whats the operon again?

A eukaryotic cell G2-M checkpoint assesses the status of... a. DNA rep b. chromosome attachment to kinetechore microtubules c. nutrient abundance d. mitotic cyclin degradation e. the presence of growth factors

a. DNA rep

The lac repressor is... a. active when glucose is present b. inactive when glucose is present c. active when both glucose and lactose are present d. induced when cAMP is present e. rarely active

a. active when glucose is present

Antibiotic resistance genes are often included on plasmid vectors because... a. antibiotic resistance is used to select for bacteria cells containing the vector b. antibiotic resistance can be used to control the growth of the genetically modified organism c. antibiotics are often present in humans being treated for disease d. only bacteria are affected by antibiotics e. antibiotic resistance genes can be used as transcriptional reporters

a. antibiotic resistance is used to select for bacteria cells containing the vector

A mutation that renders the regulator gene of a repressible operon inactive in an E. coli would result in a. continuous transcription of structural gene controlled by that regulator b. complete inhibition of transcription of the structural genes c. irreversible binding of the repressor to the operator d. inactivation of RNA polymerase e. both b and c

a. continuous transcription of structural gene controlled by that regulator

Once transcribed, eukaryotic mRNA typically undergoes substantial alteration that includes... a. excision of introns b. fusion int circular forms known as plasmids c. linkage to histone molecules d. union with ribosomes e. fusion with other newly transcribed mRNA

a. excision of introns

Which of the following does NOT apply to eukaryotic gene regulation? a. gene regulation by attenuation b. protein folding c. regulation as a result of compartmentalization d. mRNA degradation (turnover) e. protein degradation (turnover)

a. gene regulation by attenuation

Using the techniques of genetic engineering, you design a cytoplasmic protein you want to accumulate within the ER of yeast cells. To accomplish this goal, you need to... a. incorporate appropriate DNA sequences to create signal sequences into mature peptide b. do nothing; all proteins go through the ER c. incorporate radioactive amino acids into the protein d. incorporate appropriate lipid groups

a. incorporate appropriate DNA

Mitotic Cdk-cyclin is active when it is... a. singly phosphorylated b. acetylated c. doubly phosphorylated d. doubly methylated e. cleave by proteases

a. singly phosphorylated

Introns are found in most eukaryotic genes but are rare in prokaryotic genes. The function of introns is... a. to rearrange the exons during splicing b. to form loops during hybridization c. to regulate translation d. to allow retroviruses to infect the cell e. unknown

a. to rearrange the exons during splicing

At which of the following stages in gene expression is the production of a specific by a cell most commonly controlled? a. Transcription b. Translation c. mRNA degradation d. Protein degradation e. RNA splicing

a. transcription

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms can be used... a. to determine whether a person is a carrier of a specific allele b. in DNA fingerprinting c. to determine gene loci d. all of the above

b. in DNA fingerprinting

A transcriptional regulator that decreases transcription of a gene from a vast distance is known as a(n)... a. regulator b. silencer c. nonsense mutation d. upstream control element e. enhancer

b. silencer

The distinct characteristics of different cell types in a multicellular organism are produced mainly by the differential regulation of the: a. replication of specific genes b. transcription of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II c. transcription of housekeeping genes d. translation of mRNA e. packaging of DNA into nucleosomes in some cells and not others

b. transcription of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II

Analyzing the expression of thousands of genes simultaneously can be accomplished using which of the following techniques... a. siRNAs b. northern blotting c. DNA microarrays d. RNAseq e. DNA microarrays and RNAseq

c. DNA microarrays

Which of the following is true for both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic gene expression? a. After transcription, 3' poly A tail and 5' cap are added to mRNA b. Translation of mRNA can begin before transcription is complete c. RNA polymerase may recognize a promoter region upstream from the gene d. mRNA is synthesized in the 3'-->5' direction e. The mRNA transcript is the exact complement of the gene from which is was copied

c. RNA polymerase may recognize a promoter region upstream from the gene

For a repressable operon to be transcribed, what must be true? a. Corepressor must be present b. RNA polymerase and the active repressor must be present c. RNA polymerase must be able to bind to the promoter and the repressor must be inactive d. RNA polymerase cannot be present, and the repressor must be inactive e. RNA polymerase must not occupy the promoter and the repressor must be inactive

c. RNA polymerase must be able to bind to the promoter and the repressor must be inactive

Cyclins modulate the progression of cells through the cell cycle by directly... a. activating G proteins b. phosphorylation growth factor receptors c. activating protein kinases that are critical regulators of cell division d. degrading histones e. turning on genes necessary for DNA rep

c. activating protein kinases that are critical regulators of cell division

The principal problem with inserting an unmodified mammalian gene into the bacterial chromosome, and then getting that gene expressed, is that a. prokaryotes use a different genetic code from that of eukaryotes b. bacteria translate polycistronic messages only c. bacteria cannot remove introns d. bacterial RNA polymerase cannot make RNA complementary to mammalian DNA e. bacterial DNA is not found in a membrane-bound nucleus and is therefore incompatible with mammalian DNA

c. bacteria cannot remove introns

In E. coli, the end product of a biosynthetic pathway may switch off a repressible operon by: a. binding to the promoter b. binding directly to the operator c. binding to the repressor and increasing the affinity of the repressor for the operator d. inhibiting RNA polymerase e. binding directly to the regulator gene

c. binding to the repressor and increasing the affinity of the repressor

What new field combines computer science and biology to understand sequence data? a. transcriptomes b. genome editing c. bioinformatics d. recombinant DNA technology e. genetic engineering

c. bioinformatics

Of the enzymes associated with the metabolism of lactose with the lac operon, the one associated with the transport of lactose into the cell is... a. b galactosidase b. lactose translocase c. galactosidase permease d. b lactase e. transacetlyase

c. galactosidase permease

In molecular biology, the term DNA cloning refers to the process of... a. engineering and editing DNA for specific purposes b. generating many identical cells for the purpose of research c. generating many copies of specific DNA fragments d. genetically modifying and making many copies of an entire organism e. generating many copies of specific DNA sequences using the polymerase chain reaction

c. generating many copies of specific DNA fragments

In the bacterium E. coli, lactose induces the synthesis of the enzyme beta-galactosidase by: a. activating ribosomes b. inhibiting the regulatory gene c. inactivating the repressor protein d. activating the repressor protein e. binding to the structural gene

c. inactivating the repressor protein

The expression of thousands of genes simultaneously is easily accomplished using which of the following techniques? a. siRNAs b. northern blotting c. microarrays d. eastern blotting e. PAGE analysis

c. microarrays

According to the operon model for gene regulation in prokaryotes, the repressor protein inhibits the production of an enzyme by binding to the... a. regulator b. repressor c. operator region d. structural gene e. ribosome

c. operator region

During the cell cycle, MPF activity... a. peaks in S and decreases in G2 b. peaks in G2 and decreases in G1 c. peaks in M and decreases in M d. peaks in M and decreases at the restriction point e. peaks in G1 and decreases in G2

c. peaks in M and decreases in M

Genomic DNA is replicated during which of the following cell-cycle phases? a. G0 b. G1 c. G2 d. M e. S

e. S

Which of the following is an example of transcriptional control of gene expression in eukaryotes? a. mRNA is stored in the cytoplasm and needs a control signal to initiate translation b. mRNA exists for a specific time before it is degraded c. There is an amplification of genes for rRNA d. RNA processing occurs before mRNA exits the nucleus e. Transcription factors bind to the enhancer and promoter region

e. Transcription factors bind to the enhancer and promoter region

Which of the following can be used as a cloning vector in molecular biology? a. a plasmid b. DNA of a phage c. an artificial chromosome d. a Y chromosome e. a plasmid, DNA of a phage, or an artificial chromosome

e. a plasmid, DNA of a phage, or an artificial chromosome

The trp operon in E. coli is regulated in such a manner as to allow expression of the genes only when cellular levels of tryptophan are low. When trp levels are adequate, the secondary structure of the mRNA halts translation. This form of regulation is known as... a. transcriptional regulation b. repression c. positive regulatory control d. negative regulatory control e. attenuation

e. attenuation

In the operon model, which DNA is not transcribed? a. structural gene only b. regulator gene only c. operator only d. promoter e. both the operator and promoter

e. both the operator and promoter

Next-generational sequencing methods are revolutionizing biology research and human medicine because they... a. can generate large amounts of sequence data on many samples in parallel b. are reducing the cost of sequencing c. are increasing the length and reliability of each sequence read d. can generate sequence data from very small amounts of DNA e. can generate large amounts of sequence data on many samples in parallel, generate sequence data from very small amounts of DNA, and are reducing t

e. can generate large amounts of sequence data on many samples in parallel, generate sequence data from very small amounts of DNA, and are reducing the cost of sequencing

A cDNA library... a. is generated by copying genomic DNA with PCR and cloning the cDNA b. is generated by copying messenger RNA (mRNA) with the enzyme reverse transcriptase and cloning the resulting cDNA c. corresponds to the protein complement of a cell d. doesn't contain introns e. doesn't contain introns because it is generated by copying mRNA with reverse transcriptase and cloning the cDNA

e. doesn't contain introns because it is generated by copying mRNA with reverse transcriptase and cloning the cDNA

Which of the following is an example of translational regulation? a. protein degradation b. RNA splicing c. DNA methylation d. protein folding e. mRNA degradation

e. mRNA degradation

two-dimensional gel electrophoresis separates... a. DNA fragments based of nucleotide sequence and fragment length b. protein based on affinity for the gel matrix and size of each protein c. genomes based on size and structure (linear or circular) of each genome d. RNA based on the charge and size of each RNA molecule e. proteins based on the charge and size of each protein

e. proteins based on the charge and size of each protein

How are most eukaryotic gene regulatory proteins able to affect transcription when their binding sites are far from the promoter? a. By binding to their binding site and sliding to the site of RNA polymerase assembly b. By looping out the intervening DNA between their binding site and the promoter c. By unwinding the DNA between their binding site and the promoter d. By attracting RNA polymerase and modifying it before it can bind to the promoter

b. By looping out the intervening DNA between their binding site and the promoter

Which one of the following is the main reason that a typical eukaryotic gene is able to respond to a far greater variety of regulatory signals than a typical prokaryotic gene or operon? a. Eukaryotes have three types of RNA polymerases b. Eukaryotic RNA polymerases require general transcription factors c. The transcription of a eukaryotic gene can be influenced by proteins that bind far from the promoter d. Eukaryotic genes are packaged into nucleosomes e. The protein-coding regions of eukaryot

b. Eukaryotic RNA polymerases require general transcription factors

What difference is there in gene reg between multicelled eukaryotes and bacteria? a. Bacteria turn on different genes in different conditions b. Eukaryotes cells express different genes in different tissues c. Eukaryotic cells express different genes in different life stages d. all of the above e. none of the above

d. all of the above

Genes that are always turned on are described as... a. inducible b. regulated genes c. catabolic d. constitutive e. mutations

d. constitutive

Dividing adult eukaryotic cells spend most of their time in which of the following? a. metaphase b. prophase c. telophase d. interphase e. anaphase

d. interphase

The Ti plasmid is crucial to genetic engineering in plants. The key feature of the Ti plasmid is that it... a. uses CRISPR to edit the genome b. only replicates in bacterial cells c. uses zinc finger nucleases (TALENs) to edit the plant genome d. leads to insertion of a part of the plasmid DNA into the plant cell chromosomal DNA e. acts as an artificial chromosome within plant cells

d. leads to insertion of a part of the plasmid DNA into the plant cell chromosomal DNA

What is the function of the operator locus of an inducible operon? a. producing repressor molecules b. identifying the substrate lactose c. producing messenger RNA d. permitting transcription e. binding steroid hormones

d. permitting transcription

The generation time for a particular cell type is the time it takes a cell to... a. grow to twice its original size b. replicate DNA during the S phase c. progress through M phase d. progress through a complete cell cycle e. transition from G0 to G1

d. progress through a complete cell cycle

Which of the following correctly order the stages of mitosis? a. prophase - anaphase - pro-metaphase - metaphase - telophase b. telophase - prometaphase - prophase - metaphase - anaphase c. prometaphase - metaphase - anaphase - prophase - telophase d. prophase - prometaphase - metaphase - anaphase - telophase e. anaphase - prometaphase - metaphase - prophase - telophase

d. prophase - prometaphase - metaphase - anaphase - telophase

You wish to use mRNA profiles to examine gene expression in cells during times of stress. You are investigating the cell's... a. splicosome b. genome c. proteome d. transcriptome e. BLAST

d. transcriptome