WILDLAND FIREFIGHTING

Arrange the first six Fire Orders into the correct order 1.Post lookouts when there is possible danger 2.Identify escape routes and safety zones and make them known 3.Keep informed on fire weather conditions and forecasts 4.Keep alert. Keep calm. Think clearly. Act decisively 5. Base all actions on current and expected fire behavior 6. Know what your fire is doing at all times

1. 5 2. 4. 3. 1. 4. 6. 5. 3. 6. 2

Place the steps for deploying a fire shelter in calm conditions into the correct order: 1. Stand inside opened shelter 2.Use your head and extremities to secure the shelter's edges 3.Get into face-down position with your feet toward the fire 4.Open and shake out the shelter completely 5.Remove shelter from packaging 6.Push out the top and sides of shelter

1. 5. 2. 4. 3. 1. 4. 3. 5. 2. 6. 6.

Match each answer below to the MOST appropriate QUESTION; A.What is Rate Of Spread 1. 1-hour fuel B.Where might fuels contain more moisture 2. Humidity C.What is a measurement of equilibrium moisture content 3. North-facing slope D.What is a characteristic affecting the moisture content in fuels 4. Plant age E.What is a moisture factor that affects wildland fire behavior 5. ROS

A 5 B. 3. C. 1 D. 4 E. 2

Match each term related to the fire triangle with the correct description A.Self-sustaining process of rapid oxidation 1. Combustion B.By-product of combustion 2. Fuel C.Supply can be increased by wind 3. Oxygen D.Causes fuels to reach its ignition temperature 4. Heat E.May exist in any of the three states of matter 5. Fire

A. 1 B. 5. C. 3. D. 4. E. 2.

CFLOP. Match each area to an appropriate example Develop Incident Action Plan 1. Command Process property damage claims 2. Finance/ Administration Achieve IAP objectives 3. Logistics Demobilize resources 4. Operations Select strategies 5. Planning

A. 3 B. 2. C. 4 D. 5. E. 1.

There are a few don'ts for helmet use Identify TWO things that you should NOT do with your wildland helmet a. Don't attach a neck shroud to your wildland helmet b. Don't attach reflective tape to your helmet c. Don't use cleaning solvents to clean your helmet d. Don't use soap to clean your helmet e. Don't wear your helmet backward f. Don't wear your helmet forward

C.Don't use cleaning solvents to clean your helmet e. Don't wear your helmet backward

Identify THREE correct statements about inversions: a. Air is extremely stable in an inversion layer b. Inversions on the east and west coasts act similarly to inversions in the Rocky Mtns. c. Inversions on the east coast are called nighttime inversions d. Inversions on the west coast are called Marine inversions e. Temperatures decrease both above and below an inversion layer

a. Air is extremely stable in an inversion layer d. Inversions on the west coast are called Marine inversions e. Temperatures decrease both above and below an inversion layer

Identify THREE correct statements about daily weather cycles affecting wildland fire behavior: a. RH and radiant heat are constant, so time of day is of little importance b. 6:00 PM to 4:30 AM is a favorable time to gain control of a wildfire c. Wildland fire activity is usually at its lowest between 4:00 AM and 6:00 AM d. 10:00 AM to 6:00AM is the best time to get a fire under control e. Fire activity can increase between 6:00AM and 10:00 AM

b. 6:00 PM to 4:30 AM is a favorable time to gain control of a wildfire c. Wildland fire activity is usually at its lowest between 4:00 AM and 6:00 AM e. Fire activity can increase between 6:00AM and 10:00 AM

All of the following are functions of the IC or unified command EXCEPT a. Appointing a command staff b. Delegating strategy selection c. Determining overall incident objectives d. Approving the IAP

b. Delegating strategy selection

________ fuels react quite rapidly to precipitation while _______ fuels are not affected as drastically a. Heavy, fine b. Fine, heavy c. Dense, light d. Light, dense

b. Fine, heavy

Choose the THREE TRUE statements about fuel compaction a. Compaction refers to the size of the fuel particles b. Fire generally burns at a low intensity and spreads slowly in high compact fuels c. Disturbing unburned fuel beneath the surface of compact fuels may cause it to re-ignite d. Fire generally burns intensely and spreads quickly in high compact fuels e. Compaction refers to the spacing between fuel particles

b. Fire generally burns at a low intensity and spreads slowly in high compact fuels c. Disturbing unburned fuel beneath the surface of compact fuels may cause it to re-ignite e. Compaction refers to the spacing between fuel particles

A well maintained shelter will protect you from radiant and convective heat. Match each Situation with the following observations A.Shelter has never been deployed 1. Remove from use B.Storage bag has gray stains 2. Ready for firefighting C.¼" tear found in shelter D.Debris seen in unopened storage bag E.No foil missing from shelter F.No dents or punctures found in shelter

A. 2 B. 1 C. 1 D. 1 E. 2 F. 2

Match each Rate of Spread (ROS) to the appropriate fuel size: A.Medium fuels 1.Slow ROS B.Heavy fuels 2. Medium ROS C.Light fuels 3. Fast ROS

A. 2 B. 1 C. 3

Match each fuel type with "in the field" examples A.Oaks, hickory, cypress, cedar 1. Slash B.Dead fall, logging residuals 2. Timber C Wild oats, tundra species 3.Shrub D.Mesquite, chaparral, Alaska black spruce 4. Grasses

A. 2 B. 1 C. 4 D. 3

Match each heat transfer method to the appropriate exposure situation A.Wind is blowing heat from a grass fire into tree branches 1. Conduction B.A burning log is sitting on a bed of dried leaves 2. Convection C.Fire is burning down one side of a steep forested canyon . 3.Radiation

A. 2 B. 1. C. 3.

Match the atmospheric terms to the appropriate descriptions. You may use terms more than once A.Increases the potential for gusty surface winds 1. Stable Air B.Usually increases fuel moisture content 2. Unstable Air C.Tends to increase fire activity D.Discourages the vertical movement of air E.Tends to spread smoke horizontally

A. 2. B. 1. C. 2. D. 1 E. 1

It's time to put on your outerwear. Let's see if you can put it all together. Match each clothing item with the MOST appropriate description: A. recommended fabric for undergarments 1. Nomex B.Most common fabric used for wildland protective clothing 2. Cotton C. Not recommended for undergarments 3. Non-flame/heat resistant clothing

A. 2. B. 1. C. 3.

Match each wildland fire spread term to the appropriate description Fire spreads rapidly with a well-defined head 1. Backing Fire advances across the tops of trees, independent of surface fires . 2. Running Fire ignites the crown of trees, then returns to surface 3. Torching Fire moves away from the head 4. Crowning Fire activity increases suddenly, posing a setback to Suppression plans . 5. Blowup Fire intensity increases suddenly, but does NOT pose a setback to suppression plans 6. Flare-up

A. 2. B. 4. C. 3. D. 1. E. 5. F. 6.

1. You are called to a class G fire and you know your stuff. Match each term with the MOST appropriate description: prep and resources A.Involves removing flammable material down to mineral soil B. Contains hot spots, smoldering snags, stumps, and downed Trees C.Begins after the fire is completely lined D. Refers to all constructed or natural barriers E. Refers to an area that is not burnt F. Minimizes the chance of being outflanked by the fire

A. 2. B. 6. C. 4. D. 1. E.5. F. 3

Match each type of canyon with that canyons specific effect on fire A.Cross-canyon spotting of fires is not common except in high winds . 1.Box canyons B.The creation of strong upslope drafts results in extreme fire behavior 2. Narrow canyons C.Fire can easily spread to fuels on the opposite side by radiation and spotting 3. Wide canyons

A. 3 B. 1 C. 2

Match each term with the most appropriate description: A. Begins after a fire has been completely lined 1. Control line B.Involves removing flammable material down to Mineral soil . 2. Fireline C. Refers to all constructed or natural barriers 3. Anchor point D. Refers to an area not burnt 4. Mop-up E. Minimizes the chance of being outflanked by the fire 5. Green F. Contains hot spots, smoldering snags, stumps And downed trees . 6. Black

A. 4 B. 2. C. 1. D. 5. E. 3. F. 6.

Match each wind type with its correct description A.Tend to develop in blackened, burned and flat terrain 1. Slope wind B.Created by Cumulus clouds and can be gusty and erratic 2. Landward sea breeze C.Flows from the ocean toward inland 3. Thunderstorm winds D.Flows up during the day and down during the night 4. Whirlwinds E.Spinning columns of rising air carrying gases, fumes, debris . 5. Firewhirls

A. 4 B. 3 C. 2. D. 1. E. 5.

Identify THREE true statements about escape routes: a. Constantly reassess identified escape routes as the fire front progresses b. Inform all crew members of escape route locations c. Only the supervisor needs to know the location of established escape routes d. Always identify at least two escape routes e. Always place escape routes above a fire burning uphill on a slope

a. Constantly reassess identified escape routes as the fire front progresses b. Inform all crew members of escape route locations d. Always identify at least two escape routes

Identify THREE true statements about construction safety zones a. Engage mechanized equipment to construct a safety zone b. Burn out an area large enough for a safety zone c. Use hand tools to improve a constructed safety zone if necessary d. Use hand tools to create a safety zone e. Wet, grassy areas using hoselines to create a safety zone

a. Engage mechanized equipment to construct a safety zone b. Burn out an area large enough for a safety zone c. Use hand tools to improve a constructed safety zone if necessary

Web gear is a versatile piece of equipment you can use to carry useful items Select THREE examples you can carry on your web gear: a. Fire shelter b. Fusees c. Helmet d. Pulaski e. Canteen

a. Fire shelter b. Fusees e. Canteen

Identify THREE personal responsibilities you must adhere to before firefighting a. Keep personal clothing and equipment in serviceable condition b. Report hazardous conditions to news crews and command c. Ensure objectives and instructions are understood d. Identify accidents and injuries to area medical units e. Develop personal incident management plans f. Maintain yourself in good physical condition

a. Keep personal clothing and equipment in serviceable condition c. Ensure objectives and instructions are understood f. Maintain yourself in good physical condition

Identify THREE common denominators of fire behavior on tragedy fires a. Most incidents happen on relatively small fires or on isolated sections of large fires b. Shovels, axes and pulaski's can adversely affect fire behavior c. Unexpected shifts in wind direction or speed increase fire behavior d. Flare-ups generally occur in medium fuels e. Fires move especially fast uphill in chimneys, drainages and on steep slopes

a. Most incidents happen on relatively small fires or on isolated sections of large fires c. Unexpected shifts in wind direction or speed increase fire behavior e. Fires move especially fast uphill in chimneys, drainages and on steep slopes

Select THREE situations that shout "Watch out!" a. Safety zones and escape routes not identified b. Building a fireline downhill with fire below c. Working from the black d. Communication is established between all crew members e. Wind increases and/or changes direction

a. Safety zones and escape routes not identified b. Building a fireline downhill with fire below e. Wind increases and/or changes direction

Identify THREE correct statements about general winds a. The leading edges of air masses are called fronts b. Chinook winds are found exclusively in California c. As a cold front moves in, surface winds cause longer vertical flames d. Both types of frontal winds can bring changes in wind direction and intensity e. Foehn winds cause a fire to lie down and retreat f. Foehn winds are described as strong, hot and dry

a. The leading edges of air masses are called fronts d. Both types of frontal winds can bring changes in wind direction and intensity f. Foehn winds are described as strong, hot and dry

Identify FOUR correct statements about fuel temperature and RH: a. The lower the RH, the better chance of increased fire activity b. Increases in air temperature also increase the temperature of fuels c. Low RH decreases the moisture in fuels d. RH greater than 30% increases fire activity e. The higher the humidity the better the chance of a decrease in fire activity f. Wet fuels are more likely to ignite than fine fuels

a. The lower the RH, the better chance of increased fire activity b. Increases in air temperature also increase the temperature of fuels c. Low RH decreases the moisture in fuels e. The higher the humidity the better the chance of a decrease in fire activity

. Identify THREE true statements about fuel temperature a. The sun's energy warms the earth's surface, heating surrounding air and fuels b. Fuels in the shade tend to ignite just as easily as fuels in the sun c. Most fuels must reach between 400 degrees F and 700 degrees F in order to ignite d. Fuels exposed to heat from the sun can ignite when they reach 150 degrees F e. Fuels in the sun will ignite more easily than fuels in shaded areas

a. The sun's energy warms the earth's surface, heating surrounding air and fuels c. Most fuels must reach between 400 degrees F and 700 degrees F in order to ignite e. Fuels in the sun will ignite more easily than fuels in shaded areas

The proper and immediate treatment of heat stroke can be the difference between life and Death for a victim. Select THREE of the treatments for heat stroke a. Transport to a medical facility as soon as possible b. Place cold packs on the area the patient has cramps c. Cool the patient d. Administer salt tablets e. Move the patient out of the sun and away from heat sources

a. Transport to a medical facility as soon as possible c. Cool the patient e. Move the patient out of the sun and away from heat sources

Identify THREE correct statements about fire behavior in relation to slope and aspect a. Upslope fires can increase the rate of fire spread b. Downhill fires are usually much faster than uphill fires c. Escape routes and safety zones are not required for firelines on ridges d. Upslope fires cause burning debris to roll downhill e. Fires moving downhill increase rapidly f. South facing slopes are more susceptible to fires than other aspects

a. Upslope fires can increase the rate of fire spread d. Upslope fires cause burning debris to roll downhill f. South facing slopes are more susceptible to fires than other aspects

Identify FOUR correct statements about convective winds: a. Upslope winds become valley winds when they reach 7 mph b. East aspects of mountainsides gain and lose solar energy first c. Downslope winds are the result of night heating d. Chimneys can create updrafts in response to localized heating e. Wildland fires produce their own slope winds f. Fires in drainages or chutes may spread very quickly

a. Upslope winds become valley winds when they reach 7 mph b. East aspects of mountainsides gain and lose solar energy first d. Chimneys can create updrafts in response to localized heating f. Fires in drainages or chutes may spread very quickly

A response to a grass fire lasting beyond the first operational period is referred to as ____________________ and one growing beyond 300 acres is ____________________ a. an extended fire attack, a large fire b. an initial attack, an extended fire attack c. a unified attack, an extended fire attack d. a large fire, a unified attack

a. an extended fire attack, a large fire

With all other factors of fire behavior being equal, areas of ____________ fuel loading will generate more heat than those with _____________ fuel loads a. higher, lower b. minimal, maximum c. intense, continuous d. aerial, lower

a. higher, lower

All of the following are considered part of the MINIMUM wildland firefighting PPE EXCEPT a. respiratory equipment b. Eye protection c. Protective footwear d. Gloves

a. respiratory equipment

What do the letters in the LCES acronym mean? a. Last, Chance, Escape, Soon b. Lookouts, Communications, Escape routes, Safety zones c. Lookouts, Crews, Emergencies, Safety d. Look, Communicate, Evaluate the public, Safety

b. Lookouts, Communications, Escape routes, Safety zones

What one fuel might you find no matter where you are fighting fires? a. Palmetto b. Man-made structures c. Hardwoods d. Tundra e. Sage

b. Man-made structures

All of the following are optional items to bring EXCEPT a. a jacket or coat b. Sleeping bag c. Music player d. Extra clothing

b. Sleeping bag

Identify the term describing the ability to manage a certain number of subordinates a. Personnel accountability b. Unity of objective c. Span of control d. Unified command

c. Span of control

When fuels are close together, a fire spreads __________ because of radiant heat transfer a. more evenly b. slower c. faster d. in a jumping matter

c. faster

Select the BEST means to avoid illness during a wildland campaign a. grab some chow then a quick shower b. rest until you have energy to eat c.Wash or sanitize your hands frequently d. Catch naps on the fireline when you can

c.Wash or sanitize your hands frequently

Identify the set of terms that best fills in the blanks in the sentence below: To minimize fatigue and injury ______________________ and _____________________ a. stop working when you choose, stay in the shade b. drink salty water, eat predominately green and yellow foods c.take short breaks to catch your breath, change tools to work different muscles d. do the heaviest work at noon, rest on the weekends

c.take short breaks to catch your breath, change tools to work different muscles