Wk #2 Mid Trem Review

Ester bond

Glycerol to fatty acid chains.

Negative

Group VII elements attract and gain one electron. They can form ions, and they will have a ________ charge.

Hydrogen bonds between water molecules in a liquid stop the molecules from packing in tightly when being frozen. This is correct. The inability of the water molecules to pack more tightly prevent them from becoming denser as they become solid or frozen. This means that ice, the solid form of water floats on liquid water. Important for fish in the lakes otherwise they would all die every winter.

How do hydrogen bonds give water properties that differ from other solvents?

DNA has Thymine as a base but RNA has Uracil DNA has one less Oxygen on its pentose sugar than RNA. DNA is double stranded whereas RNA is single stranded.

How does DNA differ from RNA?

A buffer maintains pH by donating or absorbing hydrogen ions from the solution.

How does a buffer maintain a set pH?

-Polar covalent bonds form a partial charge across the molecule due to unequal sharing of the electrons. This is true. Normally an Oxygen atom is involved and it has the power to draw the shared electron(s)away from its bond partner toward itself and as a result takes on a slightly negative charge. -Polar covalent bonds have charge whereas non-polar covalent charges do not. This is also true. Non-polar covalent bonds share their electrons equally so do not generate any charge.

How does a polar covalent bond differ from a non-polar covalent bond?

The shape of a protein is determined by the sequence of its amino acids. 20 different amino acids contribute to thousands of different proteins. Amino acids are held together by a peptide bond. The shape of a protein determines its' function. Any time the shape is changed, the function of the protein changes. Proteins are not important for only muscle function, but for all body tissues. The change in the structure of a molecule through physical or chemical means is called denaturation. When proteins are denatured they lose their functional shape which then makes them unable to carry out their jobs

How is the shape of a protein determined and how does altering the shape affect a proteins function?

True. Due to Hydrogens low electronegativity, hydrogen and chlorine form HCl (hydrochloric acid) and through covalent Bonds.

Hydrogen and chlorine would interact to form a covalent bond.

True

Hydrogen and oxygen would interact to form a covalent bond.

Atom

Smallest unit of an element that retains the unique properties of that element. Made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Positive

So, when atoms in Groups I. II, and III become ions they will have a ___________ charge.

True

Sodium and chlorine would interact to form an ionic bond.

They are inert and will not react with the weld even under extreme temperatures. They can therefore act as cleaners and improve the purity and hence strength of the weld.

Welders use helium (He) and argon (Ar) gases to blow over the metal during the welding process. Why would they want to use these gases?

Hydrogen bonds between water molecules in a liquid stop the molecules from packing in tightly when being frozen.

What are hydrogen bonds and how do hydrogen bonds give water unusual properties?

They are attractions of a slightly positively charged hydrogen to a slightly negatively charged oxygen on different water molecules.

What are hydrogen bonds?

Fats (Triglyceride) And Steroids

What are the 2 main groupings of Lipids?

Fats and Steroids. Yes both are formed by non-polar covalent bonds and as such have no overall charge and therefore do not interact with water. This makes them both part of the lipid group.

What are the 2 main groupings of Lipids?

◦ Adenine, Cytosine, Juanine, and Thymine. ◦ They are joined together by dehydration synthesis. Two back bones attach via hydrogen bonds and the twist to form a shape known as a double helix. (DNA has thymine but RNA

What are the 4 bases of DNA nucleotides and how do they join to each other?

◦ The levels of protein structure are primary, secondary, tertiary, and quarternary ◦ Primary= the sequence of amino acids that make up the polypeptide chain ◦ Secondary= maintained by hydrogen bonds between amino acids in different regions of the original polypeptide strand ◦ Tertiary= occurs as a result of further folding and bonding of the secondary structure ◦ Quarternary= occurs as result of interactions between two or more tertiary sub units ◦ The unique bonding holding amino acids together is called peptide bonds ◦ Bonding creates different shape which creates different functions

What are the levels of protein structure, how do they relate to protein conformation and what role does bonding play in protein shape?

◦ DNA And RNA ◦ DNA has thymine as a base, but RNA has Uracil. ◦ DNA has one less Oxygen on its pentose sugar than RNA. ◦ DNA is double stranded whereas RNA is single stranded.

What are the main two types of Nucleic acid and how do they differ?

The number of protons its atoms contain.

What defines an element?

The sodium would lose an electron to chlorine. Both would become ions with sodium's positive charge being attracted to Chloride's negative charge

What do you think would happen if a sodium atom and a chlorine atom bumped into each other?

For each drop of one unit of the pH scale there a factor of 10 times the number of hydrogen ions.

What does the pH scale tell us about the level of acidity of a substance?

Basic unit of matter in the universe Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons

What is an Atom?

◦ The monomer of a protein is an amino acid. ◦ The structure of the R Group determines properties. R Group = variable side chain. ◦ There are 20 amino acids. All amino acids contain an acid (carboxyl group) and a base (the amino group) ◦ Amino acids are excellent buffers- help the body maintain acid base (pH) balance ◦ The R group is the side chain or variable group that distinguishes the 20 amino acids from one another ◦ Amino acids join via dehydration synthesis to form polymers ◦ The unique bonding holding amino acids together is called peptide bonds ◦ A proteins shape is essential to its function and is determined by its sequence of amino acids. The sequence is called the primary structure of the protein. ◦ All amino acids structure consist of a central carbon atom bonded to: a hydrogen atom, an alkaline (basic) amino group, an acidic carboxyl group, and a variable group

What is the monomer of a protein and how is it arranged?

To obtain 3-d images and physiological information about body function without using surgery.

What is the primary use of isotopes in medicine and biological research?

1:2:1

What is the ratio of Carbon to Hydrogen to Oxygen in a monomeric carbohydrate?

They make the molecule slightly charged. Yes the strong pull of the oxygen atom pulls the shared electrons toward it for more than 50% of the time giving the oxygen end of the water molecule a slightly negative charge. This leaves the hydrogen end slightly negatively charged.

What property do the bonds that hold a water molecule together confer on the water molecule?

Ionic bonds Polar covalent bonds Non-polar covalent bonds Hydrogen bonds

What type of bonds do atoms form?

Polar covalent bonds. Yes the strong pull of the oxygen atom means that the shared electrons spend more than 50% of their time close to the Oxygen atom so confer a slightly negative charge to it while leaving the hydrogen atoms slightly negative.

What type of bonds hold a water molecule together?

Polar Covalent Bonds. The strong pull of the oxygen atom means that the shared electrons spend more than 50% of their time close to the oxygen atom so confer a slightly negation to it while leaving the hydrogen atoms slightly negative.

What type of bonds hold a water molecule together? Why is this important?

5 Mg atoms

What would happen if 10 magnesium (Mg) atoms and 10 chlorine (Cl) atoms were allowed to bump into each other? Would there be any atoms left over? If so how many and what would they be?

5

What would happen if 10 magnesium (Mg) atoms and 10 chlorine (Cl) atoms were allowed to bump into each other? If they can combine to form a new molecule how many new molecules would be formed?

Amino Acid

Which of the following is a monomer of a protein.

Galactose Coorect this is a 3 carbon monosaccharide.

Which of these is a monomer, a monosaccharide, of a carbohydrate? Maltose Cellulose Galactose Starch

Neutron

Which of two sub-atomic particles that comprise the atomic nucleus do not hold charge and act to hold the other positively charged particles from breaking away?

Neutron

Which sub-atomic particle can release radiation?

Both are formed by non-polar covalent bonds and as such have no overall charge and therefore do not interact with water. This makes them both part of the lipid group.

Why Are _________&_________ the two main groups of Lipids?

They are arranged by increasing number of protons in the nucleus.

Why are elements grouped the way they are in the Periodic Table?

They have fully saturated fatty acid tails which makes them pack tightly together.

Why are some fats solid at room temperature?

We don't have the enzyme to break down the Beta 1-4 glycosidic bond. Yes it is the beta 1-4 glycosidic bond in cellulose that humans lack the enzyme to break.

Why can we digest starch but not cellulose?

Due to the same number of electrons in their valence shells.

Why do the isotopes of an element have the same basic chemical properties?

As positive or negative charges builds up around the protein it disrupts first the weak hydrogen bonds, then the ionic and finally the covalent bonds holding the protein together. Correct as bonds are disrupted the protein changes shape.

Why does protein shape change when the charge around it changes?

◦ As positive or negative charges builds up around the protein it disrupts first the weak hydrogen bonds, then the ionic and finally the covalent bonds holding the protein together. ◦ Denaturation is a change in the structure of a molecule through physical or chemical means.

Why does protein shape change when the charge around it changes?

The increase in energy disrupts the bonds of the various levels of the proteins structure.Correct. Even small changes in temperature can cause the weak bonds like hydrogen bonds to break thus altering the shape of the protein. Increasing temperature further can break ionic bonds and then finally covalent bonds. The sugar is bound to one of 4 nitrogenous bases.

Why does protein shape change when the temperature around it changes?

non polar covalent bond

a covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are shared equally by the bonded atoms, resulting in a balanced distribution of electrical charge

Acid

a molecule that gives/donates hydrogen ions to a solution

Base

a molecule that removes hydrogen ions from a solution

power of hydrogen

pH stands for "_________"

power of hydrogen

pH stands for what?

Nucleus

the positively charged center core of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons and containing nearly all of its mass

Atomic Weight (Mass)

total number of protons and neutrons

Non-polar covalent bond

type of covalent between two atoms in which electron is shared a pair of electrons equally between each other

Polar covalent bond

type of covalent between two atoms in which electron is shared unequally

Element

A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances

Base

A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.

Polar Bonds

A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive.

Molecule

A group of atoms bonded together

Buffer

A molecule that can both donate and remove hydrogen ions in a solution. It acts to maintain a stable pH.

Acidic solution

A solution with a pH less than 7

Basic solution

A solution with a pH more then 7

Acid

A substance that increases the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration of a solution.

Peptide bond

Amino acids to polypeptides.

True

An ion is an atom that holds a charge.

Isotope

Atoms of the same number of protons, but differing number of neutrons. Are different forms of a single element.

Polymers

Formed by dehydration syntheses of hundreds of thousands of monosaccharides.

Trisaccharide

Formed by dehydration syntheses of three monosaccharides.

sugars and starches

Carbohydrates are

CH2O

Carbohydrates is

Ions

Charged atoms

True Yes it is needed in order for the human body to create estrogens and testosterones.

Cholesterol is used to create the sex hormones or steroid hormones

Disaccharides

Formed by dehydration syntheses of two monosaccharides.

Negative feedback maintains homeostasis by reversing the original stimulus around a set point. Negative feedback is occurring in the body at all times to maintain the body's parameters within their normal range. In negative feedback a senor, or receptor, monitors the body's physiological values, the value is reported to the control center, the control center compares the value to normal, if the value is too far from the set point the effector is activated. The effector causes a change to reverse the situation in an attempt to return the abnormal value back within a normal range. Positive feedback maintains homeostasis by enhancing a change in the body's physiological condition. An example of this is childbirth. Rather than a return to homeostasis, the end result of the positive feedback mechanism is a change in the body's condition. Positive feedback enhances processes in the body such as releasing oxytocin to aid in contractions.

Describe how positive and negative feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis.

Iconic. As the name suggests ions form ionic bonds. This literally means a bond formed between two ions.

Ions form _____________ bonds

Atomic Weight

Is number of proton and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. The number at the bottom of the box.

Ionic Bond

Is the attraction of positive and negative charges (Think of Magnets).

Glycosidic Bond

Monosaccharides to disaccharides.

Refuse, as Helium is an inert gas and will not form bonds with the other two elements and so your friend isn't telling you the truth.

My friend, the inventor, says that she has just made a translucent, light-weight metal by combining aluminum with helium and silicon. She wants me to invest $10,000 in the process, and promises that we will be millionaires in only six months. What do you think I should do?

Neutron

Non-charged particle that reside within the atomic nucleus

Atomic Number

Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. Smallest number at the top of the box.

phosphodiester bond

Phosphate group to Pentose sugar.

Proton

Positively charged particle that reside within the atomic nucleus

True

The levels of protein structure are primary, secondary, tertiary, and quarternary

Valence

The number of electrons an atom will loose, gain, or share when it forms bonds with other atoms.

Hydrogen bonds

are attractions of a slightly positive charged hydrogen to a slightly negatively charged oxygen on different water molecules.

Acidic Solution

contains more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions

Basic Solution

contains more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions

Denaturation

is a change in the structure of a molecule through physical or chemical means.

Compound

is formed when two or more atoms are bonded together

Electron

negatively charged particle found outside the atomic nucleus

Hydrophobic

water hating; no charge on the molecule to interact with the polar groups on water.

Hydrophilic

water loving; readily absorbing or dissolving in water.

Hydrogen bond

weak bonds formed between two polar regions on different molecules.

Ionic Bond

when a positively charged ion forms a bond with a negatively charged ions and one atom transfers electrons to another