Whap Unit 8 Test Review

Israel

A Jewish nation in the Middle East created after WWII and has seen conflict with Palestine

The author's opinion in the third paragraph regarding the caution that the United States was employing in supporting African independence movements is most directly explained in the context of which of the following developments in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War? (A) The United States had vastly more economic and military power than its European allies. (B) The United States and the Soviet Union preferred to engage in proxy wars rather than in direct conflict. (C) The United States used its influence in international organizations to rally support for its policies in Third World nations. (D) The United States used its intelligence agencies to overthrow regimes in Third World nations.

(A) The United States had vastly more economic and military power than its European allies.

Which of the following best explains how the historical situation in which Li Zhisui wrote his biography of Mao Zedong influenced Li's assessment of the experience of the Great Leap Forward? (A) Writing in the United States years after the events he described, Li Zhisui is free to offer his honest opinion, without fear of retaliation from the Chinese government. (B) Writing a biography of his former national leader, Li Zhisui is trying to portray Mao's policies from a loyal and sympathetic point of view. (C) Writing in the 1990s in the context of a deindustrializing United States economy, Li Zhisui is skeptical of the value of China becoming an industrial nation under Mao's rule. (D) Writing many years after the events he describes, Li Zhisui likely misremembers many of the actual details of the experience of Chinese industrialization under Mao's rule.

(A) Writing in the United States years after the events he described, Li Zhisui is free to offer his honest opinion, without fear of retaliation from the Chinese government.

Which of the following developments in the period after 1945 could most directly be used as evidence to challenge the author's assertion regarding the effects of British rule in India in the first two paragraphs? (A) After achieving independence, India remained economically tied to Great Britain by joining the British Commonwealth of Nations. (B) Great Britain's divide-and-rule strategy in India deepened religious tensions, leading to a partition of India that resulted in millions of people dying or ending up as refugees. (C) After achieving its independence, India joined the Non-Aligned Movement, a group of nation-states that refused to side with either the United States or the Soviet Union during the Cold War. (D) Indian leaders adopted the policies of many other postcolonial states by using government resources and policy to guide economic development.

(B) Great Britain's divide-and-rule strategy in India deepened religious tensions, leading to a partition of India that resulted in millions of people dying or ending up as refugees.

Which of the following would likely explain Gonzalo's theoretical discussion of the idea that "the party is not a mass party, though it has a mass character" during his answer to the first question? (A) His intended audience was indigenous peoples in impoverished areas of Peru who fought for the Shining Path movement. (B) His intended audience was leftist intellectuals in Latin America and other regions who sympathized with communist ideology. (C) His intended audience was liberal intellectuals in Latin American governments who knew little about the differences between Leninist and Maoist ideologies. (D) His intended audience was criminal organizations in Peru that had agreed to help the Shining Path movement

(B) His intended audience was leftist intellectuals in Latin America and other regions who sympathized with communist ideology.

The conference's decision to "endorse other methods," as mentioned in the second paragraph, is best explained in the context of which of the following? (A) The growth of the international arms trade provided armed groups in Africa with military superiority over European powers. (B) Many African colonies had failed to obtain the greater self-governance promised after the First World War and doubted that European powers would fulfill similar promises after the Second World War. (C) Many African societies had been strongly influenced by European methods of administration, economic and political philosophy, and culture. (D) The Non-Aligned Movement was attractive to many African societies

(B) Many African colonies had failed to obtain the greater self-governance promised after the First World War and doubted that European powers would fulfill similar promises after the Second World War.

Which of the following best explains the purpose of the arguments expressed in the passage? (A) To influence Soviet government officials to adopt economic policies that would harm the Soviet Union (B) To influence United States government officials to adopt policies designed to avoid a major war (C) To convince world leaders to unite in order to stop the evils of communism (D) To convince Soviet citizens that the United States meant them no harm in the hopes of creating a sustainable

(B) To influence United States government officials to adopt policies designed to avoid a major war

The fact that large numbers of South Asians migrated to Great Britain after the end of British rule could indirectlybe used as evidence to support the author's arguments mostly because the migrations of former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles in the late twentieth century demonstrate that (A) migrants from former colonies could expect to encounter little racial discrimination in imperial societies (B) migrants were attracted to many aspects of the cultural, political, and economic systems that imperial powers had brought to their colonies (C) migrants from former colonies quickly found lucrative jobs in imperial societies and could use their income to boost the fortunes of their families back home (D) migrants were quick to relinquish their cultural traditions upon settling in imperial societies

(B) migrants were attracted to many aspects of the cultural, political, and economic systems that imperial powers had brought to their colonies

All of the following statements about British rule in India in the twentieth century are factually accurate. Which could best be used as evidence to modify the author's claim about the "public benefits" of British rule in India in the second paragraph? (A) The British government in India often allowed different religious groups to use their own legal customs in civil matters such as marriage and divorce. (B) The British government in India developed educational institutions in which instruction was conducted in English, providing a common language that many Indians of diverse linguistic traditions used to communicate with each other. (C) British investment in infrastructure such as railways and roads provided the largest economic benefit to British companies operating in India rather than to ordinary Indians. (D) British companies cooperated with the British government to expand India's canal system and irrigation network in order to improve agricultural production and interior communications.

(C) British investment in infrastructure such as railways and roads provided the largest economic benefit to British companies operating in India rather than to ordinary Indians.

Which of the following best explains the significance of Li Zhisui presenting two contrasting views of the success of Mao's industrialization policy in the second and third paragraphs? (A) By doing so, Li Zhisui is trying to show that Mao's approach of copying Western methods of industrial production was finally proved to be a failure. (B) By doing so, Li Zhisui is trying to convince his audience that adopting Chinese agricultural methods was the only way to end the food shortages plaguing Third World countries. (C) By doing so, Li Zhisui is trying to illustrate the discrepancy between the reality of the resource redistribution policy and the facade communists created for propaganda purposes. (D) By doing so, Li Zhisui is trying to reject the Maoist argument that peasants can be used as substitutes for industrial workers in trying to increase a country's economic output.

(C) By doing so, Li Zhisui is trying to illustrate the discrepancy between the reality of the resource redistribution policy and the facade communists created for propaganda purposes.

Which of the following explains the most likely purpose of Gonzalo's answer to the second question in the interview? (A) To call for the prosecution of those responsible for mass violence in Peru (B) To challenge the continued political influence of Western states in Latin America (C) To justify the Shining Path's use of violence to achieve its political objectives (D) To appeal to politicians in Latin American states to adopt reforms to their respective political institutions

(C) To justify the Shining Path's use of violence to achieve its political objectives

Li Zhisui's description of the actions of the local party secretaries in the third paragraph is significant because it can be most directly used to explain the ways in which individuals within communist China reacted to the government's (A) use of propaganda that advocated for spreading communist revolution in Western societies (B) implementation of cultural policies that attempted to suppress the practice of religion (C) use of physical violence against anyone seen as not fulfilling the mandates of the central Chinese leadership (D) glorification of peasant military contributions and suffering during the war with Japan

(C) Use of physical violence against anyone seen as not fulfilling the mandates of the central Chinese leadership

Which of the following best explains how the historical circumstances of Kennan's service as a diplomat in the Soviet Union influenced his point of view regarding the "Soviet structure of power" in the first paragraph? (A) He witnessed how the Soviet Union used its industrial capabilities to produce vastly more quantities of war equipment than Germany could produce. (B) He witnessed how German atrocities had turned ethnic groups within the Soviet Union who had initially opposed Stalin against the Nazis. (C) He witnessed how the Soviet Union's defeat of Nazi Germany allowed it to decide the fate of states in Eastern Europe that it occupied. (D) He witnessed how conflict between Germany and the Soviet Union allowed Stalin to further centralize his power and use Russian nationalism to mobilize the population.

(D) He witnessed how conflict between Germany and the Soviet Union allowed Stalin to further centralize his power and use Russian nationalism to mobilize the population.

The recommendation provided in the second paragraph is best explained in the context of which of the following historical situations in the aftermath of the Second World War? (A) The emergence of fascist states engaged in territorial expansion in Asia and Africa (B) The implementation of genocidal policies by totalitarian states (C) The creation of secret competing alliance systems by European powers (D) The attempts by Soviet officials to establish ideological ties with newly independent states

(D) The attempts by Soviet officials to establish ideological ties with newly independent states

The conference as described in the first and second paragraphs is best explained in the context of which of the following developments in the aftermath of the Second World War? (A) The development of regional free-trade agreements (B) The intensification of ethnic rivalries in Africa (C) The spread of industrial methods of production (D) The dissolution of European empires

(D) The dissolution of European empires

The views expressed by Chairman Gonzalo in the passage are best explained in the context of which of the following historical circumstances of the late twentieth century? (A) The expansion of the military-industrial complex in Latin American states (B) The rise of movements that challenged colonial rule in Latin America (C) The rise of separatist movements that demanded regional autonomy (D) The intensification of political conflicts between state and nonstate entities

(D) The intensification of political conflicts between state and nonstate entities

"Psychologists of mass behavior might have an explanation for what went wrong in China in the late summer of 1958. China was struck with a mass hysteria fed by Mao, who then fell victim himself. Mao began believing the party slogans, casting caution to the winds. As we set out by train heading south from Beijing, the scene along the railroad tracks was incredible. Harvest time was approaching, and the crops were thriving. The fields were crowded with peasants at work. The backyard steel furnaces that had been established in the peasant communes had transformed the rural landscape. They were everywhere, and we could see peasant men in a constant frenzy of activity, transporting fuel and raw materials, keeping the fires stoked. Every commune we visited provided testimony to the abundance of the upcoming harvest. The statistics for both grain and steel production were astounding. Mao's earlier skepticism had vanished, and common sense had escaped him. The excitement was contagious, and I was infected too. As we continued on our journey, however, Mao's personal secretary Lin Ke set me straight. What we were seeing from our windows on the train was all staged, he said. The party secretaries had ordered the furnaces constructed along our rail route. Rice plants had been moved from faraway fields along our route so that Mao would see a wildly abundant crop. All of China was a stage, all the people performers in an extravaganza for Mao. The agricultural production figures were false, Lin Ke said, and what was coming out of the backyard furnaces was useless."

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"The Soviet structure of power is committed to the perfection of the dictatorship and to maintaining the concept that Russia is in a state of siege, with an enemy that lies just beyond the walls. This mentality has profound implications for Russia's international conduct. Moscow assumes that the aims of the capitalist world are antagonistic to the Soviet regime. However, the Kremlin is under no compulsion to accomplish its goal of spreading its influence in a hurry. If it finds unassailable barriers in its path, it accepts them and accommodates itself to them. There is no trace of any feeling in Soviet psychology that that goal must be reached at any given time. In these circumstances it is clear that the main element of any United States policy toward the Soviet Union must be that of patient and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies. Soviet economic development, while it can list certain formidable achievements, has been precariously spotty and uneven. It is difficult to see how the deficiencies of the Soviet economic system can be corrected by a tired and dispirited population working largely under the shadow of fear and compulsion. And as long as they are not overcome, Russia will remain an economically vulnerable and impotent nation, capable of exporting its ideological enthusiasm but unable to export real evidence of material power and prosperity. Indeed, it is the strong belief of this writer that Soviet power bears within it the seeds of its own decay, and that the sprouting of these seeds is well advanced."

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"The [British] Raj* did bring benefits to the Indian people and its importance to the successor states of India . . . cannot be overstated. Whether they like the fact or not, these countries are what they are now because they were once governed by Britain and brought directly into contact with British ideas, values, learning and technology. The process of exposure and absorption was slow and uneven; old faiths, customs and habits of mind proved remarkably durable, and outlasted a Raj which lacked either the capacity or will to uproot them. Any balance sheet of the Raj would not be complete without reference to [the public benefits that it brought]. When [the Raj] ended, the sub-continent possessed what today would be called a communications 'infrastructure' which included over 40,000 miles of railways. . . . Enormous headway has been made in education by the successor states, but it could not have been achieved without foundations laid down during the Raj. . . . Likewise, the criminal and civil law codes of the entire sub-continent are a legacy of the Raj. . . . Quite simply, the Raj cannot be disinvented. It happened, and its consequences remain deeply rooted in Indian soil." *a term used in various Indian languages to refer to a ruler; in this case, the term refers to the British Empire in India

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"[El Diario]: Chairman, how does the Peruvian Communist Party sustain the huge party apparatus, including the People's Guerrilla Army? [Chairman Gonzalo]: I think this question deserves a detailed explanation. Concerning the party, Chairman Mao teaches us—as did Marx, Lenin, and all the great Marxists—that the party is not a mass party, though it has a mass character. It has a mass character in the sense that while being a select organization—a selection of the best, of the proven, of those, as Stalin said, who have what it takes—being numerically small in proportion to the broad masses, the party defends the interests of the proletariat in taking responsibility for its emancipation, which can only come with communism. But since other classes that make up the people also participate in the revolution, the party defends their interests as well. [El Diario]: Chairman, let's talk about the people's war now. What does violence mean to you? [Chairman Gonzalo]: We see the problem of war this way: war has two aspects, destructive and constructive. Not to see it this way undermines the revolution—weakens it. From the moment the people take up arms to overthrow the old order, the reaction [state] seeks to crush, destroy, and annihilate the struggle, and it uses all the means at its disposal, including genocide. We have seen this in our country. We are seeing it now and will continue to see it until the outmoded Peruvian state is demolished."

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AMSCO "It was my privilege to attend the All African People's Conference held in Ghana. The conference was significant because it brought together the most representative gathering of African leaders ever assembled. There were about 300 delegates representing some 65 organizations coming from 28 African countries. Of the nine independent African countries only one, Sudan, was not represented. The nationalist organizations were represented by their top leadership. Therefore, whether the colonial powers like it or not, the decisions of the conference must be taken with some seriousness. The conference announced clearly that African freedom and independence are a necessity, and that the struggle to achieve independence would continue. The conference's declaration on colonialism and imperialism significantly called upon 'the independent African states to render maximum assistance by every means possible to the dependent peoples in their struggle.' The final decision of the conference was to commend nonviolent methods but also to endorse other methods if they are deemed necessary. Presently, there is negligible Russian influence in Africa. Nevertheless, this influence will grow unless the problem of racism in the multi-racial areas of Africa is solved. It is my opinion that American influence will decline steadily unless the United States is much more vocal in its support of responsible movements for independence in Africa. The United States does not need to be as cautious as it currently is."

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Truman Doctrine

1947, President Truman's foreign policy that the US would provide political, military, and economic aid to democratic countries under the threat of communist influences in order to prevent the expansion of communism Harry Truman insisted on free elections in Eastern Europe, but Stalin disagreed with Truman and worked further to divide the East and West of Europe Impact on the Cold War: This new doctrine provided a legitimate basis for the United States' activism during the Cold War. Applying the doctrine of containment, the Americans encouraged Turkey to resist Soviet claims to rights over naval bases in the Bosporus. They also secured the withdrawal of Russian troops from Iran.

Space Race

A competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union. Initiated the first artificial satellite "Sputnik" The United States launched theirs the next year. Impact on the Cold War: The fact that the Soviets were successful fed fears that the U.S. military had generally fallen behind in developing new technology. As a result, the launch of Sputnik served to intensify the arms race and raise Cold War tensions.

IRA

A group of Irish Catholics who used terrorism and later politics to fight from England in Northern Ireland

Marshall Plan

A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to Western and Southern Europe Impact on the Cold War: Implementation of the Marshall Plan has been cited as the beginning of the Cold War between the United States, its European allies and the Soviet Union, which had effectively taken control of much of central and eastern Europe and established its satellite republics as communist nations.

Berlin Wall

A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West. Barbed wire fences patrolled by guards. And when the wall fell soldiers killed about 150 people. Impact on the Cold War: The wall, which stood between 1961 to 1989, came to symbolize the 'Iron Curtain' - the ideological split between East and West, it stopped the flow of migrants and prevented the west from having influence on the East - During this time a lot of families were split up and millions of deaths occurred.

Independence Movements

After WWII, Europe was greatly weakened. African nations such as Ghana, Algeria, and Kenya took advantage of this and gained independence through peaceful and violent means. India: Indian leader Jawaharlal supported a stronger UN but opposed its efforts to intervene in the conflict between India and Pakistan Impact on the Cold War: The US said that it supported democracy and free markets. The Soviet Union promised to liberate workers from capitalist, imperial rule. That meant both the US and the USSR could be recruited to help anti-colonial movements.

Warsaw Pact

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO Impact on the Cold War:The Warsaw Pact was a collective defense treaty established by the Soviet Union and seven other Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe: Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania. The Warsaw Pact provided for a unified military command and the systematic ability to strengthen the Soviet hold over the other participating countries.

NATO

An alliance of nations to defend against actions of the Soviet Union

Missile Crisis

An event in Cuba where nuclear tensions were at their highest. The USSR sent nuclear weapons to Cuba which led to this.

Proxy Wars

Armies of smaller countries were proxies for two superpowers, more of a local issue this resulted in millions of deaths and created a situation with two sides locked in a cycle of violence to gain victory Korea: The two parts of Korea were divided Vietnam: Lyndon Johnson believe in the Domino Theory (if one country became communist others would to) President Dwight D. sent military advises to South Vietnam to prevent communist takeover Impact to the Cold War: One significant result of these proxy wars was that international trade patterns shifted. Countries aligned with the United States or the Soviet Union tended to trade with each other, rather than with nations in the opposing camp.

Berlin Wall

Build to separate Eastern and Western German until 1989

Proxy Wars

Wars fought by "stand-ins" rather than superpowers (Vietnam and Korea)

Spread of Communism

Domino Theory: Political theory that if one nation comes under communism control the neighboring nations will come to do the same China: Communists and Nationalists began fighting for control. But after the Japanese invaded they agreed to focus on them instead of each other Impact on the Cold War: The policy of containment later informed the "domino theory," which ultimately pushed the United States to enter into wars in Korea, Vietnam, and other Cold War conflicts.

Communism

Ideology where economic assets were owned by the government

Mao Zedong

Leader of the Communist China

Propoganda

Media used to convince someone of a position or viewpoint and is often predatory

Decolonization

Negotiation of Africa/Asian countries continued through economic relationships Impact on the Cold War: Continued to be a catalyst for increasing conflict between the superpowers even in an era of détente, and the decolonization process in Southern Africa further eroded the influence of NATO and its allies as the cold war was coming to an end.

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries Impact on the Cold War: Membership began to spread and all countries included were protected from threats from the Soviet Union. "Peacetime" and military assistance of the USA outside the Western Hemisphere. With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the rise of non-state actors affecting international security, many new security threats have emerged, such as terrorism. Soviets response was the Warsaw Pact of 1955

Domino Theory

States that if one country falls to communism others will too

Cuban Missile Crisis

The 1962 confrontation bewteen US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba. Nikita Khrushchev saw opportunity in Cuba and shipped nuclear missles to Cuba. USA intelligence learned this and JFK ordered the US Navy to stop them. Impact to the Cold War: The two leaders pulled back and realized that better communication was needed. This is a direct communication link between Moscow and Washington DC. The purpose was to create a way that the leaders of the two major Cold War countries could communicate directly to solve any future crisis.

Containment

The act of stopping the spread of communism in the world

Space Race

The competition between the USA and USSR that led to a boom of technology and innovation

Cold War

The conflict between the USA and USSR where there was no direct military confrontation but instead a battle of propaganda, politics, and ideologies

Decolonization

The process of releasing imperial lands to indigenous people

Partition of India

The splitting of British India into modern India and Pakistan

USA vs. USSR

The two sides in the cold war free, capitalist USA vs. oppressed, communist USSR The USA/USSR didn't fight the war with guns but with their ideas, superpower competition, usually through diplomacy Iron Curtain: The political, military, and ideological barrier erected by the Soviet Union after World War II to seal off itself and its dependent eastern and central European allies from open contact with the West and other non-communist areas Impact on the Cold War: (Iron Curtain) The Iron Curtain not only symbolized the Cold War divide between capitalist and communist nations but also led to the creation of opposing alliances. Nations on the capitalist side of the curtain joined N.A.T.O. , while nations on the communist side joined the Warsaw Pact.