wk 8 check your understanding
Most muscle strains are caused by
abnormal muscle contraction
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a rheumatic disease attributed to
autoimmune mechanisms
The gate control theory of pain transmission predicts that activity in touch receptors will
decrease pain signal transmission in the spinal cord.
The chief pathologic features of osteoarthritis are
degeneration of articular cartilage, destruction of the bone under the cartilage, andthickening of the synovium.
Paget's disease is characterized by
excessive bone resorption followed by excessive formation of fragile bone.
The pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis involves
immune cells accumulating in pannus and destroying articular cartilage.
Individuals diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are at risk for developing numerous complications of various organs because of
immune injury to basement membranes.
The stroke etiology with the highest morbidity and mortality is
intracranial hemorrhage.
Clinical manifestations of a stroke within the right cerebral hemisphere include
left-sided muscle weakness and neglect.
The most common site affected in Paget's disease is the
lower spine
The initial treatment of an individual experiencing a seizure is concentrated on
maintaining an airway
A malignant bone-forming tumor is referred to as a(n)
osteosarcoma.
The physiologic mechanisms involved in the pain phenomenon are termed
nociception.
Pain with passive stretching of a muscle is indicative of
noncontractile tissue injury.
It is true that Bell palsy is a
paralysis of the muscles innervated by the facial nerve.
A laboratory test result that helps confirm the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is
positive antinuclear antibodies.
The classic manifestations of Parkinson disease include
rest tremor and skeletal muscle rigidity.
Systemic disorders include
rheumatoid arthritis
The first indication of brain compression from increasing intracranial pressure (ICP) may be
sluggish pupil response to light
Compartment syndrome occurs secondary to
soft tissue damage
A bone disorder that results from insufficient vitamin D is referred to as
osteomalacia
A level of ____ on the Glasgow Coma Scale indicates likely fatal damage.
3
"Please explain the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis to me," says another nurse. "Is it just wear and tear so that the cartilage wears out?" Your best response is
"No; cells in bone, cartilage, and the synovial membrane all get activated and secrete inflammatory mediators that destroy cartilage and damage bone."
Intracranial pressure normally ranges from ______ mm Hg.
0 to 15
Which treatment is helpful in neuropathic pain but not used for acute pain?
Anticonvulsants
Which group of clinical findings indicates the poorest neurologic functioning?
Assumes decorticate posture with light touch, no verbal response
Ascending paralysis with no loss of sensation is characteristic of
Guillain-Barré syndrome.
A tool used to assess levels of consciousness is
Glasgow Coma Scale
The pathophysiology of osteomalacia involves
Inadequate mineralization of osteoid
_________ is a form of spina bifida in which a saclike cyst filled with CSF protrudes through the spinal defect but does not involve the spinal cord.
Meningocele
________ occurs when a brainstem impaired patient exhibits a persistent rhythmic or jerky movement in one or both eyes.
Nystagmus
The disorders characterized by softening and then enlargement of bones is referred to as
Paget disease.
The earliest manifestation of scleroderma is
Raynaud phenomenon.
Which statement is true about the incidence of multiple sclerosis?
The age of onset ranges from 20 to 50 years.
Inflammation of the sacs that overlie bony prominences is called
bursitis.
Although skin manifestations may occur in numerous locations, the classic presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) includes
a butterfly pattern rash on the face across the bridge of the nose
Parkinson disease is associated with
a deficiency of dopamine in the substantia nigra
Pain is thought of as
a subjective experience that is difficult to measure objectively
What type of seizure usually occurs in children and is characterized by brief staring spells?
absence
The stage of spinal shock that follows spinal cord injury is characterized by
absent spinal reflexes below the level of injury.
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease in which
acetylcholine receptors are destroyed or dysfunctional.
The complication which is not likely to result from a compound, transverse fracture of the tibia and fibula is
air embolus.
Upper extremity weakness in association with degeneration of CNS neurons is characteristic of
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Rheumatoid arthritis is commonly associated with the presence of rheumatoid factor autoantibodies in the bloodstream. This indicates that rheumatoid arthritis is likely to be
an autoimmune process.
The most common source of osteomyelitis is
an infection that migrates via the bloodstream
It is true that encephalitis is usually
because of a viral infection in brain cells
The most important preventive measure for hemorrhagic stroke is
blood pressure control
People who have osteoporosis are at risk for
bone fractures
The most common symptom of multiple myeloma is
bone pain
A severe complication of elevated intracranial pressure is
brain herniation.
Secondary injury after head trauma refers to
brain injury due to the body's response to tissue damage
A compound, transverse fracture is best described as a bone that is
broken and protruding through the skin.
The physiologic change most likely to lead to an increase in intracranial pressure is
cerebral vasodilation.
Pain in fibromyalgia involves
changes in pain transmission in the spinal cord
The dementia of Alzheimer disease is associated with structural changes in the brain, including
deposition of amyloid plaques in the brain.
Tophi are
deposits of urate crystals in tissues
Following a bone fracture, the most likely event to occur is
development of a blood clot beneath the periosteum.
Modulation of pain signals is thought to be mediated by the release of
endorphins
Pain that waxes and wanes and is exacerbated by physical exertion is likely related to
fibromyalgia syndrome.
Seizures that involve both hemispheres at the outset are termed
generalized
One of the most common causes of acute pain is
headache
The most common type of osteomyelitis is
hematogenous
Prosthetic joint infection is most often because of
hematogenous transfer.
Autonomic dysreflexia is characterized by Group of answer choices
hypertension and bradycardia.
An example of inappropriate treatment for head trauma would be
hypoventilation
Most sensory afferent pain fibers enter the spinal cord by way of the ________ nerve roots.
increase dopamine activity in the basal ganglia.
It is true that scleroderma involves
inflammation and fibrosis of connective tissue
Ankylosing spondylitis is characterized by
inflammation, stiffness, and fusion of spinal joints
Enteropathic arthritis is associated with
inflammatory bowel disease
Assessment of an extremity six hours after surgical alignment and casting demonstrates pulselessness and pallor. The priority action to take is to
initiate action to have the cast split or removed.
Ankylosing spondylitis causes
intervertebral joint fusion
Healing of a fractured bone with a poor alignment is called
malunion.
A college student living in a dormitory reports a stiff neck and headache and is found to have a fever of 102°F. This information is most consistent with
meningitis
A patient presenting with a severe, pounding headache accompanied by nausea and photophobia is likely experiencing a ________ headache.
migraine
The displacement of two bones in which the articular surfaces partially lose contact with each other is called
subluxation.
rupture of a cerebral aneurysm should be suspected if the patient reports
sudden, severe headache.
A clinical finding consistent with a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis would be
systemic manifestations of inflammation.
The ________ is the level of painful stimulation required to be perceived.
threshold
The final stage of gout, characterized by crystalline deposits in cartilage, synovial membranes, and soft tissue, is called
tophaceous gout.
"Tell me again the name of that chemical that makes crystals when my gout flares up," asks the client. The nurse's best response is
uric acid
Rickets is characterized by soft, weak bones resulting from a deficiency of
vitamin D
