apply principles of reason and nature to government, economics, etc.; thinkers such as John Locke, Montesquieu and Voltaire were among the most influential Sig: these ideas caused people to question and reject traditional forms of government, most notably absolutism; played a critical role in revolution and rebellion against existing governments, as well as the abolition of slavery, suffrage and the end of serfdom

Capitalism

Def: an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state Sig: was a direct result of Industrialization and Imperialism; the system spread, along with democracy, around the globe; heavily influenced globalization and led to direct competition with socialist countries and economies

Urbanization

Def: an increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements; during the Industrial Revolution, large amounts of the population migrated from rural areas to cities in search of work Sig: led to widespread poverty, overcrowding, crime, pollution and overall decrease in the standard of living in cities; many governments struggled to have the infrastructure in place to support the large migration of people

Sokoto Caliphate

Def: an independent Islamic Sunni Caliphate in West Africa, that came to occupy what is now modern-day Nigeria. Founded by Usman dan Fodio, an Islamic scholar, who conquered the Hausa people in the region, but was later overthrown by the British in 1903. Sig: the Caliphate created a unified political and economic policy while promoting a reformist Islamic movement; when the British overthrew the Caliphate, they retained the position of Sultan, which continues to be recognized on modern Nigeria today.

Cherokee Nation

Def: an independent established tribal state established in 1833 in modern-day Oklahoma after the passing of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 (Trail of Tears) forced thousands of Cherokee from their original homeland. Sig: it operated autonomously from the U.S. government, and established its own Supreme Court and Constitution. The Cherokee routinely fought for Native American rights and against the continued westward expansion of the U.S. government in the 19th century.

Carrack

Def: an innovative large merchant ship of a kind operating in European waters in the 14th to the 17th century Sig: was the model for the galleons used by the Spanish to haul new world wealth to Europe while defending themselves with cannons

Labor Unions

Def: an organized association of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests; these became more widespread in the late 19th century, as a result of the spread of socialist ideas and a resistance against abuses in the factory system and urban issues Sig: successfully led to widespread reform across many western countries, including a higher minimum-wage, child labor laws, better working conditions and hours; also further spread socialist ideas and led to widespread protests in several countries, including the U.S.

Tupac Amaru II Rebellion (1780-1781)

Def: an uprising of native and mestizo peasants against the Bourbon reforms of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Though Tupac Amaru II was captured and executed early into the rebellion, the revolt continued for a few years after his death. Sig: it lead to the deaths of at least 100,000 natives, but as a result the Peruvian government lessened the mit'a obligations of the natives and reorganized the government administration.

Creoles

Def: any white person of European descent (usually Spanish or French) born in the West Indies or certain parts of the Americas Sig: considered socially inferior to European-born residents of the colonies, peninsulares, as they received more land and power in the colonies

Settler Colonies

Def: areas outside of Europe in which so many European immigrants voluntarily settled that their numbers were large enough to secure political dominance, even if they were the minority amongst the indigenous population. Sig: these colonies included regions such as Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, where especially the British extended their dominance into the Pacific. It allowed for the quicker takeover of indigenous populations in these regions.

Banking Houses

Def: before this time period, there weren't many places to store money or exchange foreign currencies until the emergence of this commercial technology that allowed the lending of money, use of checks, and also let people store their money for safety Sig: played a big role in increasing Islamic and European trade, including luxury goods

Trading Post Empire

Def: began by the Portuguese who implemented control over trade routes from West Africa to East Asia by forcing merchant vessels to pay duties at fortified trading sites and buy safe-conduct passes to trade on the routes Sig: dramatically increased European power in these areas without the need to create land empires

Grand Canal

Def: connecting Hangzhou in southern China to Chang'an in northern China, this stretched 1,200 miles and was considered an engineering feat without comparison at that time Sig: made China the most commercialized economy in the world by creating a national economy based on trade

Delhi Sultanate

Def: descended from Central Asian nomads, this Islamic empire based in Delhi stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent for 320 years (1206-1526) Sig: the earliest forms of Indo-Islamic architecture emerged as did the greater use of mechanical technology, increased growth rates in India's population and economy, and the emergence of the Hindi-Urdu language, thus demonstrating continuous innovation and diversity

Sacking of Baghdad (1258)

Def: destroyed by the Mongols with the massacre of more than 200,000 people Sig: marked the final end of the crumbling Islamic Abbasid caliphate

Single-Whip Tax System

Def: due to a shortage of copper coins and falsification of records by local landholders, Ming policy starting in 1522 was to combine land and labor tax into one national tax to be paid in the form of silver Sig: prototype of the modern taxation system but also increased China's demand for New World and Japanese silver

Mita System

Def: economic system in Incan society where people paid taxes with their labor and what they produced; primarily used in the silver mines in South America Sig: adopted by the Spanish to use indigenous labor in encomienda - was in evidence in the mining for silver in Potosi

Plantation Economy

Def: economic system stretching between the Chesapeake Bay and Brazil that produced crops, especially sugar, cotton, and tobacco, using slave labor on large estates Sig: a significant factor driving the Columbian Exchange and the need for coerced slave labor

Second Industrial Revolution

Def: emerged with the invention of electricity and the production of steel, chemicals and precision machinery in the later 19th century Sig: created heavily industrialized nations and increased military power; created globally-dominated countries with the use of new technology and weaponry; spread capitalist ideals to a global market

Muhammad Ali

Def: ended traditional Egyptian society and Mamluk's rule after French occupation; made cotton the chief crop of Egypt but efforts to industrialize failed Sig: founded a dynasty which ruled Egypt from the early 19th to the mid-20th century; encouraged the emergence of the modern Egyptian state through economic, social and political reform

Aztecs (Mexica)

Def: established an empire from Tenochtitlan (modern day Mexico City) based on military conquest and the kidnapping of women and seizure land from neighbors Sig: tempted by its opulence and revolted by its human sacrifice rituals, Spaniard conquistador Hernan Cortes defeated the empire with aid from Aztec enemies

Inca Empire

Def: established in modern day Peru through military conquest; spanned 2500 miles north and south along the entire length of the west coast of South America; government consisted of military elites but armies consisted of conquered peoples Sig: had an advanced system of roads to facilitate communication, comparable to the Roman Empire; use of mit'a (compulsory labor service to the state in lieu of tribute) made the empire oppressive; fell to Spaniards under Francisco Pizarro

Champa Rice

Def: fast growing, drought-resistant rice imported into China from Vietnam Sig: considered an innovation in agriculture that resulted in increased productive capacity - could be harvested 2x a year, leading to an unprecedented population boom

Nationalism

Def: feeling of pride in one's nation; played a significant role in political movements throughout the late 18th and 19th centuries, including during the French Revolution and the unification movements in Germany and Italy Sig: beginning in the 1700s, this global trend emerged as people began to develop a new sense of identity based on shared language, religion, traditions and territory; influenced the Zionist movement, Sepoy Mutiny and the Tanzimat Reforms in the Ottoman Empire Nation-State (definition)

Protestant Reformation

Def: followed Martin Luther's publication of the 95 Theses and was a movement to reform the Catholic Church but it resulted in the second major split within Christianity instead Sig: each side branded the other as heretics and their own religion as the one true faith; led to the creation of new Protestant churches in England and Switzerland AND provided a motive to Catholics to earn more converts in America than the Protestants

Chinggis Khan

Def: founder of the Mongol empire and quintessential nomadic steppe warrior/military genius; name means "universal ruler" Sig: united thousands of fractious tribes and clans across Eurasia to create a single confederation in 1206 that overran China, Persia, Abbasid Caliphate, Russia and parts of Eastern Europe over the next few decades

Maroon societies

Def: from SE USA to Brazil, groups of runaway slaves who gathered in mountainous, forested, or swampy areas and formed their own self-governing communities, raided plantations for supplies, and used guerrilla warfare to defend themselves from slave owners and bounty hunters Sig: the existence of these continuities remained a continuous example of successful slave resistance to chattel slavery in the Americas

Civilizing Missions

Def: genuine but condescending sense of responsibility among Europeans to improve the "weaker races" by Christianizing them, and providing them with a measure of education, good government, work discipline, health care, etc. Sig: accompanied the notion of Social Darwinism and perpetuated the view of natives as "lazy" or "heathens; suppressed "native customs" that ran counter to Western ways of living in exchange for European values that were defined as "progress"

Columbian Exchange

Def: global exchange between the New and Old Worlds of plants, food, animals, people and diseases Sig: killed off the majority of the native populations in the Americas through disease and the food products exchanged increased global population while some of them led to the forced migration of many people, especially from Africa

Khubilai Khan

Def: grandson of (and greatest successor to) Chingghis Khan and overlord of all the Khannates across Eurasia; Yuan emperor in China who improved infrastructure, lowered taxes, promoted culture (including Confucianism, Daoism and Buddhism), and supported peasant agriculture Sig: completed the conquest of all of China, thus reuniting it for the first time since the Tang Dynasty; established what has become the modern capital of Beijing

Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement

Def: in 1856, a young girl in South Africa claimed to have a prophetic event, in which the spirit of a man told her that her entire village needed to kill off their cattle to have those to have been killed rise from the dead. This sent the region into a frenzy, and many people deliberately killed off their cattle and crops as a way to return their nation to its former glory. Sig: one of the first instances of mass resistance to Imperial powers, this was a way for the Xhosa people to resist the British rulers and overall European imperialism in Africa. However, thousands of people died of starvation as a result.

Caravanserai

Def: inn or rest station for merchants traveling alone or caravans Sig: allowed merchants of luxury goods to travel for trade more extensively, because of the added security of a place to rest, which allowed for the growth of inter-regional trade

Asante Kingdom

Def: kingdom that emerged in the 1700s in present-day Ghana Sig: it's activity in the Atlantic slave trade led to its growth and influence

Hacienda System

Def: large mostly self-sufficient profit-making estates (primarily agricultural plantations) Sig: tying the Native Americans into a peonage system of service (even as they called them 'free wage earners') led to many revolts even as the system endured into the late 20th century

1857 Indian Rebellion (Sepoy Mutiny)

Def: led by Indian soldiers against the British East India Company in protest of rules that threatened religious traditions, such as the sepoys' (Indian soldier) gun cartridges were greased in pig and cow fat, an insult to both Muslim and Hindu traditions. Sig: the BEIC quickly put down the revolt, but led to Britain taking direct political control of India; the revolt was reflective of a trend during this time period revealing increasing discontent with imperial rule

Boxer Rebellion (1899-1900)

Def: led by a group of the same name, who unsuccessfully tried to rid China of foreign influence but failed due to foreign forces moving quickly to put it down Sig: their defeat allowed foreigners to gain even more concessions from the Qing, thus further weakening the dynasty

Timbuktu

Def: located near the Niger River and one of the wealthiest cities in West Africa due to its location in the Trans-Saharan trade routes Sig: with the conversion of the Mali emperor to Islam in the mid-1330s, it became a leading cultural, intellectual, and religious center in Africa; declined with the increase in European trading posts along the coast of West Africa

Factory System

Def: method of manufacturing using machinery and division of labor; led to the significant increase in the mass production of goods, development of interchangeable parts and creation of the assembly line; emerged as a result of the Industrial Revolution Sig: increased the global economy and drive for a source for raw materials; harsh and dangerous working conditions led to the development of labor unions championing better pay and working conditions and governments passing legislation to protect workers

Wahhabism

Def: named for the teachings of strict Islamist scholar Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab in Saudi Arabia, who believed that non-Quranic practices, such as veneration of Sufi saints or the study of logic, were damaging to authentic Islam Sig: was a conservative backlash within Islam against more lax practices or way of life (i.e. women's rights dramatically decreased); the Saudi Wahhabis in Arabia became the chief challengers to the Ottoman Empire for the spiritual leadership of Islam and overseeing of Mecca

Junks

Def: oceangoing ships built in China during the Song Dynasty (capacity: 2700+ people) that utilized a magnetic compass, stern-mounted rudder, and gunpowder-propelled rockets Sig: helped to intensify and advance Chinese trade and tributary relationships further afield

Mary Wollstonecraft's "A Vindication of the Rights of Women" (1792)

Def: one of the earliest works of feminist philosophy; Wollstonecraft argues that all women should have the right to education, as they are the ones educating children; additionally, she argued that women have fundamentally the same rights as men. Sig: became extremely popular and initiated many debates across countries and the need for greater women's rights; influenced by revolutionary and Enlightenment ideals, the publication further spread ideas of freedom and equality around the globe.

Samarkand

Def: one of the most influential cities and trading centers on the Silk Roads and a cultural center for Islam in central Asia Sig: its growth was an effect of increased volume of trade, wealth and security on the Silk Roads

Bubonic Plague

Def: plague that killed a 1/3 - 1/2 of the population of Europe in the middle ages but also significantly affected Afro-Eurasia with mass deaths at various times over two thousand years Sig: most significant disease to spread through trade routes until the 20th century; known as the Black Death in Europe after it weakened Europe socially and economically and spelled the end of serfdom in Western Europe

"White Man's Burden"

Def: poem by Rudyard Kipling that explained why white Europeans (and Americans) had a moral responsibility to take control of weaker nations Sig: Christian missionaries were supportive of this moral duty, as they sought to bring Christianity to newly colonized lands and "civilize" the native people; spread racist and Eurocentric ideologies across the globe

Meiji Restoration (1868-1912)

Def: rebellion overthrew the shogun and established a government led by the emperor, who initiated a series of social, economic and political reform to modernize the nation by selectively borrowing Western ideas, including rapid industrialization and modernization of the military, to avoid the same fate as China Sig: began a foreign policy of empire building that would establish Japan as a global power into the 20th century and chief antagonist of the United States in the Pacific

Buddhism

Def: religion originated in India in the classical but spread to East Asia and Southeast Asia Sig: as it spread, its core beliefs continued to shape societies in Asia and resulted in multiple branches, such as Theravada in SE Asia and Mahayana in China

Trans-Saharan Trade Networks

Def: rose in prominence when the camel was introduced from Arabia, on which salt, gold, slaves and ivory from the south were exchanged for cloth, horses, olives and manufactured goods from the north Sig: connected the wealth of sub-Saharan Africa with Eurasia and facilitated the spread of Islam into Africa

Versailles Palace

Def: royal palace built during the reign of Louis XIV which he used to enforce his power and prestige and limited the power of his nobles by insisting they live in the palace under his watchful eyes Sig: an example of a monarch using monumental architecture to legitimize his rule

Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)

Def: saw the restoration of Confucian traditions after Mongol rule, as well as increased economic exchange outside of China and extensive overseas trade through the journeys of Zheng He Sig: after the date of Emperor Yongle, the dynasty abandoned international exchange and focused solely on internal affairs, allowing the Europeans to explore and dominate the Indian Ocean trade

Manorialism

Def: self-sufficient large estate consisting of fields, meadows, forests, domestic animals, lakes, rivers and serfs bound to the land who did all the agricultural labor Sig: in the absence of centralized political entities, these served as the residence of the nobles, who were political/military leaders, and the basic system of economy prevalent in Europe during the Middle Ages

"Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen" (1789)

Def: set forth by the National Assembly in 1789, this revolutionary document that was established during the French Revolution; it described ideals of natural rights, rights of man are universal and the protection of individuals under the law Sig: further spread Enlightenment ideals and influenced the eventual overthrow of the French monarchy; it influenced the spread of freedom and democracy around the globe into the 19th century, including Haiti

Caravel

Def: small oceangoing ships invented by the Portuguese in the 15th century which allowed them access to coastal waters and to explore upriver Sig: Allowed for the discovery and swift colonization of the Americas and elsewhere by Western European nations

Karl Marx

Def: socio-economic theorist that wrote the "Communist Manifesto" with Friedrich Engels; his ideas included and analyzation of class relations and social conflict to drive economic and governmental policy; belief that industrial capitalism is an inherently unstable system, doomed to fail through revolutionary upheaval by the proletariat, creating a classless society Sig: his ideas inspired socialist movements of workers and intellectuals during the Industrial Revolution in Europe; socialists created political parties in most European states and internationally; inspired many late 19th and early 20th century revolutionary movements

Jihad

Def: sometimes called the "sixth pillar of Islam," the primary meaning is to struggle against greed and selfishness towards a God-conscious life Sig: also means armed struggle against forces of unbelief and evil to establish Muslim rule and defend followers of Islam (the umma) from infidel (non-Muslim) aggression; controversial belief that has been linked to 20th century armed struggles between some Muslims and non-Muslims

Imperialism

Def: spurned by nationalist movements and racial ideologies, a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force Sig: led to an increased sense of competition as strong nations sought to expand their empires, creating new transoceanic empires in the Eastern Hemisphere; was a major cause of World War I

Footbinding

Def: starting in Song Dynasty China, the practice of binding women's feet to create 3" feet was associated with new ideals of female beauty and eroticism Sig: became a deep-rooted part of Chinese culture and elite society well into the 20th century and more importantly, it restricted women's movements to the "inner quarters" of the house to satisfy Confucian notions of patriarchy

Jizya

Def: tax paid by non-Muslims in conquered territories to maintain their own religious practices Sig: encouraged many conversions to Islam to avoid paying; source of contention between Muslims and their non-Muslim subjects

First Industrial Revolution

Def: technological innovations in the 1700s led to the industrialization and mass production of goods using machine power; was a gradual process that spread throughout western Europe to Russia, the U.S. and Japan Sig: revolutionized production of goods through machines such as the flying shuttle and spinning jenny; standard of living rose and rapid urbanization occurred as people moved to the cities to work in factories; led to the rise of the bourgeoisie; governments passed legislation to protect workers

King Leopold II

Def: the King of Belgium (r. 1865-1909). He was active in encouraging the exploration of Central Africa and became the infamous ruler of the Congo Free State (to 1908). He was a key player in the Scramble for Africa, and developing the rubber and ivory trade from the Congo. Sig: his brutal and violent tactics against the Congolese including cutting off the hands of workers who did not meet their rubber quota; these tactics led to the deaths of millions of Congolese and the eventual overtaking of the administration of the Congo Free State by the Belgian government.

Zulu Kingdom Rebellion (1872-1887)

Def: the Zulus began fighting in 1843, when Britain invaded Zululand; the Zulu king refused British demand that he disband his troops and the British fully invaded the country; led to a bloody conflict between the two sides Sig: the Zulu were forced to surrender at the hands of the British, annexing their land into the colony of the Union of South Africa in 1910; was one of a series of African rebellion movements against imperialist powers; spread African resentment of European colonization

Cartography

Def: the art and science of map-making and superimposing political, cultural, or other non-geographical divisions such as national borders on maps Sig: new techniques such as the Mercator projection allowed for a better understanding of land layout and led to increasing global exploration in the 16th-18th centuries

Socialism

Def: the belief that people should work toward the creation of a perfect society in which everyone was equal; encouraged workers to take control and create a classless society; pioneered by Karl Marx in his "Communist Manifesto" Sig: this theory gets adopted by the Bolsheviks in Russia and the later Soviet Union; spread largely due to unhappiness in existing forms of government and/or imperial rule

Specialization of Labor

Def: the breakdown of jobs into more narrow and specific tasks; rose with the prominence of the factory system in the 19th century, with certain workers taking on certain roles within the factory system Sig: led to the rise of factory jobs and increasing use of machinery for labor; eventually decreased human labor in favor of machinery and moving parts to create products

Syncretism

Def: the combining of different beliefs, religions and schools of thought into new belief systems, such as Santeria in Cuba and Vodun in Haiti (Catholicism+Native American+West African beliefs) Sig: these cultural blendings became a central feature of a country's identity, such as in Mexico and Cuba, and also allowed African slaves to secretly thwart the efforts of Spanish missionaries to convert them to Christianity

Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)

Def: the first colony in Latin America to gain its independence; leaders such as slave Toussaint-Louverture organized the revolt and they gained their independence from France in 1804 Sig: first well-known successful slave revolt; inspired slaves to challenge authority in other areas of the Americas while inspiring fear among the white ruling classes

Bourgeoisie

Def: the largely middle class who defended the French Revolution against the aristocracy; in Marxist ideology, a class or group of people committed to owning private-property Sig: later become termed as "capitalists" who, according to socialist ideology, exploited the labor of the working class to become wealthy, leading to issues such as poverty, inequality, etc.

Song Dynasty (China)

Def: the most significant state to emerge after the fall of the Han, it saw the unprecedented growth and diffusion of technology and another Golden Age of arts and literature Sig: oversaw the establishment of the best ordered and most commercialized state in the world at that time

Chattel Slavery

Def: the owning of human beings as property to be bought, sold, given, and inherited which came to rise as part of the Triangular Trade Sig: Enabled the increase of the plantation system and racial tensions

Economic Imperialism/Neocolonialism

Def: the policy in which one country gains control over another by making a weaker country dependent upon its manufactured goods while extracting its natural resources to supply its industry with raw materials (thus making the weaker country become an export economy) Sig: allowed for western European countries & the U.S. to gain more wealth and power but it also severely limited the dependant country's ability to create it's own industries and therefore strengthen its economy independently, which is the source of political and economic issues in many third world countries today

Absolutism

Def: the political theory that monarchs have complete control over their subjects by divine right Sig: this theory allowed many monarchs across Eurasia to consolidate their power at a time of remarkable change to their societies and to handle the religious diversity of their many subjects

Absolutism

Def: the political theory that monarchs have complete control over their subjects by divine right Sig: this theory allowed many monarchs across Europe and Asia to consolidate their power at a time of remarkable change to their societies and to handle the religious diversity of their many subjects

Cult of Domesticity

Def: the rise in America of an ideal of feminine behavior and womanliness in the period of 1820 to 1860; woman was portrayed as the chief homemaker and caregiver due to what was considered her "unique" moral and temperamental qualities Sig: propagated quickly through popular culture, such as magazines, newspapers, and fiction, to set the standard for the ideal woman; still influences conservative views of a woman's role in modern societies

Tokugawa Shogunate

Def: the unification of Japan in the 1500s under a military government led by the shogun (who had more power than the symbolic emperor he "reported" to) which brought nearly 300 years of peace and stability to the nation while decreasing the power of the landholders and the samurai warriors Sig: policies of this government included isolationism from trade with Europeans by only giving the Dutch the right to trade with Japan once a year

zamindar system

Def: this group was the noble ruling class under the Mughals, with most being former Indian princes whose sovereignty became limited and ultimately lost under British rule. Sig: the aristocrats were responsible for collecting taxes from the peasants living in their large tracts of land while keeping some of the money for themselves

Boyars

Def: traditional Russian landholding aristocrats Sig: their power would increasingly decrease as the Russian tsars adopted European traditions and increased their own autocratic powers

Turkic Peoples

Def: various clans and tribes of nomads of common origin who fanned west and south from their central Eurasian steppe homeland of Mongolia and southern Siberia; facilitated the spread of Islam in northern Eurasia after they converted between the 10th and 14th centuries Sig: became the third largest disseminator of Islam after Arabs and Persians, especially to Anatolia and Northern India; their language, culture, and religion spread widely over much of Inner Asia, becoming integrated in various agrarian civilizations and leading to innovation and diversity

Silver

Def: vital product of the Americas as mined by the Spanish in Mexico and Peru that was increasingly demanded in global exchange Sig: was the world's first global currency (coins called "pesos de ochos") that united the entire world in trade for the first time

"Letter from Jamaica" (1815)

Def: was a document written by Simon Bolivar in 1815; he explained his thoughts on Spanish power in the time period and the possible future of new states after the results of revolutions against Spain; he called for the support of Europe in the Latin American's struggle for independence against Spain Sig: heavily influenced by Enlightenment ideals and those revolutionary documents from the American and French Revolutions; Bolivar expressed ideas of equality under the law, democracy, and natural rights of all

Tanzimat

Def: was a period of reform in the Ottoman Empire through various attempts to modernize the empire, and secure its territorial integrity against internal nationalist movements and external aggressive powers. Sig: many overall reforms remained in place, including higher education, greater rights, and modern art, architecture, clothing and lifestyle were implemented. Though a constitution was implemented, the sultan's power remained largely untouched.

Yaa Asantewaa War

Def: was the final war in a series of conflicts between the British imperial government and the nation of Gold Coast and the Ashanti Empire. Led by warrior Queen Yaa Asantewaa, who led an army to defiantly fight the British and neocolonialism in the area. Sig: the British swiftly defeated the Asante people, which led to the Gold Coast and the Ashanti Empire becoming protectorates of the British crown; Yaa Asantewaa and other leaders were sent into exile. It is considered one of a series of major native rebellions against European imperialism.

Propaganda Movement (1872-1892)

Def: was the first Filipino nationalist movement and was led by mestizos and creoles who were relatively wealthy, and had been influenced by Enlightenment ideals spread around Europe. The leaders felt that the Philippines should be fully incorporated into Spain as a Spanish province, not as a colony, with the Filipinos granted the same rights as Spanish citizens Sig: the movement failed to succeed in granting the Philippines a territory of Spain, and remained a colony; however, the ideals of the movement spread nationalism throughout the Philippines and would later influence their fight for independence in 1896; Filipino cultural identity were also established as a result of this movement

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

Def: was the first significant law restricting immigration into the U.S. when west coast Americans blamed declining wages & economic problems on this population; Congress passed the act which suspended their immigration for ten years and prevented them from becoming citizens until 1943. Sig: led to a sharp decline in this population in the U.S. and laid the foundation for future immigration restrictions against other "undesirable" groups from the Eastern or Southern Hemisphere

Scramble for Africa

Def: was the occupation, division and colonization of the African continent by European powers following the Berlin Conference, during the period of New Imperialism between 1881-1914 Sig: increased European power in Africa and domination of trade and the supply of raw materials; reduced native populations by disease and warfare; significantly weakened African states (effects seen in modern-day) with a lack of industrialized economies

Indian Ocean Trade Network

Def: with the benefit of the monsoon winds, this boasted the largest volume of goods traded (esp. bulk items) amongst the largest number of people, with the interaction of the most diverse selection of cultures Sig: this trade route was not controlled by any particular state or empire and open to all for participation until the Europeans arrived

Olympe de Gouges "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Female Citizen"

Def: written in 1791 by French feminist and activist Olympe de Gouges in response to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen during the French Revolution; de Gouges hoped to expose the failure of the revolution in establishing gender equality in France and create more gender equality in the new French government Sig: as a result of her writings, de Gouges was immediately executed; it brought attention to a set of feminist concerns that collectively reflected and influenced the aims of many French Revolution activists; it helped to spread the ideas of feminism throughout Western Europe